微型实验在中学化学新课程教学中的实践与探索

通过微型化学实验在化学新课程教学中的具体应用,阐述了微型化学实验在化学教学中的作用与意义,并对今后教学中充分发挥微型化学实验的功能进行了初步的探讨。     

对天津市化学实验教学研究现状的调查分析

实验是化学教学中永恒的主题。化学新课程的教学实践中,实验教学是不可忽视的重要组成。本文以化学新课程为背景,将化学实验条件、实施及理论、科学观念等问题编制为问卷,在天津市部分中学化学教师中进行调查,并对调查结果分析思考后得到若干启示,以利促进或加强当前新课程背景下的化学实验教学。     

中学微型化学实验发展的若干思考

微型化学实验在中学化学新课程中的发展和优势体现,需要研究者设计新体系拓展其教学功能,其技术性研究趋向多元化,研究内容趋向多学科综合。应从课标实验教材编写、中高考命题以及教师教育3个方面入手,开拓创新地采取一定措施来促进微型化学实验的推广,并提倡融合微型化学实验的课堂教学设计。     

必修模块化学实验教学中“过程与方法”目标的建构与实施策略

为了探索解决新课程实施中“过程与方法”目标的虚化和实验教学的困境,以新课程改革的理念为指导,以化学实验的教学功能为理论基础,全面把握人教版整套中学化学新课程教材,基于新课程改革的实践,选择必修教材中最具有代表意义的4个实验为案例,阐述实验教学中“过程与方法”目标的建构方法与实施策略。     

实验是中学化学教学中永恒的主题

在新课标的化学教材中,增加了许多化学实验尤其是探究性实验。化学实验成为落实新课程改革目标的重要手段之一,是化学教学中永恒的主题。本文分析了化学实验在中学化学教学中的重要作用,提出了如何在教学中加强实验教学的一些方法。     

新课程理念下元素化合物教学设计探微——以苏教版高中化学新课程"从铝土矿中提取铝"一节的教学为例

元素化合物知识是中学化学内容的重要组成部分,也是高中化学新课程化学1模块教学内容的主要组成部分,在新课程背景下如何设计和有效地开展元素化合物知识的教学活动,是当前面临的一个重要课题。本文以苏教版高中化学新课程化学1专题3"从铝土矿中提取铝"一节的教学为例,阐述新课程理念下元素化合物知识教学中"从生活走进化学,从实验研究化学,从化学走向社会"的基本教学思路。     

新课程背景下化学课堂教学评价体系的探索与思考

基于化学新课程背景,研讨了化学课堂教学评价的基本理念和功能,并结合教学实际对新课程背景下化学课堂教学评价体系的构建进行了探索,同时针对当前课堂教学评价实施的现状提出了几点建议。     

高中化学实验教学开放性与实效性的双落实

随着新课程改革的深入,实验在化学中的地位逐渐提高,教师对实验也相应地重视起来。但仍然存在化学实验教学低效或无效的行为,针对这种行为,笔者对化学实验教学的现状进行了认真的调查与分析,并在新课程教学中如何提高化学实验教学的有效性,从几方面进行了一些有效的探索和尝试。     

挖掘和发挥化学实验教学功能的探讨

实验是化学学科的基础。在化学教学中,要认真研读高中化学课程标准,全面解构高中化学教材,积极开发化学实验资源,充分挖掘和发挥化学实验蕴含的动机功能、认知功能、方法功能、创新功能和育人功能等教学功能,以促进学生的全面发展。     

2009年新课程高考安徽理综化学试题的特点评析

2009年安徽省实施普通高中新课程实验后的第一年高考.试题以<普通高中化学课程标准(实验)>和<2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试安徽卷化学科考试说明(理科·课程标准实验版)>为依据,结合全省化学新课程的教学实际,以测试化学科学素养和综合能力为主导,考查了考生对化学基础知识、基本技能及基本方法的掌握程度以及分析和解决具体问题的能力、自主学习的能力.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。