Quantum metrology in correlated environments

We analytically obtain the precision bounds of frequency measurements in correlated Markovian and non-Markovian environments using a variational approach. The metrological equivalence of product states and maximally entangled states persisting in maximally correlated Markovian and non-Markovian environments is verified using a standard Ramsey spectroscopy setup. Furthermore, we find that optimal measurements can be used to achieve a much higher resolution than standard Ramsey spectroscopy in correlated environments.     

Adaptation of asexual populations in correlated environments

We introduce two computational models of subdivided populations of asexual organisms which present variability in selection pressure. In both models one can handle the level of environmental correlation among the subpopulations (demes), which is dependent on the length of the shortest path between the demes. This work mainly addresses how environmental heterogeneity can affect the rate at beneficial mutations fixes in a structured population, and the conditions under which clonal interference becomes significant. Although the fixation probability of beneficial mutations is roughly the same as in a panmitic population and so does not depend on the level of correlation among the demes, the simulation results show that fixation rates may be strongly influenced by environmental variability. Based on our simulations we conclude that an increased variability in selection leads to a smaller fixation rate. The effect of environmental heterogeneity on the adaptive process is enhanced as the flow of organisms between subpopulations is reduced. In extreme scenarios, the fixation rate decreases as the rate of beneficial mutations rises.     

Multiple-array passive acoustic source localization in urban environments

In many situations of interest, obstacles to acoustic wave propagation such as terrain or buildings exist that provide unique challenges to localization. These obstacles introduce multiple propagation paths, reflections, and diffraction into the propagation. In this paper, matched field processing is proposed as an effective method of acoustic localization in a two dimensional scattering environment. Numerical techniques can be used to model complex propagation in a space where analytical solutions are not feasible. Realistically, there is always some uncertainty in model parameters that in turn can adversely affect localization ability. In particular, uncertainty in array location, sound speed, and various parameters affecting inter-array coherence only are investigated. A spatially distributed, multiarray network is shown to mitigate the effects of uncertainty. Multiarray inverse filter processing techniques are evaluated through perturbation of uncertain model parameters. These techniques are more accurate and flexible to implement than other matched field processing methods such as time reversal.     

An acousto-optic beamformer

There is a great variety of beamforming techniques that can be used for localization of sound sources. The differences among them usually lie in the array layout or in the specific signal processing algorithm used to compute the beamforming output. Any beamforming system consists of a finite number of transducers, which makes beamforming methods vulnerable to spatial aliasing above a certain frequency. The present work uses the acousto-optic effect, i.e., the interaction between sound and light, to localize sound sources in a plane. The use of a beam of light as the sensing element is equivalent to a continuous line aperture with an infinite number of microphones. This makes the proposed acousto-optic beamformer immune to spatial aliasing. This unique feature is illustrated by means of simulations and experimental results within the entire audible frequency range. For ease of comparison, the study is supplemented with measurements carried out with a line array of microphones.     

Resilient quantum computation in correlated environments: a quantum phase transition perspective

We analyze the problem of a quantum computer in a correlated environment protected from decoherence by quantum error correction using a perturbative renormalization group approach. The scaling equation obtained reflects the competition between the dimension of the computer and the scaling dimension of the correlations. For an irrelevant flow, the error probability is reduced to a stochastic form for a long time and/or a large number of qubits; thus, the traditional derivation of the threshold theorem holds for these error models. In this way, the "threshold theorem" of quantum computing is rephrased as a dimensional criterion.     

A covariance fitting approach for correlated acoustic source mapping

Microphone arrays are commonly used for noise source localization and power estimation in aeroacoustic measurements. The delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer, which is the most widely used beamforming algorithm in practice, suffers from low resolution and high sidelobe level problems. Therefore, deconvolution approaches, such as the deconvolution approach for the mapping of acoustic sources (DAMAS), are often used for extracting the actual source powers from the contaminated DAS results. However, most deconvolution approaches assume that the sources are uncorrelated. Although deconvolution algorithms that can deal with correlated sources, such as DAMAS for correlated sources, do exist, these algorithms are computationally impractical even for small scanning grid sizes. This paper presents a covariance fitting approach for the mapping of acoustic correlated sources (MACS), which can work with uncorrelated, partially correlated or even coherent sources with a reasonably low computational complexity. MACS minimizes a quadratic cost function in a cyclic manner by making use of convex optimization and sparsity, and is guaranteed to converge at least locally. Simulations and experimental data acquired at the University of Florida Aeroacoustic Flow Facility with a 63-element logarithmic spiral microphone array in the absence of flow are used to demonstrate the performance of MACS.     

一种低复杂度的稳健自适应波束形成

稳健自适应波束形成可以解决经典自适应波束形成在非理想条件下(如存在方位失配、阵元位置误差、非平面波传播等)性能下降的问题,因而受到广泛关注,但目前多数稳健自适应波束形成方法计算复杂度高,在高信噪比时性能下降。为此,研究提出了一种分别重构干扰协方差矩阵和噪声协方差矩阵的低复杂度的稳健自适应波束形成方法,以减小计算量,提高稳健性。仿真实验表明,该算法能获得近似最优的输出信干噪比和更好的稳健性。     

Distributed sound source localization algorithm with sound velocity calibration in windy environments

A new sound source localization method with sound speed compensation is proposed to reduce the wind influence on the performance of conventional TDOA(Time Difference of Arrival) algorithms. First, the sound speed is described as a set of functions of the unknown source location, to approximate the acoustic velocity field distribution in the wind field. Then,they are introduced into the TDOA algorithm, to construct nonlinear equations. Finally, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to estimate the source location. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the localization accuracy for different wind velocities, source locations and test area sizes. The experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce localization errors to about 40% of the original error in a four nodes localization system.     

An experimental comparison of the focused beamformer and the inverse method for the characterisation of acoustic sources in ideal and non-ideal acoustic environments

The current availability and affordability of multi-microphone array systems has awakened a strong interest in sound source location and characterisation in many fields of experimental acoustics and noise control. Although the theory behind the design of such arrays has been known for some time, the algorithms used to process the microphone signals are the subject of on-going research and development. The beamformer algorithm is well-known and relatively simple to implement. It is useful for ‘scanning’ an area to find the position of sound sources but has limited ability to characterise fully the spatial distribution of the strength of an acoustic source. The inverse method, on the other hand, requires prior information regarding the position of sources or an appropriate discretisation of the source strength distribution. The method is more difficult to implement but can yield more useful source characterisation data. This paper presents a comparison between the two methods based on experimental data. The results show that, in the presence of more than one source, the beamformer cannot yield reliable estimates of the source strength of individual sources since the output from the beamformer is shown to be dependent upon the degree of correlation between multiple sources as well as the source strengths themselves. The inverse method, on the other hand, is shown to yield reliable estimates of source strength when more than one source is present, regardless of the correlation between the sources, although the results presented here are restricted to the case of a relatively small number of sources. It is clearly demonstrated, both theoretically and through carefully controlled experiments, that either method can be used effectively under reverberant conditions through the use of measured Green functions in place of the simple geometrically-derived free-space values of the Green function. This greatly improves the possibility for the successful use of these methods in many important industrial applications.     

High-order angular response beamformer for vector sensors

A linear processing scheme for computing higher-order angular response modes of a vector sensor is described. Examples of modal response beampatterns are presented. The response modes form (in principle) a complete, orthonormal set that can be transformed into steerable sets of one or more directive beams. The linear processing scheme facilitates calibration of vector sensor measurement systems. The angular resolution that can be achieved with the new processing scheme is predicted to be (155/N_m) degrees, where N_m is the highest order of computed response mode, for the higher orders. The number of higher-order response modes appears to be limited only by the computational power available.     

光源相关色温与分布温度的实验分析

在国家色温基准改造课题中,通过光谱辐射测量法得到色温副基准灯的相对光谱功率分布,分别采用四种不同的算法计算出光源的相关色温以及分布温度。为了比较这些计算方法的差别,由相关色温和分布温度反算出相应的光谱功率分布,分析了与光源原始分布的偏差。对采用不同算法得到的色坐标进行了对比,进一步阐明了光源的分布温度与相关色温之间的区别和联系。     

Determining direction to a source of correlated signals,using adaptive antenna arrays

Gor'kii State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 719–725, June, 1990.     

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

Nonuniformly correlated light beams in uniformly correlated media

The behavior of scalar beams with nonuniform correlations in isotropic random media is investigated. An example illustrates the fact that the off-axis intensity maximum formed in the transverse cross section of a nonuniformly correlated beam on propagation in free space is suppressed when it passes at sufficiently large distances from its source through the isotropic turbulent atmosphere.     

基于多时窗波束形成器方法的心脏磁场信号分析

提出了一种多时窗的波束形成器,可以从多通道心脏磁场测量数据中估计强、弱和持续时间长短不同的等效电流源.这种心脏电活动可视化技术将有助于相关心脏疾病的诊断.通过两个已知电流源的仿真实验说明了这种方法的可行性.并通过一个完全左束支传导阻滞和一个完全右束支传导阻滞病人的心脏QRS段磁场测量数据的源估计结果及其二维电兴奋传播图的比较,分析了用这种成像方法揭示的心脏电生理现象.     

Uncertainty analysis of the standard delay-and-sum beamformer and array calibration

Beamforming has become an ubiquitous task in aeroacoustic noise measurements for source localization and power estimation. The standard delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer is the most commonly used beamforming algorithm due to its simplicity and robustness and also serves as the basis for more sophisticated algorithms, such as the deconvolution approach for the mapping of acoustic sources (DAMAS). The DAS data reduction equation is a function of many parameters including the microphone locations, microphone transfer functions, temperature and the cross-spectral matrix (CSM), where each one of these parameters has a unique uncertainty associated with it. This paper provides a systematic uncertainty analysis of the DAS beamformer and Dougherty's widely used calibration procedure under the assumption that the underlying mathematical model of incoherent, monopole sources is correct. An analytical multivariate method based on a first-order Taylor series expansion and a numerical Monte-Carlo method based on assumed uncertainty distributions for the input variables are considered. The uncertainty of calibration is analyzed using the Monte-Carlo method, whereas the uncertainty of the DAS beamformer is analyzed using both the complex multivariate and the Monte-Carlo methods. It is shown that the multivariate uncertainty analysis method fails when the perturbations are relatively large and/or the output distribution is non-Gaussian, and therefore the Monte-Carlo analysis should be used in the general case. The calibration procedure is shown to greatly reduce the uncertainties in the DAS power estimates. In particular, 95 percent confidence intervals for the DAS power estimates are presented with simulated data for various scenarios. Moreover, the 95 percent confidence intervals for the integrated DAS levels at different frequencies are computed using experimental data. It is shown that with experimental data, the 95 percent confidence intervals for the integrated power levels are within of the mean levels when the component uncertainties are set at low but achievable values.     

交替迭代多约束波束优化设计

声学阵列波束形成器的阵增益、旁瓣级、稳健性等多个指标相互关联,对于包含加权向量范数约束和旁瓣控制的高增益波束优化设计问题,针对传统的内点法波束优化算法硬件实现困难及计算复杂度大等问题,提出了多约束交替迭代求解方法。通过引入辅助变量将范数约束和旁瓣约束解耦合,进而将多约束优化转化为两组单约束优化问题。给出了优化子问题的解析或近似解。理论分析表明,与现有内点优化算法相比,所提方法计算量较小,单次迭代复杂度仅为变量及约束个数的二次多项式。采用仿真和实测的阵列流形验证了设计效果,结果表明所提方法可实现旁瓣级,阵增益和稳健性等多个波束设计指标的合理折中,计算精度与二阶锥规划算法相当,但计算量更小。     

脉冲抽运光啁啾对全光纤量子关联光子对纯度的影响

信号与闲置光子波长均为1550 nm 通信波段的全光纤关联光子对源, 具有低成本以及可与现有光纤网络低损耗连接的特点. 进一步优化其纯度, 将有助于提高这种量子光源的实用化程度.当抽运脉冲光在光纤中传输时, 由于色散和Kerr非线性效应的影响, 会不可避免地引入啁啾. 本文利用脉冲激光抽运零色散位移光纤, 研究了抽运光啁啾对关联光子对纯度的影响. 结果表明, 通信波段小失谐关联光子对的纯度随啁啾的增大而下降. 若采用变换极限的锁模激光为抽运源, 将有助于抑制Raman散射对自发四波混频的影响, 提高光子对的纯度. 关键词： 关联光子对 光纤 自发四波混频 啁啾     

关联光学新进展

文章综述了利用光学自发参量下转换过程产生的纠缠双光子态和热光源的空间关联性,实现“鬼”成像、“鬼”干涉、亚波长干涉和非定域双缝干涉等实验的研究进展,以及其中涉及的争论问题.     

关联光学新进展

文章综述了利用光学自发参量下转换过程产生的纠缠双光子态和热光源的空间关联性,实现"鬼"成像、"鬼"干涉、亚波长干涉和非定域双缝干涉等实验的研究进展,以及其中涉及的争论问题.