Nonlinear interaction simulation of low-frequency electrostatic waves in the F-region of the highlatitude ionosphere

Institute of Space Physics Research and Aeronomy, Yakutsk Branch, Siberian Department, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 394–400, April, 1988.     

Numerical modelling of free interaction of shock waves in corner flows

The inviscid supersonic flows in corners between intersecting compression wedges were studied numerically. Under usual conditions, the flows in such corner configurations are conically self-similar. Besides, shock waves formed by wedges are plane and they interact with one another in these flows and the downstream development of the shock interaction structure at that occurs in a region which is bounded in cross-sectional directions by the walls and contracts towards the corner rib, and in this sense the above interaction of shocks may be subjected to influence of the rib. The corner flows of another type with an interaction of shocks not subjected to the “rib effect”, in other words free, were considered. This was ensured by that the corner configurations were designed with a gradually expanding gap along the rib in a way that the reflected shocks arising as a result of interaction passed through the gap without falling onto the walls. This eliminated the influence of a local flow near the corner rib on the interaction of plane shock waves formed by the wedges. The inviscid flows symmetric with respect to the bisector plane of the corner dihedral angle were considered. The computations showed that, in the gapped corner configurations with the free interaction of shocks, if these interactions were irregular, the cross-flow patterns were practically the same as in the original corner configurations without a gap. The conditions for the flows over corner configurations were also considered under which the interaction of shocks corresponded to the Neumann criterion of mechanical equilibrium. These conditions are equivalent to those, which take place in two-dimensional steady flows, when a hysteresis phenomenon is possible, which manifests itself in changing the moment of transition from a regime of regular reflection of shocks to an irregular one and conversely at a direct and inverse courses of varying the flow parameters—the Mach number and the inclination angle of the wedges. The conducted computations showed that a hysteresis is possible for considered corner flows in gapped configurations, but it must be followed by a detachment of shocks from the corner apex and a breakdown of the conical flow structure.     

Dissipation of energy of low-frequency waves in a weakly ionized gas

The properties of low-frequency waves in a slightly ionized gas are discussed on the basis of the Boltzmann transport and Maxwell equations. Special attention is paid to decay mechanisms forcing the gas to thermal equilibrium. It is shown that the collisional exchange of energy between ions and neutral atoms may considerably influence the dispersion equations of several modes of oscillations.The author wishes to thank Mrs. E. Dosoudilová for executing the numerical computations.     

低频声波的定向辐射

实现低频声波在空间中的定向传播,是一个迫切需要解决的关键科学问题。为实现低频声波的定向传播,要考虑影响声波指向性的因素：声源辐射面积、辐射面结构和所辐射声波的频率。而影响声波传播的因素有：(1)媒质的性质,例如声阻抗、声衰减;(2)边界条件,不同的边界会产生声波不同的传播模式,例如点源在不同边界附近的辐射表现(点声源在声学硬边界表现为单级子的指向性,即全指向性;点声源在声学软边界为偶极子的指向性,呈现为八字型,具有一定的指向性);(3)结构的控制,例如通过米氏共振结构来控制低频声波的传播。文章简要介绍了影响声波传播的因素和控制声波传播的方法,并主要从边界条件和结构控制两方面来说明如何实现低频声波的定向辐射。     

Propagation of low-frequency waves in biological tissues and vessels

Elastic surface waves in biotissue are considered taking into account its structure, and dispersion dependences are presented. Effects of contact of vibroacoustic action on the soft tissue of a human’s arm are studied, and the biotissue activity manifests itself as a vibroreaction with different characteristic times. A thermodynamic approach to the construction of rheological relations of active mechanochemical media is described. Dispersion characteristics of acoustic processes in passive and active blood vessels are given.     

Inactivation of Enterobacter aerogenes in reconstituted skim milk by high- and low-frequency ultrasound

The inactivation of Enterobacter aerogenes in skim milk using low-frequency (20 kHz) and high-frequency (850 kHz) ultrasonication was investigated. It was found that low-frequency acoustic cavitation resulted in lethal damage to E. aerogenes. The bacteria were more sensitive to ultrasound in water than in reconstituted skim milk having different protein concentrations. However, high-frequency ultrasound was not able to inactivate E. aerogenes in milk even when powers as high as 50 W for 60 min were used. This study also showed that high-frequency ultrasonication had no influence on the viscosity and particle size of skim milk, whereas low-frequency ultrasonication resulted in the decrease in viscosity and particle size of milk. The decrease in particle size is believed to be due to the breakup of the fat globules, and possibly to the cleavage of the κ-casein present at the surface of the casein micelles. Whey proteins were also found to be slightly affected by low-frequency ultrasound, with the amounts of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin slightly decreasing.     

The free and forced waves on a fluid-loaded elastic plate

The often-studied problem of the response of a fluid-loaded thin elastic plate to external forcing is considered again, with the aim of determining those “free waves” of the coupled system which can actually be excited. General properties of the quintic equation whose roots yield the free wavenumbers can be used to establish the character of those roots, and a generalized “coincidence condition” can be given at which the nature of the roots changes. It is argued, however, and demonstrated, that in general no significance can be attached to this condition or to any of the roots except that relating to the undamped subsonic surface wave. The far field contributions associated with all other waves, including the so-called “leaky waves”, may be altered merely by change of integration path from the stationary phase contour to the steepest descent contour in the complex wavenumber plane, and thus these contributions, which are exponentially small with distance, do not represent physically meaningful free modes. It is shown, however, that if a second limit process, associated with small fluid loading, is considered simultaneously with the far field limit, then the leaky waves can be unambiguously identified over a large, but not too large, range of distances, and that for such distances these waves generate a conical or plane beam (in three or two dimensions, respectively).     

Differential effects of tactile high- and low-frequency stimulation on tactile discrimination in human subjects

Background  

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) play important roles in mediating activity-dependent changes in synaptic transmission and are believed to be crucial mechanisms underlying learning and cortical plasticity. In human subjects, however, the lack of adequate input stimuli for the induction of LTP and LTD makes it difficult to study directly the impact of such protocols on behavior.     

Propagation of low-frequency waves over Cape Schultz

The paper presents the results of field and numerical studies of the propagation features of lowfrequency pulse and tonal seismic acoustic signals of tracks intersecting Cape Schultz. Measurements were conducted using digital radiohydroacoustic buoys, a pulsed pneumoemitter suspended from the side of a motorboat, and a shorebased electronic resonance seismic emitter in Vityaz Bay in the Sea of Japan.     

Ion pickup by intrinsic low-frequency Alfven waves with a spectrum

<正>Ion pickup by a monochromatic low-frequency Alfven wave,which propagates along the background magnetic field,has recently been investigated in a low beta plasma(Lu and Li 2007 Phys.Plasmas 14 042303).In this paper, the monochromatic Alfven wave is generalized to a spectrum of Alfven waves with random phase.It finds that the process of ion pickup can be divided into two stages.First,ions are picked up in the transverse direction,and then phase difference(randomization) between ions due to their different parallel thermal motions leads to heating of the ions.The heating is dominant in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field.The temperatures of the ions at the asymptotic stage do not depend on individual waves in the spectrum,but are determined by the total amplitude of the waves.The effect of the initial ion bulk flow in the parallel direction on the heating is also considered in this paper.     

Gyrotron generation of broadband chaotic radiation under overlapping of high- and low-frequency resonances

Significant (up to 10%) broadening of the band of noise-like radiation in gyrotrons is possible due to specific tuning of gyrofrequency relative to the critical frequency of the working mode when the high- and low-frequency cyclotron resonances are substantially separated at the given translation and transverse velocities of electrons. The generation bands at the resonances are overlapped under operation above the threshold. The analysis with allowance for finiteness of the electron transit time in the interaction space and, hence, different slopes of the dispersion characteristics of electron beam and wave is critically important for correct investigation of the generation regimes in the framework of the average approach. The results are verified using direct 3D particle-in-cell simulation of the chaotic generation regimes of the gyrotron generation in the 8-mm-wavelength range.     

大气中一种低频次声波观测研究

分析大气中存在的一种低频次声波。利用宽频带次声测量传感器阵列组成的广域分布网络,对此种次声波进行了近5年不间断的检测。对所测次声信号的观察统计发现,它与自然事件密切相关。对这种信号波形、频谱、时频图及相关性进行分析进一步发现,该波通常以一组或间歇性多组形式出现,频率主要在0.001~0.02 Hz之间、幅度一般可达50~200 Pa。在2008年3月20日新疆于田地震、2008年5月12日四川汶川地震以及2009年10月29日陕甘川三省交界处的地震前,均检测到了大幅值的低频次声波。本文的分析结论对研究大气次声波的多样性及其与自然现象的关系提供了新的参考,对地震信息探测具有一定的实际意义。     

The effects of hearing loss on the contribution of high- and low-frequency speech information to speech understanding

The speech understanding of persons with "flat" hearing loss (HI) was compared to a normal-hearing (NH) control group to examine how hearing loss affects the contribution of speech information in various frequency regions. Speech understanding in noise was assessed at multiple low- and high-pass filter cutoff frequencies. Noise levels were chosen to ensure that the noise, rather than quiet thresholds, determined audibility. The performance of HI subjects was compared to a NH group listening at the same signal-to-noise ratio and a comparable presentation level. Although absolute speech scores for the HI group were reduced, performance improvements as the speech and noise bandwidth increased were comparable between groups. These data suggest that the presence of hearing loss results in a uniform, rather than frequency-specific, deficit in the contribution of speech information. Measures of auditory thresholds in noise and speech intelligibility index (SII) calculations were also performed. These data suggest that differences in performance between the HI and NH groups are due primarily to audibility differences between groups. Measures of auditory thresholds in noise showed the "effective masking spectrum" of the noise was greater for the HI than the NH subjects.     

Circumferential and helical normal waves of a cylindrical waveguide: Helical waves in a free space

Properties of circumferential and helical normal waves of a cylindrical waveguide, which appear as aperiodic (in angle) solutions to the Helmholtz equation, are considered. The dispersion characteristics and eigenfunctions of these wave are determined for the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, and the spatial structure of these waves is described in detail. The properties of helical waves in a free space with cylindrical symmetry are considered.