"圆锥曲线一个奇妙性质"的射影证明

在平面解析几何中 ,圆锥曲线有这样一个奇妙性质 :“设Ｍ(ｘ0 ,ｙ0 )为圆锥曲线上的一个定点 ,过Ｍ点任作两条互相垂直的弦ＭＰ ,ＭＱ ,则直线ＰＱ通过一个定点 (有穷点或无穷远点 )” .(数学通报 ,2 0 0 1年第 9期 ,张汉清文“圆锥曲线的一个奇妙性质”) .本文用射影几何的理论给出这一性质的统一证明 ,为此 ,我们首先建立圆锥曲线上的射影变换 .定义 1　如果在二阶曲线[注 ] 的点之间建立了一一对应 ,使得二阶曲线上任意一点分别与每对对应点相连所构成的两个线束是射影对应的 ,则称在二阶曲线上建立了射影变换 ,二阶曲线叫做底 .如图 1 ,…     

空间有理三次Bezier曲线的射影变换和权系数的几何性质

本文讨论了空间有理三次Ｂｅｚｉｅｒ曲线的射影变换和权系数的一系列几何性质。其权系数组成构成了控制四顶点基下的权心的齐次坐标;权心是六个特殊平面的公共交点。含权心和曲线“肩点”的某四个共线点之比恒为常数３;权心可作为有理曲线所在射影坐标系的单位点;此有理曲线是对应整有理曲线在射影变换下的象,此变换把控制四面体的形心映为权心;权系数是此射影变换的特征值（差－常数因子）;权系数是变换前后两曲线上对应点关     

二阶曲线射影仿射分类的合同变换法

二阶曲线的射影(仿射)分类是指:凡在射影(仿射)变换下互为对应的二阶曲线归为一类,分类常用方法是在射影(仿影)平面上选取适当的坐标系化简方程,其中涉及到高等几何的概念较多,分析与解题的过程也较为繁杂。本文避开对坐标三点形的选择,对二阶曲线的系数矩阵施以合同变换,达到分类的目的。     

射影平面的模型和莫比乌斯带

射影几何研究图形在射影变换下的不变性,射影变换可以直观地看成是由连续施行若干次中心投影所得到的变换,为了使中心投影成为两平面的点之间的一一对应,我们必须把通常的欧氏平面加以拓广,添加无穷远点和无穷远直线,即对平面上的一族平行线添加一个无穷远点,且规定平面上所有无穷远点的集合为一条无穷远直线,这和经过拓广以后的平面,若对     

三次曲线的两个性质

定理1若三次曲线f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d(a≠0)与x轴有三个不同交点,依次为A,B,C,如图1所示,自点A,C分别引曲线f(x)的切线,切点分别为D,E,则点D,E在x轴上的射影分别为线段BC,AB的中点.     

用祖暅原理求椭球体积

文 [1 ]给出了证明球体积公式的又一参照体 ,读后很受启发 .笔者尝试构造椭球的两个参照体 ,分别利用祖日恒原理求椭球的体积 .预备知识1　若椭圆的长、短半轴长分别为a ,b ,则有 :S椭圆 =πab .下面利用面积射影公式S =S射影cosθ作简要证明 :图 1　圆柱如图 1 ,在底面半径为b的圆柱体中 ,作一倾斜角为arccos ba 的截面 ,那么 ,该截面是分别以a ,b为长、短半轴长的椭圆面 .它在圆柱底面上的射影恰好是底面 .由面积射影公式 ,可得 :S椭圆 =S底面cosθ=πb2ba=πab .2　从椭圆上任一点 (非短轴顶点 )引短轴的垂线段 .若垂足到中心的距离为l…     

二次曲线垂直切线的研究

用解析几何与射影几何的方法讨论二次曲线垂直切线交点的轨迹,重新证明了:椭圆、双曲线垂直切线交点的轨迹是圆;抛物线垂直切线的交点在准线上,且切点的连线过焦点.     

利用射影平面中的二次曲线构作结合方案

设C是射影平面H=PG(2,Fq)中的一条二次曲线.把H看作射影空间PG(3,Fq)的无穷远超平面,那么H在PG(3,Fq)中的补空间是仿射空间X=AG(3,Fq).我们把H上的点集划分为2个或3个子集的并.设a≠b∈X.若线ab与H的交点属于第i个集合,定义a和b属于第i个结合类.我们证明上述构作是结合方案.最后,把H的某一点集作为处理集,构作出结合方案.     

关于Perfect环的一个注记

对于交换环R,Chase[1]证明:对任意集A,若R^A是射影模,则R是一个Artin环.而对非交换环,有例子说明,此结论不成立.本文讨论了对什么环,当R是射影模时,R是一个Artin环.     

利用组合解决射影几何问题

在射影几何里,有一类问题要用笛沙格定理来证明,本文对这类问题给出相当简单的证明方法;用笛沙格定理证明的问题,一般是证明三点共线、三线共点、或可归结为这两种类型的问题;而这两类问题有时又可以相互转化;例如：要证明Ａ１Ａ２,Ｂ１Ｂ２,Ｃ１Ｃ２三线共点,可转化为证明Ａ１,Ａ２,Ｂ１Ｂ２∩Ｃ１Ｃ２三点共线;反之亦然;笛沙格定理：如果两个三点形对应顶点的连线交于一点,则对应边的交点在一直线上;笛沙格定理的逆定理：如果两个三点形对应边的交点在一直线上,则对应顶点的连线交于一点;１　证明三线共点问题在证明三线…     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROJECTIVE GEOMETRIC AND RATIONAL QUADRATIC B-SPLINE CURVES

For two rational quadratic B-spline curves with same control vertexes, the cross ratio of four eollinear points are represented; which are any one of the vertexes, and the two points that the ray initialing from the vertex intersects with the corresponding segments of the twocurves, and the point the ray intersecting with the connecting line between the two neighboring vertexes. Different from rational quadratic Beeier curves, the value is generally related with the loeation of the ray, and the necessary and sufficient condition o5 the ratio being independent of the ray‘s loeation is showed. Alsn another cross ratio o5 the following four collinear points are suggested, i.e. one vertex, the points that the ray from the initlal vertex intersects respectivdy with the curve segmentt the line connecting the segments end points, and the line connecting the two neighboring vertexes. This cross ratio is concerned only whh the ray‘s location, butnot with the weights of the curve. Furthermore, the cross ratio is projective invariant under the projective transformation between the two segments.     

A classification and construction of entirely circular cubics in the hyperbolic plane

If each intersection point of a third order curve with the absolute conic of the hyperbolic plane is a tangential point, this curve will be called an entirely circular cubic. According to this definition a rough classification of such curves is given into four main types and nine sub-types. Some of them are constructed by a (1,2) or (1,1) mapping and the others are constructed by the generalized quadratic hyperbolic inversion. Thus we extend and complete Palman's paper [5] in a synthetic way. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On a special case of the intersection of quadric and cubic surfaces

The intersection curve between two surfaces in three-dimensional real projective space RP³ is important in the study of computer graphics and solid modelling. However, much of the past work has been directed towards the intersection of two quadric surfaces. In this paper we study the intersection curve between a quadric and a cubic surface and its projection onto the plane at infinity. Formulas for the plane and space curves are given for the intersection of a quadric and a cubic surface. A family of cubic surfaces that give the same space curve when we intersect them with a quadric surface is found. By generalizing the methods in Wang et al. (2002) [6] that are used to parametrize the space curve between two quadric surfaces, we give a parametrization for the intersection curve between a quadric and a cubic surface when the intersection has a singularity of order 3.     

Algebraic geometry of the eigenvector mapping for a free rigid body

The present paper deals with the algebro-geometric aspects of the eigenvector mapping for a free rigid body. The eigenvector mapping is regarded as a rational mapping to the complex projective plane from the product of the elliptic curves, one of which is the integral curve and the other the spectral curve. This is the space of the necessary data to determine the eigenvectors. The eigenvector mapping admits a factorisation through a Kummer surface, which is a double covering of the projective plane branched along a sextic curve associated with the dynamics. The key of the argument is the Cremona transformation of the projective plane and some elliptic fibrations of the Kummer surface.     

Zone Structure of the Renormalization Group Flow in a Fermionic Hierarchical Model

The Gaussian part of the Hamiltonian of the four-component fermion model on a hierarchical lattice is invariant under the block-spin transformation of the renormalization group with a given degree of normalization (the renormalization group parameter). We describe the renormalization group transformation in the space of coefficients defining the Grassmann-valued density of a free measure as a homogeneous quadratic map. We interpret this space as a two-dimensional projective space and visualize it as a disk. If the renormalization group parameter is greater than the lattice dimension, then the unique attractive fixed point of the renormalization group is given by the density of the Grassmann delta function. This fixed point has two different (left and right) invariant neighborhoods. Based on this, we classify the points of the projective plane according to how they tend to the attracting point (on the left or right) under iterations of the map. We discuss the zone structure of the obtained regions and show that the global flow of the renormalization group is described simply in terms of this zone structure.     

二次曲线方程的分类与化简

通过对二次曲线方程配方变形,利用直线与二次曲线相交时参数t的几何意义,以及仿射变换的性质,得到了二次曲线方程分类与化简的一种新方法,从而解决了二次曲线方程通过坐标系的平移、旋转进行分类、化简运算复杂,通过不变量进行化简,无法画出图形的具体位置等问题.     

代数曲线的相交重数（英文）

In this paper, we study the intersection multiplicity of algebraic curves at a point both in R~2 and in real projective plane P~2. We introduce the fold point of curves and provide conditions for the relations between the intersection multiplicity of curves at a point and the folds of the point.     

On singular quadratic complexes,quintic curves and Cremona transformations

Let X be a quadratic complex given by the intersection of two nonsingular quadrics in a projective space of dimension five. Let L be a line contained in X, and π the projection from X to a projective three space with center L. When X is nonsingular the map π is birational and the base locus scheme of π ^?1 is a smooth quintic curve of genus 2. Now assume X is a singular irreducible and reduced quadratic complex and consider the same set up. The purpose of this work is to classify quintic curves arising as the base locus scheme of π ^?1 in the case where π is birational and the Cremona transformations obtained by composing π ^?1 with another projection of the same type.