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1.
Conclusions A model has been suggested to explain the observed relationship between the measured heats of dissolution of uranyl nitrate in aqueous nitrate solutions and the concentration of the salting-out agent. The model describes the change in the structure of water in the solution with change in its concentration. On the one hand, a destruction of the water structure by ions occurs, which is weakened with increase in the distance from the ion, and leads to such irregularity in the distribution of water molecules in the solution that the mean number of molecules of water in unit volume is increased with increase in the distance from the ions. In experiments on the heat of dissolution this increase leads to increased hydration of the uranyl cation and reduction in the endothermicity of the dissolution with increase in the concentration of the solution. On the other hand, an interaction occurs between the ions of the salting-out agent and the water molecules in the solution, leading to the opposite result: There is an increase in the mean number of water molecules of the solution in unit volume in the direction of these ions. In experiments on the heat of dissolution this is revealed in the dehydration of the uranyl cation, and correspondingly in an increase in the endothermicity of the dissolution with increase in the concentration of the solution. The proposed model is in harmony with data on vapor pressure above the solutions (the relationship between the activity coefficient of the water and the concentration of the solution).Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 143–150, March–April. 1962 相似文献
2.
P.N. Joshi N.K. Ramaswamy M.K. Raval T.S. Desai P.M. Nair U.C. Biswal 《Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology》1993,20(2-3):197-202
Wheat seedlings, grown for 7 days in the light, were allowed to senesce in the light or dark, and the change in the photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry of chloroplasts isolated from the primary leaves of these seedlings was investigated. The decrease in oxygen evolution and the fast fluorescence results indicated that the impairment of PS II in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the light was different from that in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the dark. Thermoluminescence studies showed a structural modification in the QB protein of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the light and an alteration in the S state transition of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the dark. 相似文献
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4.
The chemical components and medicinal properties of different medicinal parts of Angelica sinensis are often used as medicine after being divided into the head, body and tail of Angelica sinensis. In this study, the chemical components of different medicinal parts in different periods were analyzed by GC-MS for the first time, and the differences of the accumulation rules of chemical components in different medicinal parts of Angelica sinensis were obtained. This study demonstrated that the differences of composition accumulation in different medicinal parts of Angelica sinensis were mainly reflected in the types and relative contents of compounds. The study found that the number of compounds in different medicinal parts of Angelica sinensis in each period were different and the change rules of the same compound in different medicinal parts were also different. The number of compounds in the tail of Angelica sinensis was the least in April, and the largest in October. The content of ligustilide in the body of Angelica sinensis was higher in April and was the highest in the tail in October. The relative content of butylidenephthalide in the head was the highest in October. The relative contents of senkyunolide A and butylphthalide in the head were decreased in October, while the contents in the body and tail increased, indicating that the compounds that accumulate in the head may transfer to the body and tail in later stages of growth. This study clarified the differences in the accumulation of chemical components in different medicinal parts of Angelica sinensis, which could provide a theoretical basis for the reasons for the differences of chemical components in the different medicinal parts. 相似文献
5.
A. A. Firsova Yu. V. Maksimov V. Yu. Bychkov O. V. Isaev I. P. Suzdalev V. N. Korchak 《Kinetics and Catalysis》2000,41(1):116-121
The amount of oxygen in the lattice of solids that participates in the elementary stages of partial propylene oxidation is determined for two types of Co-Mo-Bi-Fe-Sb-K-O catalysts (I, II) differing in the method of introduction of antimony and potassium. Two independent methods are used: (1) on the basis of the yield of the oxygen-containing products of propylene oxidation by oxygen of the catalyst in a pulse regime and (2) with the use of Möessbauer spectroscopy. Coincidence of the results obtained by both methods indicates that the active oxygen of the catalyst lattice is formed during redox transformations of iron(III) molybdate entering the composition of the catalysts. Data on the reduction of the catalysts in a pulse regime at various temperatures, which were processed in the framework of the diffusion model, allowed the estimation of the rate constants for diffusion of the lattice oxygen. An increase in the mobility of the lattice oxygen in catalyst I, which is modified with a small amount of antimony as compared to catalyst II, results in an increase in the overall productivity of the sample and in a decrease in the selectivity of propylene oxidation to acrolein. This correlates with the increase in the total amount of the lattice oxygen participating in the process. 相似文献
6.
Two-component monomolecular layers were formed with two xanthophyll pigments, lutein and zeaxanthin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), at the argon-water interface. Analysis of the mean molecular area parameters versus molar fraction of the xanthophyll component shows large overadditivity (ca. 50 A2 in the case of zeaxanthin and 150 A2 in the case of lutein) in the region of low molar fractions of carotenoids (maximum at 5 mol% in the case of zeaxanthin and at 20 mol% in the case of lutein). The experimental values of a mean molecular area are in good agreement with the values expected, based on the additivity rule at high molar percentages of the xanthophylls. Absorption spectroscopy of a single monolayer at the argon-water interface in the UV-Vis region has also been applied to analyze the formation of molecular assemblies of lutein in monomolecular films. The differences in the organization of lutein-DPPC and zeaxanthin-DPPC monolayers are interpreted in terms of the aggregation of xanthophyll pigments in the layers and different orientation of both xanthophylls at the interface. The results are discussed in relation to possible physiological functions of lutein and zeaxanthin in the membranes of the retina of an eye. 相似文献
7.
Masahiko Imai Lu Gong Xu Kazuo Ametani Mituaki Tutiya 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1989,27(5):1763-1773
Polypropylene films were irradiated with 60Co γ-rays in vacuum or in air and stored in air. Just after irradiation, the concentration of carbonyl group of the sample irradiated in air only increased with dose. The concentrations of both samples increased with storage time. The more the absorbed doses, the higher the increasing rates. The increasing rate of the concentration of carbonyl group during irradiation in air was higher than those during storage in air. Just after irradiation, the tensile strengths and the elongations of the both samples somewhat increased with dose at the doses less than 5 Mrad, but decreased at doses more than 13 Mrad. The tensile strength and the elongation of the sample irradiated in air decreased with storage time. Those of the sample irradiated in vacuum also decreased with storage time but the decreasing rates were much smaller than those in the sample irradiated in air. The gel fractions of the samples irradiated in vacuum and annealed in vacuum were somewhat higher than those irradiated in vacuum and not annealed. To elucidate high oxidation rate in the sample irradiated in air during and after irradiation, reaction mechanisms were discussed. To clarify the difference of mechanical properties between the samples irradiated in vacuum and in air, the effect of crosslink was considered, together with the oxidation. 相似文献
8.
Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation is employed to calculate the solubility of water in polyamide-6,6. It is shown that performing two separate simulations, one in the polymeric phase and one in the gaseous phase, is sufficient to find the phase coexistence point. In this method, the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase is expanded as a first-order Taylor series in terms of pressure. Knowing the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase in terms of pressure, another simulation for water in the gaseous phase, in the grand canonical ensemble, is done in which the target chemical potential is set in terms of pressure in the gas phase. The phase coexistence point can easily be calculated from the results of these two independent simulations. Our calculated sorption isotherms and solubility coefficients of water in polyamide-6,6, over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, agree with experimental data. 相似文献
9.
Magdalena Wyszyska Monika Nitsze-Wierzba Aleksandra Czelakowska Jacek Kasperski Joanna ywiec Magorzata Skucha-Nowak 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(13)
The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air is used in diagnostics and monitoring the pathologies not only in the respiratory system but also in the oral cavity. It has shown a huge increase in its level in asthma and diseases of the oral cavity. It seems reasonable to undertake research on the impact of inflammation on the level of NO in exhaled air. The aim of the study is to make an evidence-based review of the application of NO levels in exhaled air in the diagnosis of inflammation and treatment monitoring on the basis of selected measuring devices. Methods and Results: This paper presents an example of the application of NO measurement in exhaled air in individual human systems. Selected measuring devices, their non-invasiveness, and their advantages are described. Discussion: The usefulness of this diagnostic method in pathologies of the oral cavity was noted. Conclusions: Measuring the level of NO in exhaled air seems to be a useful diagnostic method. 相似文献
10.
An analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air. The method was applied to a survey of gaseous and particulate PAHs in household indoor air. The survey was performed in 21 houses in the summer of 1999 and in 20 houses in the winter of 1999-2000 in Fuji, Japan. Thirty-eight PAHs were determined in indoor and outdoor air in the summer, and 39 PAHs were determined in indoor and outdoor air in the winter. The concentrations of gaseous PAHs in indoor air tended to be higher than those in outdoor air in the summer and winter. The concentrations of particulate PAHs in indoor air were the same as or lower than those in outdoor air in the summer and winter. PAH profiles, correlations between PAH concentrations, and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the factors affecting the indoor PAH concentrations. These results showed that gaseous PAHs in indoor air were primarily from indoor emission sources, especially during the summer, and that indoor particulate PAH concentrations were significantly influenced by outdoor air pollution. 相似文献
11.
Danuta Frackowiak Mamoru Minuro Iwao Yamazaki† Naoto Tamai† Yoshihiko Fujita 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1989,50(4):563-570
–Time-resolved fluorescence spectra in the ps time range were measured on phycobilisome (PBS) embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol) films. The cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis was used as a source of PBS because the pigment composition and the structure of the PBS are well defined. Isotropic PBS in the unstretched film and PBS uniaxially oriented in the stretched film were investigated. Diameters of PBS hemidiscs were oriented parallel to the film-stretching direction. The time-resolved fluorescence spectra of the unstretched sample and of the two polarized components in the stretched samples showed several differences in the rise and decay. The delay time, estimated from the time span between the maximum laser pulse and maximal intensity of the phycocyanin and allophycocyanin fluorescence, was much longer than that reported in the aqueous media. This suggests occurrence of a higher thermal deactivation of PBS in polymer film than in aqueous media. The excitation energy transfer from excited phycocrythrin to allophycocyanin was more efficient in the unstretched than in the stretched samples, and it was greater in the parallel polarized component of the stretched sample than in the perpendicular component. The present results are in agreement with a previous suggestion which states that there are two independent pathways of excitation energy transfer in PBS and that there is more than one final emitter of fluorescence. The molecules taking part in various pathways of energy transfer differ in their orientation within PBS. 相似文献
12.
Because Platinum Group Elements have found widespread use in catalytic converters in cars and as chemotherapeutic agent, interest in the development of reliable analytical methods is carried out in order to monitor these analita in humans to protect the citizen's health.Considering that information on the levels of many trace elements in biological matrices is scarce and for many non-essential elements, baseline levels in the population, and especially in those particularly exposed to the risk are lacking, in this paper we optimize an analytical method for biological matrices, using a voltammetric technique to measure the concentration of Pt in blood and perfusate.The amount of Pt recovered from the blood and perfusate samples spiked with analita was observed to be meanly of 95% with 5–6% of R.S.D. These results indicated that proposed method for the determination of platinum in biological materials is accurate and reproducible.The amounts of platinum found in the blood samples of common ranged citizen were similar to quantification limit while in the patients the concentration ranged from 1.5 to 360 μg/L, in perfusate ranged from 0.7 to 9700 μg/l. The concentrations of Pt of populace and in patients before of infusion are in agreement with the level measured in the blood of unexposed patients.The proposed analytical method permits to determine the amount of Pt in the perfusate and subsequently absorbed by the target organs in order to determine the dose and timing of treatment and to avoid overdoses with related undesired effects. 相似文献
13.
Independence of the lethal actions of glucocorticoids on lymphoid cells from possible hormone effects on calcium uptake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We have examined the possibility that hormone-induced increases in calcium uptake might initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids in two types of lymphoid cells. Hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility are used as the measure of hormone action, since in both rat thymus cells and in mouse P1798 lymphosarcoma cells increased nuclear fragility (the inability of nuclei to survive lysis of the cells by hypotonic shock) precedes other indices of cellular deterioration by several hours. In the case of the tumor cells, those from corticosteroid-sensitive lines are less able to withstand incubation in vitro than resistant cells. Such differences in cell survival are predicted both by earlier changes in nuclear fragility and also by differences in calcium uptake. However, there is no detectable early glucocorticoid effect on calcium uptake that precedes or coincides with the substantial hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility that develop in the sensitive cells by 2 h. In rat thymus cells the absence of calcium in the medium does prevent some of the increase in nuclear fragility and cell disintegration that occurs spontaneously during incubation in vitro. Nevertheless, when cells are exposed to hormones the glucocorticoid effect on nuclear fragility develops in the absence of calcium and is similar in magnitude to that seen in the presence of calcium. We conclude that calcium seems to enhance the spontaneous deterioration of lymphoid cells, and there is a large increase in calcium uptake that occurs as cells deteriorate. It nevertheless seems unlikely that hormone-induced changes in calcium uptake initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids. The data also support a proposal made earlier [2] that resistance to glucocorticoids in tumor cells may develop by the selection of cells with hardier membranes. 相似文献
14.
Masanao Oya Keikichi Uno Yoshio Iwakura 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1972,10(2):613-623
Copolymerization of NCA's was undertaken in a heterogeneous system in acetonitrile, which is not a solvent of the polypeptides. The reactivity ratio was calculated by using the Lewis-Mayo equation. Further, the conversion rate in the copolymerization and the configuration of the copolymer produced were compared with those of the copolymerization in the homogeneous system in nitrobenzene, in which the copolypeptides are swollen. The rate of copolymerization in acetonitrile was between the rates of polymerization of the individual monomers. It has been reported that the configuration of the copolymer obtained in dimethylformamide, in which the copolypeptides are swollen, is of the block type. On the other hand, many polypeptides obtained in acetonitrile, which is not a solvent of the copolypeptides, had a random configuration near to an alternating configuration. 相似文献
15.
The existence of holes in the endocuticle, in the inter-macrofibrilar matrix and in the cell membrane complex of hair fibers is described. In this paper, we show that these holes are absent in the hair follicle. However, cell remnants found in young hair inside the follicle are located in the same regions and are of the same dimensions as the holes observed in mature fibers. Since holes in the endocuticle have been described to appear as a result of daily care actions, it is probable that the development of holes in the inter-macrofibrilar matrix and in the cell membrane complex is related to the removal of extractable substances. We discuss hole formation in terms of the nature of the extractable substances and the presence of cell remnants in the young fibers. 相似文献
16.
A. V. Ponomarev P. K. Metreveli V. N. Chulkov A. V. Bludenko 《High Energy Chemistry》2017,51(5):369-374
In the process of the electron-beam distillation of lignin, its conversion into benzenediols increases in the presence of alkanes in the irradiated sample. An increase in the yield of benzenediols is accompanied by a decrease in the fractions of guaiacol, creosol, ethylguaiacol, and vinylguaiacol in the tar distilled off. It has been noted that alkanes serve as an additional source of atomic hydrogen and alkyl radicals, which, in turn, play a key role in the formation of benzenediols. In the presence of alkanes in the irradiated sample, guaiacol can be the main precursor of catechols; the proportion of guaiacol in the tar is almost three times below that in the case of distillation of individual lignin. It has been hypothesized that the chain decomposition of lignin can occur with the participation of ?H and ?CH3 radicals. 相似文献
17.
该文建立了一种可对莲子中多种代谢物进行高覆盖分析的基质辅助激光解吸附质谱成像(MALDI-MSI)方法,实现了莲子中生物碱类、黄酮类、氨基酸类、脂肪酸类、有机酸类、胆碱类、磷脂类等多种代谢物的组织原位可视化表征。结果表明,生物碱类代谢物主要分布在莲子胚芽中;黄酮类代谢物主要分布在莲子胚芽和种皮中;氨基酸类代谢物在莲子子叶中的含量显著高于莲子胚中;脂肪酸类代谢物在莲子不同组织中的分布差异很小;胆碱类代谢物在莲子胚芽和莲子子叶底部的含量更高,甘油磷酸胆碱在莲子子叶顶部的含量更高;有机酸类代谢物以及绝大多数磷脂类化合物在莲子子叶中的含量高于莲子胚。该研究为评价莲子药物质量、探究莲子中化合物的时-空代谢网络提供了新的技术支持。 相似文献
18.
Wahadoszamen M Hamada T Iimori T Nakabayashi T Ohta N 《The journal of physical chemistry. A》2007,111(38):9544-9552
External electric field effects on absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra of a series of unsubstituted diphenylpolyynes have been examined in a PMMA film. The analysis of the electroabsorption spectra indicates that the shorter diphenylpolyynes exhibit only the change in molecular polarizability, whereas the longer ones exhibit the change both in dipole moment and in molecular polarizability following absorption. The finding of the change in dipole moment following absorption of centrosymmetric diphenylpolyynes is interpreted in terms of the symmetry distortion upon doping a polymer film. When the external electric field is applied, the fluorescence yield is reduced and enhanced, respectively, in diphenylacetylene and diphenyloctatetrayne, indicating that the rate of the nonradiative process from the fluorescence state is accelerated in diphenylacetylene and decelerated in diphenyloctatetrayne by an external electric field. All of the diphenylpolyynes used in the present study exhibit the change in molecular polarizability following the phosphorescence process. 相似文献
19.
The conformations, the values of the lateral transport coefficient of a charged biomolecule (desmopressin) in the adsorbed layer and in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer, the potential energies of the interaction between the biomolecules located in different liquid layers with the charged solid surface and with the biomolecules in the adsorbed layer, the potential energies of the interaction between water molecules in the hydration layers surrounding the conformations of the biomolecules in different layers, as well as the structure and number of hydration layers between the different conformations of desmopressin, were determined by molecular dynamics simulation studies. The results show that the lateral mobility of the adsorbed desmopressin is approximately equal to zero and the value of the lateral transport coefficient of the biomolecule in the liquid layers located above the adsorbed layer increases as the distance of the liquid layer from the charged solid surface increases. But the values of the lateral transport coefficient of the biomolecule in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer are lower in magnitude than the value of the transport coefficient of desmopressin along the direction normal to the charged solid surface in the liquid phase located above the vacant charged sites of the solid surface, and these differences in the values of the transport coefficients have important implications with respect to the replenishment of the biomolecules in the inner parts of a channel (pore), the overall rate of adsorption, and the form of the constitutive equations that would have to be used in macroscopic models to describe the mechanisms of mass transfer and adsorption in the pores of adsorbent media. Furthermore, a novel method is presented in this work that utilizes the information about the sizes of the conformations of the biomolecule in the adsorbed layer and in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer along the direction that is normal to the charged solid surface, as well as the number and size of the hydration layers along the same direction, and could be used to estimate the value of the lower bound of the linear characteristic dimension of a pore (i.e., pore radius) in porous adsorbent media (e.g., porous adsorbent particles; skeletons of porous monoliths) in order to realize effective transport and overall adsorption rate. 相似文献
20.
The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised. 相似文献