Space-variant Pancharatnam-Berry phase optical elements with computer-generated subwavelength gratings

Space-variant Pancharatnam-Berry phase optical elements based on computer-generated subwavelength gratings are presented. By continuously controlling the local orientation and period of the grating we can achieve any desired phase element. We present a theoretical analysis and experimentally demonstrate a Pancharatnam-Berry phase-based diffraction grating for laser radiation at a wavelength of 10.6microm.     

Testing of holographic optical elements for holographic gun-sight

Conventional methods of measuring the various parameters of holographic optical elements are tedious for mass production. A novel approach is described for the holographic elements used in the holographic sight, in which the parameters are defined and measured as per their intended final application. Since the holographic sight is used for accurate target acquisition along with the other features, parallax in the sight becomes a critical parameter. Besides, the maximum brightness of the reticle is another parameter of the device, which is important for the use of sight in the strong sunlight in summers. There are two holographic elements, namely holographic reticle and holographic lens in the sight. Both can be tested in a simple set-up in terms of the parallax of the sight and the brightness of the reticle. The masters for both elements are required to be benchmarked once and rest of the elements in a mass production can be tested with the reference of masters.     

用全息光学元件实现对眼睛的激光防护

反射式全息滤光片具有很好的滤光特性,可作为一种激光防护元件.本文对这种元件的波长选择性,角度选择性,所能承受的功率密度进行分析,并讨论了实际应用的可能性.     

Astigmatism free holographic lens elements

By applying the s and t formula for a hologram lens on a curved surface the conditions which must be satisfied for astigmatism free imagery are derived. It is shown that for hologram lenses formed on surfaces which are conic sections or on a plane surface, astigmatism free imagery can be obtained for extended objects.     

Two-dimensional non-spatial filtering based on holographic Bragg gratings

The filter made up of two gratings performs as a two-dimensional non-spatial filtering. This paper reports that the volume Bragg gratings are fabricated by interfering two collimated coherent laser beams in photopolymer. Diffraction efficiency of a single grating is up to 78% in Bragg's condition, then a two-dimensional non-spatial filter, which consists of two volume Bragg gratings and a half-wave plate, enables the laser beam filtered in two dimensions with the diffraction efficiency of 54%. The Bragg's condition and effect of polarisation on performances of the two-dimension filter are also discussed.     

Spatial filtering of holographic interferograms of lateral shift

With the Fresnel approximation we consider the formation of lateral shift interferograms in diffusely scattering fields during double-exposure recording of Fresnel holograms of a dull screen on the basis of superposition of the objective speckle fields of the two exposures in the plane of the photographic film. It is shown that the interference pattern characterizing the phase distortions of the wave front of radiation, used to illuminate the dull screen, is located in its imaging plane, while the front of the supporting wave is located in the hologram plane. To record them it is necessary to carry out spatial filtering of the diffraction field in the corresponding planes.V. V. Kuibyshev Tomsk State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vyssikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 106–111, August, 1994.     

Interferometry for measuring large aspherical surfaces with holographic optical elements

Interferometry for measuring the shape of large aspherical surfaces is reported. The interference fringe pattern between the parallel reference beam and the reconstructed wavefront from the master zone plate which is drawn by an electron-beam drawing machine is recorded on a hologram plate with off-axis optical arrangement. The hologram plate used as the standard element is reconstructed by the conjugate beam in a modified Twyman-Green interferometer. Insufficient parallelism of commercial hologram plates can be compensated by this method. It is also easy to make replicas. Some experimental results are also presented.     

Wavelet and harmonic filtering for distortion-invariant volume holographic correlation

The wavelet and harmonic filtering method suggested by Zalevsky and Ouzieli is introduced in this paper and adopted in our volume holographic image recognition system. This composite filter combines several scaled versions of the cascaded wavelet and harmonic filter, obtaining high discrimination ability and wide dynamic range of rotation and scale deformations. Optical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the validity and practicability of the algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of using this algorithm in a volume holographic system. Moreover, the separate correlation approach proposed in this paper greatly simplifies the manufacturing process and reduces the cost of the system.     

A spatial filtering technique for improved holographic character recognition

Conventional holographic pattern recognition systems suffer from the disadvantage that, in dealing with highly ordered patterns such as Arabic numerals or the letters of the Roman alphabet it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between patterns with a high degree of similarity (eg the capital letters ‘E’ and ‘F’ or ‘B’ and ‘P’).The present paper analyzes a simple case and shows how the insertion of a suitable spatial filter in the Fourier transform plane can reduce the unwanted cross-correlation signal between dissimilar patterns to zero, without removing the desired auto-correlation signal between similar patterns. Although no attempt is made to generalize the analysis, it seems probable that in cases involving the recognition of a small number of patterns with a strong ‘family resemblance’ a compromise filtering arrangement could be developed which would lead to a substantially improved performance.     

编码孔径成像:一种全息逆转滤波处理

本文利用动态范围宽的全息逆转滤波器(HIF)对几种编码图像进行了解码.讨论了HIF的性能,给出光学模拟下非冗余列阵(NRA)对二维物体成像和对三维物体层析的一些结果.     

Computer-generated holographic optical elements produced by photolithography

We report the creation of novel computer-generated holographic optical elements. The method of computing diffraction gratings producing a continuous focal pattern in the form of a line and also gratings that have N orders in a row of equal energy is described. The method has also been developed for coding the filter-complex transmittance functions in order to form and analyze the transverse modes. All the above elements are realized as glass-substrate binary-phase refractive holograms by projection photolithography by using photoreduction. The minimum line width is 2·5 mkm. These elements may also be fabricated as reflective holograms.

Phot-masks and the results of an investigation of the intensity distribution produced by the elements are presented. The investigation results confirm the synthesized elements' high quality.     

Volume holographic optical elements for point-to-point imaging with local cross talk

A novel volume holographic optical element serving as an atypical mirror with a lateral magnification of 1 in both the horizontal and the vertical directions is proposed. Optical imaging is performed by point-to-point imaging with local cross talk, which prevents ghost diffraction spots from the holographic element of multiple gratings.     

DCG全息元件的简化处理及特性研究

本文提供了重铬酸明胶（ＤＣＧ）的一种简化处理步骤，最高衍射效率和透明度均达９７％，测量和分析了处理后ＤＣＧ光栅的衍射特性，讨论了高质量ＤＣＧ全息元件的应用。     

Simplified processing and characteristic investigation of DCG holographic elements

In this paper,the simplfied procedures of processing dichromated gelatin(DCG)holographic optical elements(HOE's) are presented.Both diffraction efficiency and transmis-sion of DCG grating made by the procedures have been achieved up to 97%.The diffractioncharacteristics of the DCG gratings are measured and analysed,the applications of DCG grat-ings with high quality are also discussed.     

Compact photonic delay line constructed by holographic optical elements

To fully support phased-array antenna and other applications, a 3-range (long time, moderate time, and short time) delay line structures with holographic optical elements is proposed. Flexibility, light-weight, on-axis coupling, easy alignment, easy fabrication, and compactness are their advantages. When use holographic optical elements to build the photonic delay line system, all of the delay and non-delay paths in these three photonic delay lines are setting in a compact structure. They do not need any extra components, such as mirrors and optical paths in free space, and can bear stronger vibration. Therefore, the holographic optical elements are more suitable to design the photonic delay lines. In these three structures, their losses and crosstalk s are balanced. All of delay and non-delay cases in these three delay line structures, their crosstalk, signal-to-noise ratio, and loss are 1/81,000, 59.1 dB, and 3.2 dB, respectively. Finally, to support complete applications, a polarization independent photonic delay line system with holographic optical elements is proposed, too.     

Modified phase contrast for recording of holographic optical elements

A modified phase contrast method is described for the fabrication of holographic optical elements with in-line diffraction patterns. In this method, a liquid crystal phase modulator is addressed by computer-generated holograms to achieve variable phase gratings. The phase gratings are imaged onto photosensitive material by a phase contrast method without a Fourier filter. We show the analytical treatment of the modified phase contrast method and demonstrate the application in holographic recording.     

Experimental evaluation of entropy for transmission holographic optical elements

An experimental study of transmission holographic optical elements is presented. Several important aspects related to the diffractional analysis of these elements have been considered. The case of the spherical object wave is analyzed in detail. The emphasis is on obtaining the entropy from the intensity distribution on an image plane. We use the calculated entropy to locate experimentally the position of the best image plane in the sense of minimal aberrations for a holographic lens. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results is presented and good agreement between theory and experimentation has been obtained.Part of this paper was presented at the IS & T/SPIE symposium in Electronic Imaging, Science and Technology (Practical Holography IX) February 4–10, 1995, San José, CA, USA     

The s and t formulae for holographic lens elements

By considering the propagation of an astigmatic wavefront through a hologram on a curved surface expressions for the distances to the principal foci are obtained. In the special case of a system with a plane of symmetry these reduce to expressions similar to the conventional refraction/reflection s and t formulae.     

Space-variant polarization scrambling for image encryption obtained with subwavelength gratings

We present an optical encryption method based on geometrical phase, which is originated from polarization manipulation. The decrypted picture is retrieved by measuring the polarization of the beam emerging from the encrypted element. The encrypted element is achieved by using a computer-generated space-variant subwavelength dielectric grating. Theoretical analyses of the optical concept by use of Jones and Mueller formalisms, as well as experimental results including full optical decryption process are introduced. Digital implementation and the possibility of using watermarking are also discussed.     

Electronic speckle-pattern interferometer using holographic optical elements for vibration measurements

We report a simple, compact electronic speckle-pattern interferometer (ESPI) incorporating holographic optical elements (HOEs) for the study of out-of-plane vibration. Reflection and transmission HOEs provide reference and object beams in the interferometer. The alignment difficulties with conventional ESPI systems are minimized using HOEs. The time-average ESPI subtraction method is used to generate the fringe pattern and remove background speckle noise by introducing a phase shift between consecutive images. The amplitude and phase maps are obtained using path-difference modulation.