环状“烯－二炔”抗癌抗菌素的研究进展

新颖的环状“烯－二炔”抗癌抗菌素包括ｃａｌｉｃｈｅａｍｉｃｉｎｓ、ｅｓｐｅｒａｍｉｅｉｎｓ、ｄｙｎｅｍｉｃｉｎｓ、新制癌菌素发色团和ｋｅｄａｒｃｉｄｉｎ发色团。对这些抗癌抗菌素的发现、结构、生物活性、抗癌作用机制及合成研究进行了概述。参考文献８４篇。     

钯催化下共轭二烯二炔官能团的构成

制备了一系列共轭烯炔化合物以及卤代烯炔化合物,并利用它们在钯催化下交叉偶联构成了与环戊烯共轭骈连的烯二炔即共轭的二烯二炔结构。此结构为抗肿瘤抗生素C-1027发色团和kedarcidin发色团所共有;同时探讨了它们在钯催化下交叉偶连的性质,发现共轭的卤代烯炔与共轭的端炔交叉偶连的趋势为:碘代烯>溴代烯>氯代烯。     

新杂环化合物6,20-二硫杂-13,27-二氧杂三环[23,3,0,011,15]-3,8,17,22-四炔-二十八烷的合成及NMR结构鉴定

近年来,科学家先后从细菌分泌物中分离出几种含有环状"烯-二炔”的Calicheamicinγ1I[1～4]Esperamicin A1[5～7],Dynemicin A1[8]Neocarzinostatin 发色团[9～11],Kedarcidin发色团[12～13]等新型抗癌抗菌素,我们已做过评述[14].它们的"1,5-二炔-3-烯”部分经生物还原生成1,4-脱氢苯双自由基,从癌细胞DNA糖磷酯骨架上夺取氢原子,引起癌细胞DNA氧化断裂,杀灭癌细胞,因而有广泛的应用前景. 标题化合物是"烯-二炔”前体,以3,4-二(4′-甲磺酰氧-2′-丁炔基)四氢呋喃(1)为原料,在硫化钠作用下关环,得到了新杂环化合物(2).通过元素分析,红外光谱,质谱进行了分析,又进一步进行了1H NMR和13C NMR谱测定,并对其谱线进行归属,确证了结构.     

新杂环化合物6,20—二硫杂—13,27—二氯杂三环[23,3,0,0^11,15]—3,8,17,22—四

近年来,科学家先后从细菌分泌物中分离出几种含有环状"烯-二炔”的Calicheamicinγ1I[1～4]Esperamicin A1[5～7],Dynemicin A1[8]Neocarzinostatin 发色团[9～11],Kedarcidin发色团[12～13]等新型抗癌抗菌素,我们已做过评述[14].它们的"1,5-二炔-3-烯”部分经生物还原生成1,4-脱氢苯双自由基,从癌细胞DNA糖磷酯骨架上夺取氢原子,引起癌细胞DNA氧化断裂,杀灭癌细胞,因而有广泛的应用前景. 标题化合物是"烯-二炔”前体,以3,4-二(4′-甲磺酰氧-2′-丁炔基)四氢呋喃(1)为原料,在硫化钠作用下关环,得到了新杂环化合物(2).通过元素分析,红外光谱,质谱进行了分析,又进一步进行了1H NMR和13C NMR谱测定,并对其谱线进行归属,确证了结构.     

具有强烈杀伤肿瘤细胞活性的新抗肿瘤抗生素C1027分子作用机制

本研究表明,C1027是以细胞内染色质或染色体DNA为靶体,直接造成核小体连接区DNA损伤,损伤的方式包括DNA单链断裂、双链断裂及单链断裂合并互补链上相邻断裂口部位出现无碱基位点,C1027损伤细胞DNA的作用显著强于新制癌菌素,平阳霉素,阿霉素及丝裂霉素C,本文还从分子机制的水平讨论了C1027强烈细胞毒性。     

HIV蛋白酶抑制剂——利迪链菌素的分子对接研究

用分子对接的方法, 对利迪链菌素的抗HIV蛋白酶活性进行了研究. 为了更准确地反映利迪链菌素分子与酶蛋白结合的情况, 充分考虑受体活性部位的柔性, 采用了FlexX(初步对接)和Flexidock(精确对接)分两步将配体与受体进行对接. 在初步对接中, 设计了不同的受体活性部位来考察是否有结合水分子参与抑制剂与酶的结合. 对一种作用方式已知的非肽类HIV蛋白酶抑制剂Aha006进行的对接研究显示, 分子模拟的结果与实际情况吻合得较好, 证明了本文所采用的方法的可靠性. 利迪链菌素与蛋白酶活性部位的对接结果显示, 配体分子与受体之间的结合没有结合水分子的参与, 两者通过5对氢键作用结合成为稳定的复合物. 利迪链菌素占据结合腔, 覆盖了蛋白酶的活性三联体Asp25-Thr26-Gly27, 从而起到抑制其生物活性的作用.     

基于3d元素掺杂的石墨二炔分子传感材料性能调控

二维碳材料因其独特的性质成为凝聚态物理、纳米电子学、生物医药等领域的前沿研究热点。石墨二炔具有天然的半导体特性及独特的大孔网状结构,在纳米电子器件和生物传感方面比石墨烯更具优势。本文使用第一性原理计算研究了单层石墨二炔的纳米带电子输运性质和及石墨二炔对小分子的吸附。我们考虑用掺杂3d金属原子的方法来增强对分子的吸附力。选择在石墨二炔表面吸附能较大的钪(Sc)、钛(Ti)原子,确定石墨二炔表面Sc、Ti单原子在室温下的稳定性,研究了Sc、Ti掺杂石墨二炔用于分子检测的潜在可能。从能带、载流子浓度等方面全面探讨了Sc、Ti掺杂石墨二炔对甲醛分子(HCHO)的响应。又进一步研究了石墨二炔与氨基酸分子间相互作用,发现色散力在相互作用中占主导地位。研究了吸附氨基酸对石墨二炔电子输运的影响,探讨石墨二炔在生物传感方面的潜在应用。     

1. 5-环辛二烯-3, 7-二炔(C~8H~4)结构和光谱性质的理论研究

采用量子化学从头算方法研究了1,5-环辛二烯-3,7-二炔(C~8H~4)的结构和光谱性质,根据等键反应分析和自然键轨道方法研究了它的稳定性、成键情况和共轭性。结果表明1,5-环辛二烯-3,7-二炔(C~8H~4)分子为平面刚性结构,可能稳定存在。分子中C≡C键与C=C键存在一定程度的共轭,可能具有芳香性。     

(E)-烯二炔化合物的高选择性合成

3-烯-1,5-二炔是许多烯二炔类抗癌抗生素和发光材料的重要片断. 发展了一种高选择性合成E-烯二炔化合物的两步法: (1) CuBr₂为卤化剂, 温和高效合成双卤代烯烃; (2)通过双卤代烯烃和末端炔烃的Sonogashira偶联反应构建烯二炔化合物.     

利用β-环糊精-发色团分子超分子包合物减弱非线性发色团分子间静电相互作用的新方法

制备了一种新型的发色团分子,实际是由普通发色团分子与β-环糊精形成的超分子包合物.其中的普通发色团分子被设计为哑铃型,并且哑铃形的一边在形成包合物后再完成,使形成的超分子包合物不发生解包合.包合物中β-环糊精对发色团分子的保护可以完全阻止发色团分子的聚集,减弱了材料中发色团分子间的静电相互作用.这种利用超分子包合物对发色团分子的修饰方法可以提高极化过程的效率,从而增加材料的电光活性。     

Thiols screened by the neocarzinostatin protein for preserving or detoxifying its bound enediyne antibiotic

Neocarzinostatin is an antibiotic chromoprotein produced by Streptomyces carzinostaticus. Its enediyne-containing chromophore exhibits high DNA cleavage activity and belongs to one of the most potent categories of antitumor agents. The labile chromophore is readily inactivated by environmental thiols including the most abundant glutathione. How the microorganism preserves the secreted antibiotic and at the same time is immune to its toxicity are of interest. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the neocarzinostatin protein have shown that residues D33 and D99 play primary and secondary roles, respectively, in preserving neocarzinostatin from acidic glutathione whereas D79 and other residues around the opening of the binding cleft have an insignificant effect. Biothiol analyses revealed that cells of S. carzinostaticus produced no glutathione, but instead neutral mycothiol, which is known to serve functions analogous to glutathione. Mycothiol was the only neutral-charged thiol produced by the organism; all other identified biothiols carried at least partial negative charges. When the bacteria were cultured under conditions that stimulated the biosynthesis of neocarzinostatin, the yield of mycothiol increased significantly, which suggests mycothiol-dependent cellular detoxification. Treating neocarzinostatin samples with the cell extract that retained active sulfhydryls led to efficient drug inactivation, which indicates that mycothiol is allowed to approach the protein-bound chromophore. The anionic side-chains of D33 and D99 in the neocarzinostatin protein played two critical roles in a single thiol-screening operation: Preserving the antibiotic for defense and survival by rejecting the ubiquitous glutathione through charge-charge repulsion in the outer-cell environment and detoxifying the toxin in the inner-cell body for self-resistance by accepting the cell-produced neutral mycothiol.     

Convenient synthesis of NCS-chromophore metabolite isosteres: binding agents for bulged DNA microenvironments

A designed molecule with capacity to bind DNA bulges (20) has been prepared from readily available starting materials. The spirocyclic template was modeled on a metabolite of neocarzinostatin chromophore (NCSi-gb) and is equipped with functionality to enable convenient bioassay. Preliminary studies confirm binding at specific bulged sequences and induction of polymerase-mediated slippage events. The target compound offers a convenient means to study affinity for unique bulged motifs and for use as a molecular biology reagent.     

DNA sequence-enabled reassembly of the green fluorescent protein

We describe a general methodology for the direct detection of DNA by the design of a split-protein system that reassembles to form an active complex only in the presence of a targeted DNA sequence. This approach, called SEquence Enabled Reassembly (SEER) of proteins, combines the ability to rationally dissect proteins to construct oligomerization-dependent protein reassembly systems and the availability of DNA binding Cys2-His2 zinc-finger motifs for the recognition of specific DNA sequences. We demonstrate the feasibility of the SEER approach utilizing the split green fluorescent protein appended to appropriate zinc fingers, such that chromophore formation is only catalyzed in the presence of DNA sequences that incorporate binding sites for both zinc fingers.     

烯二炔类抗肿瘤抗生素的合成进展

综述了四个天然产和的中分离的烯二炔类抗肿瘤抗生素的合成进展.它们是:Calicheamicin,Esperamicin,Neocarcinostatin chromophore和dynemicin,此外还综述了若干人工设计的烯二炔类结构化合物的合成进展     

Antitumor enediyne chromoprotein C-1027: mechanistic investigation of the chromophore-mediated self-decomposition pathway

C-1027 is an extremely potent antitumor agent that causes double-stranded DNA cleavages. It is a unique small molecule-protein complex composed of a highly reactive enediyne chromophore, which upon binding reacts with its target molecule DNA through radical-mediated hydrogen abstraction and an apoprotein that encapsulates the chromophore serving as its carrier to reach DNA. Although C-1027 has favorable properties as an effective drug delivery system, it slowly self-decomposes due to the reactivity of the chromophore toward the apoprotein. Understanding how the C-1027 destroys itself may enable design of its analogues that overcome this limitation. In this paper, mechanistic insights into the self-reactivity of C-1027 that facilitates its own decomposition are described. We provide evidence that the formation of the Gly96 radical, which promotes the oxidative protein scission and the subsequent chromophore release, is the major pathway for the self-decomposition of C-1027. On the basis of the newly isolated products of the self-decomposition, we propose that the apoprotein effectively protects two different structural elements of the chromophore that are essential for its biological activity: the nine-membered enediyne moiety (necessary for DNA cleavage) and the benzoxazine moiety (necessary for DNA intercalation). Using an engineered apoprotein analogue kinetically more stable toward the chromophore radical, we show that enhanced overall properties can be achieved for the natural C-1027 with respect to stability and antitumor activities. The results present the first example of a rationally designed C-1027 analogue reported to display superior in vitro antitumor activity to the natural C-1027. Our findings may have implications for design of proteins that can stably encapsulate highly reactive small molecules.     

DNA cleavage by the photocontrolled cooperation of Zn(II) centers in an azobenzene-linked dizinc complex

We synthesized a new photoactive dinuclear zinc(II) complex by linking two zinc centers with a ligand containing an azobenzene chromophore and investigated the DNA cleavage activities of its trans and cis forms. The trans structure of the dinuclear zinc complex was determined by X-ray crystallography, where each zinc center is situated in an octahedral coordination environment comprised of three nitrogen atoms from the ligand and three oxygen atoms from two nitrate ions. The dinuclear zinc complex containing the azobenzene chromophore was photoisomerizable between the trans and cis forms. The binding affinities of the trans and cis complexes with calf thymus (CT)-DNA were similar. Although the DNA cleavage activity of the trans complex was negligible, the cis complex was able to cleave DNA. We attribute the efficient activity of the cis complex to the cooperation of the two closely located zinc centers and the inactivity of the trans complex to the two metal centers positioned far away from each other. The DNA cleavage activity of the cis complex exhibited a pH-dependent bell-shaped profile, which has been observed in the hydrolytic cleavage of DNA by zinc complexes. The DNA cleavage activity was not inhibited by a major groove binder, methyl green, but decreased significantly by a minor groove binder, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, indicating that the dinuclear zinc complex binds to the minor groove of DNA. The present work shows the importance of the cooperation of two zinc ions for hydrolytic DNA cleavage, which can be photoregulated by linking the two metal centers with a photoisomerizable spacer, such as an azobenzene chromophore.     

The structure of neocarzinostatin chromophore possessing a novel bicyclo-[7,3,0]dodecadiyne system

The structure of the chromophore of an antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin has been elucidated as a bicycro[7,3,0]dodecadiyne system having naphthalenecarboxylic acid, aminosugar and ethylene carbonate units.     

Crystal Structures of Bacterial (6‐4) Photolyase Mutants with Impaired DNA Repair Activity

PhrB from Agrobacterium fabrum is the first prokaryotic photolyase which repairs (6‐4) UV DNA photoproducts. The protein harbors three cofactors: the enzymatically active FAD chromophore, a second chromophore, 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityllumazine (DMRL) and a cubane‐type Fe‐S cluster. Tyr424 of PhrB is part of the DNA‐binding site and could provide an electron link to the Fe‐S cluster. The PhrB_Y424F mutant showed reduced binding of lesion DNA and loss of DNA repair. The mutant PhrB_I51W is characterized by the loss of the DMRL chromophore, reduced photoreduction and reduced DNA repair capacity. We have determined the crystal structures of both mutants and found that both mutations only affect local protein environments, whereas the overall fold remained unchanged. The crystal structure of PhrB_Y424F revealed a water network extending to His366, which are part of the lesion‐binding site. The crystal structure of PhrB_I51W shows how the bulky Trp leads to structural rearrangements in the DMRL chromophore pocket. Spectral characterizations of PhrB_I51W suggest that DMRL serves as an antenna chromophore for photoreduction and DNA repair in the wild type. The energy transfer from DMRL to FAD could represent a phylogenetically ancient process.     

Synthetic strategies to epoxydiynes and a key synthon of the neocarzinostatin chromophore

We present herein our recent efforts towards the synthesis of epoxydiynes which represent an unusual structural feature of the neocarzinostatin chromophore. A number of different routes to these epoxydiynes have been explored with varying success. Ultimately a concise and convergent approach was developed, which involved the addition of an allenyl zinc bromide to propargylic ketones/aldehydes followed by epoxide formation. This new protocol enabled us to synthesise a fully elaborated epoxydiyne which will find application for our studies towards the total synthesis of the NCS chromophore.