溶剂热合成可调控氧空位的Bi2MoO6纳米晶及其光催化氧化制喹啉和抗生素降解

近年来,半导体光催化在环境净化和有机合成领域的研究引起了广泛的重视.其中,在有机合成领域中,光催化技术已经应用在醇类、环己烷以及芳香族化合物的选择性氧化研究.而另一类具有特殊结构的有机物——N-杂环芳烃,在药物化学和材料科学中具有重要意义.而传统用于合成N-杂化芳烃的脱氢催化氧化反应通常需要高温高压的苛刻环境,传统方法通常还需要使用贵金属催化剂,这也增加了N-杂化芳烃的合成成本;另外,如果合成是均相催化过程,则催化剂难以实现回收利用.因此,开发室温常压条件下的非贵金属多相光催化技术具有巨大的应用前景.本文以能够被可见光驱动的钼酸铋半导体为催化剂,利用氧缺陷策略来提升钼酸铋的光催化氧化性能.不同于传统氧缺陷制备方法(氢气还原热处理、离子掺杂等),本文采用一种低成本的乙二醛辅助溶剂热的方法合成具有可调控的含氧空位Bi₂MoO₆催化剂(OVBMO).通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外可见漫反射吸收光谱、氮气物理吸附脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子自旋共振光谱、光致发光光谱及电化学测试等技术对制备的OVBMO材料进行了物理化学性质及能带研究.XPS,XRD,Raman和FT-IR结果表明,氧空位存在于[Bi₂O₂]²⁺和MoO₆八面体的层间.紫外可见漫反射结果表明,随着氧空位的引入,Bi₂MoO₆的光吸收范围扩大,带隙变窄.结合莫特肖特基和VBXPS分析获得OVBMO的能带位置,发现氧空位的存在不仅会导致禁带中出现缺陷带能级,还会导致价带顶位置上移,促进光生空穴的迁移.PL和电化学结果表明,氧空位的存在使得载流子浓度、载流子的分离能力与界面电荷迁移能力都有较大提升,这是因为氧空位引入的缺陷能级可以浅势捕获电子,抑制光催化剂中的电子与空穴的复合,改变化学反应的速率.同时,氧空位有助于捕获分子氧,分子氧与捕获的光生电子发生反应,产生更多的超氧自由基(·O₂)和空穴(h⁺),从而极大地提升光催化剂的氧化性能.因此,OVBMO在1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉脱氢氧化产生喹啉及系列抗生素(环丙沙星、四环素、盐酸土霉素)的降解反应中,表现出较好的光催化氧化性能.结合多种表征分析,本文还进一步阐明了OVBMO催化剂将1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉脱氢氧化为喹啉的自由基参与的多相催化反应机理.     

Sunlight assisted photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using g-C3N4-TiO2 nanocomposites

The photocatalytic degradation of environmentally non-benign, toxic organic pollutants such as bisphenol A (BPA), brilliant green (BG), or mixture of dyes have been carried out using g-C₃N₄-TiO₂ (GNT) nanocomposites. The GNT nanocomposites were synthesized by using hydrothermal method with different compositions and these nanocomposites were characterized using the different techniques. X-ray diffraction revealed that the anatase phase of TiO₂ has been retained in composites; while characteristic reflection of g-C₃N₄ at 27.07° (d = 3.22 Å) is not observed due to its lower content in the nanocomposites. Raman spectra confirms the formation of composites between TiO₂ with g-C₃N₄. Furthermore nano-scale dimensions of the bare or composites have been proved by FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows the presence of C, N, Ti and O as a constituents, with peaks due to CC, NCN of g-C₃N₄. Among the different nanocomposites, g-C₃N₄-TiO₂ catalyst having 30% g-C₃N₄ and 70% TiO₂ in molar proportion (i.e. 30-GNT) is exhibiting the highest efficiency for degradation of the different dyes in correlation to its higher surface area, lower optical band gap as well as more visible-light absorption (i.e., λ > 400 nm) in the electromagnetic spectrum.     

Synthesis of eco-friendly porous g-C3N4/SiO2/SnO2 composite with excellent visible-light responsive photocatalysis

Forming eco-friendly heterojunction photocatalysts is excellent method to accelerate the separation rate of photogenerated charge carriers, which is attracting more and more attention. In this study, a novel and stable disordered porous g-C₃N₄/SiO₂/SnO₂ (DOP-CSiSn) heterojunction composites was fabricated by a sol-gel hard template method, and the optimal g-C₃N₄ doped ratio was adjusted in DOP-CSiSn. The DOP-CSiSn photocatalyst had the much larger specific surface area and disordered porous structure, which exhibited strong photocatalytic effect to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Methyl orange (MO) under visible light. When the g-C₃N₄ doping content was 30 wt%, the highest photocatalytic activities were obtained, and the degradation rate of MB and MO were 99.73% and 95.58% after 50 min, respectively. Degradation rate of RhB was 95.10% after 90 min. Photocatalytic degradation rate of organic pollutants were still more than 90% after six time consecutive cycles, the composite had wonderful stability and potential value in environmental purification.     

溶剂辅助合成介孔g-C3N4及其增强的可见光催化去除NO性能研究

类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)具有特殊的层状二维结构、独特的电子结构、合适的能带结构、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性等理化性能,因而在可见光催化净化环境污染物领域广受关注.但原始块状g-C3N4的可见光催化活性较弱,还不能满足实际应用需求.因此,亟需开发一种高效的改性方法来提高g-C3N4的光催化性能.本课题组发展了一种有效的改进g-C3N4方法,以硫脲为前驱体,去离子水(制备样品标记为CN-W)或无水乙醇(制备样品标记为CN-E)为溶剂,通过一步高温缩聚制得具有高可见光催化性能的介孔g-C3N4.然而,对于不同溶剂效应原位改性g-C3N4及其增强可见光催化性能的机理还不清楚.因此,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱(PL)、N2吸附和元素分析等手段研究了去离子水和无水乙醇作为溶剂原位改性g-C3N4的理化性能差异及增强可见光催化性能的原因.XRD结果表明,去离子水和无水乙醇不会改变g-C3N4的晶体结构,但会抑制其晶体结构的生长.由TEM图像可见,因去离子水和无水乙醇在热聚合过程中产生的气泡可以作为软模板,导致CN-W和CN-E纳米片均为酥松多孔层状结构,其中CN-W更薄更小.元素分析测试结果表明,无水乙醇和硫脲在热聚合过程中导致碳自掺杂g-C3N4.UV-Vis DRS结果显示,CN-W和CN-E分别发生了相对的蓝移和红移现象.荧光寿命测试结果显示,CN的短荧光寿命和长荧光寿命(0.805 ns,3.269 ns)明显高于CN-W(0.756 ns,3.125 ns)和CN-E(0.743 ns,2.749 ns),表明CN-W和CN-E纳米薄片可以促进光生电子的储存和往复运动,有利于光生电子的迁移.此外,通过理论计算得CN-E的电子迁移速率(1.04×108 s?1)明显快于CN-W(0.81×108 s?1),表明CN-E和CN-W都有利于光生电子的迁移猝灭.另外,BET-BJH测试结果显示,CN-W(32.73 m2/g,0.22 cm3/g)和CN-E(25.59 m2/g,0.18 cm3/g)的比表面积和孔容均显著高于未改性的g-C3N4(13.81 m2/g,0.12 cm3/g),表明溶剂和前驱体在热聚合过程中产生的H2O,C2H5OH,H2S,CO2和NH3气体有利于层状结构和丰富孔结构的形成,因而CN-W和CN-E的比表面积和孔容显著增加.由此可见,无水乙醇和去离子水在辅助制备介孔g-C3N4过程中表现出不同的作用.可见光催化去除NO的测试结果表明,CN-E(48.3%)和CN-W(37.2%)的光催化活性明显高于g-C3N4(19.5%),CN-E和CN-W的可见光催化活性也明显优于我们以前报道的BiOBr、C掺杂TiO2和BiOBr/C3N4异质结.结合表征结果,CN-E和CN-W可见光催化性能增强的原因主要有两个:(1)CN-E和CN-W增大的的比表面积和孔容有利于NO的吸附、反应中间产物的转移和提供更多的活性位点参与光催化氧化反应;(2)更薄的纳米片结构和C掺杂g-C3N4有利于促进光生电子的迁移,从而显著提高其光催化活性.     

双功能S-型g-C3N4/Bi/BiVO4复合光催化剂驱动人工碳循环（英文）

长期以来,陆地、大气和海洋之间的碳循环维持了大自然碳平衡.随着密集人类活动和高度工业发展,碳燃料、碳化学品和碳材料广泛应用于各个领域,导致碳排放过量,碳平衡已被严重破坏,碳污染已成为一个严峻问题.例如,持久性有机污染物和挥发性有机化合物过量排放到环境中,威胁着人类的健康和生态平衡.人们陆续开发出各种先进的环境技术,如微生物分解,去除空气和水中的碳基污染物,将有毒有害的有机化合物转化为无害CO2.但是,CO2本身是大气中的主要温室气体,它在大气中的浓度早超过了天然碳循环所能维持的环境自洁净能力.基于先进催化技术建立人工碳循环,将有机污染物矿化生成的CO2进一步转化为有价值的有机化学品(如太阳能燃料)是一种理想的低碳方法.光合作用是自然碳循环中核心过程之一,是降低大气中CO2浓度的关键.受到光合作用启发,科学家们积极开发人工光合成技术推动CO2资源化.人工光合成技术本质上基于半导体光催化过程.半导体光催化过程具有双重作用.一方面,基于有氧光催化氧化过程,有机污染物可以矿化生成无毒CO2.另一方面,基于缺氧光催化还原过程,CO2可以转化为碳氢化合物太阳能燃料.理论上,结合上述两个过程,为建立人工碳循环奠定基础,但是,至今很少有人成功建立有氧氧化-无氧还原串联光催化工艺,实现人工碳循环.难点在于有机污染物的有氧氧化反应和CO2的无氧还原反应的操作条件与反应机制是完全不同的,目前缺乏同时适用于上述两种反应的双功能光催化剂.本文成功构建了具有双功能的g-C3N4/Bi/BiVO4三元复合光催化剂,它不仅在降解有机污染物方面表现出优异的有氧光催化氧化性能(以降解染料罗丹明B为例),而且还表现出优异的缺氧CO2光催化还原性能.此外,基于“一锅法”厌氧耦合氧化-还原反应,g-C3N4/Bi/BiVO4三元复合光催化剂成功实现同步罗丹明B降解与太阳能燃料生成,构建了从毒害有机污染物到高品质太阳燃料的碳循环.结合牺牲剂实验分析与密度泛函理论理论计算,作者提出g-C3N4/Bi/BiVO4复合光催化剂的双功能性与g-C3N4与BiVO4界面内建S-型复合异质结有关.S-型复合异质结既促进界面电荷转移与分离,又维持了最佳电荷氧化还原电位.此外,S型g-C3N4/Bi/BiVO4复合光催化剂中原位生成的具有等离子体效应的Bi纳米颗粒具有双重作用,既促进界面电荷定向转移,又促进可见光吸收.本文开发的新型双功能S-型g-C3N4/Bi/BiVO4复合光催化剂系统为进一步开发集成式有氧-缺氧光催化碳循环反应系统奠定基础.     

原位构筑质子化氮化碳/碳化钛光催化制氢肖特基异质结

氢气因其具有高燃烧热、可再生性以及燃烧产物无污染等优势被认为是一种绿色可再生能源,是取代化石燃料的候选能源之一.然而,如何利用自然界中丰富的太阳能和水资源实现光分解水制氢的关键在于开发高效的光催化剂.在尺寸明确、能级带隙匹配的纳米材料间进行完美的界面复合(异质结构筑)是实现高效太阳能-氢能转换的最佳途径.石墨相氮化碳(CN)材料因其电子结构可调和化学性能稳定等特性被光催化界所关注.然而,氮化碳材料较弱的电学性能如电荷传输能力差及电子-空穴对复合率高导致其表现出较低的光催化制氢效率.基于此,我们用盐酸对氮化碳进行质子化处理,使材料表面电荷发生改变,从而实现氮化碳的电子带隙调节和电导率提升.在此基础上,将二维碳化钛原位负载于质子化的氮化碳(PCN)纳米片表面构筑肖特基结.PCN纳米片与碳化钛纳米片间的良好界面接触促进了电荷在材料界面上传输,进而加速了氮化碳材料的电荷分离,实现了氮化碳光催化剂活性的提升.Zeta电位测试结果显示,CN和PCN的表面电位分别为?9.5和27.3 mV,表明质子化处理可以有效改变材料表面电荷,并促其与碳化钛纳米片进行静电组装.该结果进一步得到了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)的证实.改变表面电荷使氮化碳材料的能带宽度由2.53 eV(CN)减小到2.41 eV(PCN),增强了可见光区吸收.同时,PCN的光电流密度提升了约4倍,电子阻抗和激发态电子的辐射复合都显著降低.将PCN与碳化钛复合制得复合材料(PCN-x,x=10,20,40),实验结果表明5 g的PDN最佳负载碳化钛的量为20 mg(PCN-20).在标准太阳模拟器的可见光区(>420 nm),复合材料PCN-20的光催化水分解产氢量可达2181μmol·g-1,是CN催化剂的约5.5倍,PCN的2.7倍,并且经过5次产氢循环后PCN-20仍具有稳定的氢气释放速率.以上结果表明,氮化碳材料可以通过质子化处理以及与适量的碳化钛复合实现光催化产氢性能的提升,其中碳化钛在体系中起助催化剂的作用.该研究结果可为其他半导体光催化剂的性能优化以及非贵金属助催化剂的研究提供新思路.     

One-pot synthesis of peony-like Bi2S3/BiVO4(040) with high photocatalytic activity for glyphosate degradation under visible light irradiation

In this work, samples consisting of BiVO₄ with exposed (040) facets coupled with Bi₂S₃ (Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄) were prepared through a one-pot hydrothermal method, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as directing agent and L-cysteine as sulfur source and soft template. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements indicated that the Bi₂S₃ content had a significant influence on the growth of (040) and (121) facets as well as on the morphology of the Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄ samples. When the Bi₂S₃ content reached 1 mmol, the Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄ samples exhibited a peony-like morphology. The results of transient photocurrent tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements confirmed that a more effective charge separation and a faster interfacial charge transfer occurred in Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄ than BiVO₄. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄ samples could be attributed to the improved absorption capability in the visible light region and the enhanced electron-hole pair separation efficiency due to the formation of the Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄ heterostructure. In addition, the Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄ samples showed relative stability and reusability. The simple method presented in this work could be used to fabricate composite photocatalysts with high activity for different applications, such as photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, photocatalytic splitting of water, and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide.     

一种简单前驱体预处理策略制备多孔氮化碳和负载型多孔氮化碳及其高效可见光光催化活性

作为一种非金属半导体光催化剂,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)已广泛应用于水中有机污染物去除、劈裂水产氢、二氧化碳还原制碳氢化合物燃料以及选择性氧化有机合成等许多光催化领域.然而,聚集态层状结构和粉末物理状态严重限制了g-C3N4在非均相光催化反应中的实际应用.一方面,g-C3N4的聚集态层状结构限制了光生载流子的表面迁移并增加了光催化反应的传质阻力.另一方面,由于附加的固-液分离步骤,粉体g-C3N4不便于实际应用.因此,为解决g-C3N4的上述缺点,一些研究已经进行并集中于g-C3N4的形貌控制合成及负载.构建多孔微观结构是合成具有优异光催化活性g-C3N4的有效途径之一.本文研究表明,盐酸或乙二醇预处理的三聚氰胺均可用作制备多孔g-C3N4的前驱体.有趣的是,由于在多孔g-C3N4制备体系中不同制孔单元的共存,与通过盐酸或乙二醇单独预处理的三聚氰胺制备的多孔g-C3N4相比,通过二者共同预处理的三聚氰胺制备的多孔g-C3N4具有更丰富的多孔微观结构.与制备负载型二氧化钛不同,由于在制备g-C3N4过程中缺少溶胶-凝胶步骤,因此负载型g-C3N4较难制备.而且,对于氟-锡氧化物(FTO)基底负载的g-C3N4,在实际应用中存在一些不足.首先,FTO基底的片状物理结构不利于反应底物的扩散.其次,FTO基底的吸光效应会导致光能损失,因此g-C3N4只能在FTO基底的单面负载.最后,在g-C3N4和FTO基底之间无化学作用,因此在光催化反应过程中不可避免造成g-C3N4的损失.因此,以盐酸/乙二醇共同预处理的三聚氰胺作原料,氢氟酸/3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷共同预处理的石英棒作基底,首次制备了多孔g-C3N4和负载型多孔g-C3N4.丰富的多孔微观结构使得所制多孔g-C3N4具有优异的光催化活性;且由于多孔g-C3N4与石英棒基底间存在化学作用,因而具有相当高的稳定性.另外,由于在构建石英棒反应器之后不影响光生载流子的表面迁移和目标有机污染物的扩散,因此负载型多孔g-C3N4的光催化活性与粉体多孔g-C3N4相似.所制备多孔g-C3N4和负载型多孔g-C3N4的光催化活性通过在可见光条件下单组份有机废水的处理进行初步评价.在有机污染物降解同时产氢系统中,由于水和有机污染物之间的氧化还原反应难于进行,因此与传统的光催化降解和产氢系统相比,所制多孔g-C3N4的氢气产率和降解效率均显著降低;然而,在有机污染物降解同时产氢系统中,随着该材料光催化活性的提高,氢气产率和降解效率同时提高.这是因为光催化剂电子传递能力的提高促进了有机污染物和水之间的氧化还原反应.     

Enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanofibers hybridized with g-C3N4 via electrospinning

TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ nanofibers with diameter of 100–200 nm were prepared by electrospinning method after calcination at high temperature, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Melamine (C₃H₆N₆), Ti(OC₄H₉)₄ as raw materials. The composite nanofibers were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, UV–vis and PL respectively. The effects of different g-C₃N₄ contents on structure and photocatalytic degradation of the composite nanofibers were investigated. The results indicated that with increasing g-C₃N₄ content, the diameter of the composite fibers increased and the morphology changed from uniform structure to a nonuniform one, containing beads. The composite nanofibers displayed the best photocatalytic degradation on RhB, when the g-C₃N₄ content was 0.8 wt%. The degree of degradation was up to 99% at the optimal conditions of 40 min. The degradation activity of the composite nanofibers on RhB, MB and MO was found to be higher than that of the TiO₂ nanofibers.     

2D/2D BiOBr/g-C3N4 S型异质结光催化性能

近年来,能源短缺和环境污染严重威胁人类的可持续发展.光催化技术具有绿色环保、成本低等优势,被认为是解决上述问题的最佳途径之一,其实用化的核心是开发高效可见光催化材料.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其物理化学性质稳定、无毒、廉价及能带适宜等特点,广泛应用于光催化领域.然而,光生载流子易复合、比表面积小等问题不利于其实际应...     

Fast electron transfer and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity by using poly-o-phenylenediamine modified AgCl/g-C3N4 nanosheets

Exfoliation of bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets is one of the effective strategies to improve its photocatalytic properties so that the 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CN) have larger specific surface areas and more reaction sites. In addition, poly-o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) can improve the electrical conductivity and photocatalytic activity of semiconductor materials. Here, the novel efficient composite PoPD/AgCl/g-C₃N₄ nanosheets was first synthesized by a precipitation reaction and the photoinitiated polymerization approach. The obtained photocatalysts have larger specific surface areas and could achieve better visible-light response. However, silver chloride (AgCl) is susceptible to agglomeration and photocorrosion. The PoPD/AgCl/CN composite exhibits an extremely high photocurrent density, which is three times that of CN. Obviously enhanced photocatalytic activities of PoPD/AgCl/g-C₃N₄ are revealed through the photodegradation of tetracycline. The stability of PoPD/AgCl/CN is demonstrated based on four cycles of experiments that reveal that the degradation rate only decreases slightly. Furthermore, ?O₂^? and h⁺ are the main active species, which are confirmed through a trapping experiment and ESR spin-trap technique. Therefore, the prepared PoPD/AgCl/CN can be considered as a stable photocatalyst, in which PoPD is added as a charge carrier and acts a photosensitive protective layer on the surface of the AgCl particles. This provides a new technology for preparing highly stable composite photocatalysts that can effectively deal with environmental issues.     

A carbon-rich g-C3N4 with promoted charge separation for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin

A novel carbon-rich g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with large surface area was prepared by facile thermal polymerization method using urea and 1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol. Plenty of carbon-rich functional groups were introduced into the surface layers of g-C₃N₄, which constructed the built-in electric field (BIEF) and resulted in improved charge separation; therefore, the carbon-rich g-C₃N₄ displayed superior photocatalytic activity for amoxicillin degradation under solar light. The contaminant degradation mechanism was proposed based on radical quenching experiments, intermediates analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Moreover, the reusing experiments showed the high stability of the material, and the amoxicillin degradation under various water matrix parameters indicated its high applicability on pollutants treatment, all of which demonstrated its high engineering application potentials.     

S型Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂及其增强的可见光诱导的光催化氧化NO性能

近年来,随着工业化和城镇化的飞速发展,作为一种典型的空气污染物,NOx已经造成严重的环境问题,甚至威胁到人类的身体健康.为了解决这个问题,科研工作者研发了许多NOx去除技术,其中光催化技术被认为是一种能有效地去除空气中NOx的技术.作为一种廉价、无毒、热稳定性强、能带结构合适的光催化材料,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)能够有效的利用可见光,将NO光催化氧化为NO3^-.但是由于自身的光生载流子复合率较高,光谱响应范围较窄等缺点,g-C3N4不能有效的光催化去除空气中持续流动的低浓度NO,限制了其在光催化领域中的实际应用.因此,有必要合成出高催化活性、高光响应范围的S型复合光催化剂来克服以上光催化材料的不足.为此,我们利用超声辅助法制备了一系列的S型Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂,呈现出优异的光催化活性:与其纯组分相比,所制备的15-Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂在可见光下照射30 min,可去除68%以上的持续流动的NO(初始浓度400 ppb),且五次循环实验后,Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂仍然具备良好的光催化活性和稳定性.透射电子显微镜结果清楚地表明,Sb2WO6颗粒已成功地均匀地负载到g-C3N4纳米片表面.紫外可见漫反射光谱的结果表明,Sb2WO6和g-C3N4的复合可以有效地提高对可见光的吸收能力.与纯g-C3N4样品相比,复合样的吸收带边具有明显的红移.光致发光光谱结果表明,在Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合半导体中,光生载流子的复合受到抑制.光电流与电阻抗分析可知,与纯Sb2WO6和g-C3N4相比较,在15-Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂中的光生载流子的迁移速率和分离效率较高.通过对样品的能带结构分析并已有参考文献,我们认为Sb2WO6和g-C3N4的接触边界形成了S型异质结,使光生载流子的转移速率更快,改善了光生电子-空穴对分离,而且增强可见光的利用效率,从而提高了光催化性能.自由基捕获实验结果证实,?O2^-主导了Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂去除NO反应,h^+也在一定程度上参与了光催化氧化NO的反应.通过原位红外光谱技术研究了Sb2WO6/g-C3N4光催化NO氧化的反应机理,研究发现,Sb2WO6/g-C3N4复合光催化剂光催化去除是氧诱导的反应.具体反应机理是在可见光的驱动下,光催化剂表面的光生电子会与被吸附的O2反应生成?O2^-,并与光生h^+一起,共同将低浓度的NO光催化氧化为亚硝酸盐或硝酸盐.该研究有助于深入研究光催化氧化NO机理,并为设计高效光催化剂用于光催化氧化ppb级NO提供了一种极具前景的策略.     

Upgraded charge transport in g-C3N4 nanosheets by boron doping and their heterojunction with 3D CdIn2S4 for efficient photodegradation of azo dye

The facilitation of charge transport toward the targeted chemical reaction is a challenging task for two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. We demonstrate the effectiveness of two different strategies, non-metal doping and heterojunction formation, to adjust the electronic and molecular structures of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CN), which could widen the visible-light response and improve the photo-induced electron–hole separation. The g-C₃N₄ nanosheets containing impurity levels (boron doping (BCN)) were prepared by a high-temperature solid-state reaction. Additionally, by anchoring the 3D dichalcogenide structures (CdIn₂S₄) elicited by a wet chemical route, hybrid BCN/CdIn₂S₄ nanostructures were obtained. The resulting BCN/CdIn₂S₄ (BCN–CIS3) nanostructures exhibited an excellent degradation efficiency (95%) for methyl orange (MO) compared to pristine g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CN) (28%) and boron-doped g-C₃N₄ (BCN) (35%). All the optimized photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using various techniques and investigated for comparative structural, optical, morphological, and catalytic properties. Our results reveal that introducing boron atoms into the lattice of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets leads to reduction in the band-gap energy and rapid electron transfer. The formation of heterojunctions with the 3D CdIn₂S₄ further assists in improving the degradation efficiency by minimizing the undesired electron–hole recombination, as confirmed by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) analysis. This work proposes feasible strategies and their synergy to develop innovative materials for sustainable energy conversion and environmental remediation applications.     

原位制备具有增强光催化活性的S型Bi2Se3/g-C3N4光催化剂

光催化氧化是一种应用前景良好的环境治理技术.与絮凝、物理吸附和化学氧化等常见的方法相比,光催化氧化具有环境友好、氧化完全、方便和廉价等优势.特别是可见光光催化氧化,可利用太阳能中占比最高的可见光,在应用中更具优势.因而,探索可见光响应性能优异的光催化剂一直是光催化氧化领域的一个重要研究内容.硒化铋(Bi₂Se₃)是一种带隙(带隙宽度在0.3~1.3 e V)非常窄的半导体,能吸收全部波长范围的可见光和近红外光.此外,Bi₂Se₃还具有独特的金属表面态,其表面具有良好的导电性.这些特性使其在可见光光催化氧化领域具有很大的应用潜力.然而,由于Bi₂Se₃价带位置高,氧化能力很弱,其价带上的空穴在光催化反应中难以被消耗,导致空穴大量累积,并迅速与光生电子复合,大幅降低了Bi₂Se₃的光催化性能.因此,一直以来,Bi₂Se₃很少被用于光催化反应.如何充分利用Bi₂Se₃的光响应优势,制备出性能优异的光催化剂,仍是具有挑战性和吸引力的研究方向.本文采用预先制备的Bi2O3/g-C₃N₄复合物作为前驱体,通过原位转化的方法,将前驱体置于热的Se蒸汽中,使前驱体上的Bi2O3与Se蒸汽反应,完全转化为Bi₂Se₃纳米颗粒,从而制得Bi₂Se₃/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂(Bi₂Se₃含量约为4 wt%).透射电镜结果表明,所形成的Bi₂Se₃纳米颗粒较均匀地分布在g-C₃N₄表面.表面功函数分析发现,Bi₂Se₃与g-C₃N₄结合后,它们的费米能级分别由原来的-0.55和-0.18 e V变为平衡时的-0.22 e V,可形成指向g-C₃N₄的内建电场,有利于形成梯型(S型)异质结.在此基础上,能级位移、荧光分析、结构计算和反应自由基测试等结果表明,Bi₂Se₃和g-C₃N₄之间形成了S型异质结.在可见光光催化降解苯酚的实验中,所制备的Bi₂Se₃/g-C₃N₄复合物的光催化活性明显优于单一的Bi₂Se₃和g-C₃N₄.结合比表面、孔结构、光吸收和荧光等对比分析,认为Bi₂Se₃/g-C₃N₄的这种S型异质结构在其光催化活性增强中起到了关键作用.在光照条件下,其g-C₃N₄导带中光生电子向Bi₂Se₃的价带迁移,并与光生空穴复合,从而使Bi₂Se₃导带上可保留更多的高活性光生电子参与光催化反应,由此Bi₂Se₃/g-C₃N₄的光催化活性增强.循环性能测试和光还原实验结果表明,所制备的Bi₂Se₃/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂具有良好的稳定性.本文工作为高可见光吸收的光催化剂制备和性能增强提供了新途径和新视野.     

Novel ternary g-C3N4/Ag3VO4/AgBr nanocomposites with excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for environmental applications

Novel visible-light-induced photocatalysts were fabricated by integration of Ag₃VO₄ and AgBr semiconductors with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) through a facile refluxing method. The fabricated photocatalysts were extensively characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis DRS, BET, TGA, and PL instruments. The photocatalytic performance of these samples was studied by degradations of three dye contaminants under visible-light exposure. Among the ternary photocatalysts, the g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄/AgBr (10%) nanocomposite displayed the maximum activity for RhB degradation with rate constant of 1366.6 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹, which is 116, 7.23, and 38.5 times as high as those of the g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄/AgBr (10%), and g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄ (30%) photocatalysts, respectively. The effects of synthesis time and calcination temperature were also investigated and discussed. Furthermore, according to the trapping experiments, it was found that superoxide anion radicals were the predominant reactive species in this system. Finally, the ternary photocatalyst displayed superlative activity in removal of the contaminants under visible-light exposure, displaying great potential of this ternary photocatalyst for environmental remediation, because of a facile synthesis route and outstanding photocatalytic performance.     

利用硫化铋纳米颗粒增强类石墨相氮化碳的光生载流子分离效率和光催化活性（英文）

二氧化钛,氧化锌,磷酸铋等传统的紫外光响应光催化剂虽然具有良好的光催化性能,但是对太阳能利用率很低(紫外光只占太阳光能量的4%左右).近年来,类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)受到了广泛的关注.g-C3N4的带隙约2.7 eV,它只能吸收460nm以下的光,对太阳能的利用率依然比较低.构筑异质结是一种有效的提高光催化活性的方法.BiOCl/g-C3N4,TiO2/g-C3N4, Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4, Al2O3/g-C3N4, Ag3PO4/g-C3N4等异质结光催化剂曾被广泛的报道.硫化铋是属于正交晶系的窄带隙半导体,它的带隙约1.3–1.7 e V.由于其独特的电子结构和光学特性,硫化铋在光催化,光检测器和医药成像等领域有着广泛的应用.另外,硫化铋还具有优异的光热转换性能,在光热癌症治疗领域有显著的效果.微波辅助法,水热法,惰性气体下高温煅烧法等都曾被用来合成g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结光催化剂.不同的文献也提出了不同的催化机理.如何使用更简单环保的方法来合成g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结光催化剂?电子和空穴的转移路径是怎样的?本文利用简单的低温方法合成了硫化铋,利用超声法得到了g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结光催化剂,分析了其微观形貌,结构,并探讨了光催化的反应机理和提高光催化性能的因素.X射线衍射,傅里叶变换红外光谱, X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜的结果表明,硫化铋纳米颗粒被成功地引入到g-C3N4中.使用亚甲基蓝为分子探针研究了所制材料在模拟太阳光下的光催化活性.结果发现, CN-BiS-2表现出最佳的光催化活性,是g-C3N4的2.05倍,是Bi2S3的4.42倍.利用液相色谱二级质谱联用分析了亚甲基蓝的降解路径.硫化铋的引入拓展了复合材料的吸收边,使其向可见光区红移,且在整个可见光区的光吸收能力都有明显的增强.光电流的增强和交流阻抗谱圆弧半径的减小,表明光生载流子的迁移与分离速率得到了增强.自由基捕获试验表明,最主要的活性物种是光生空穴,次之是羟基自由基和超氧自由基.在CN-Bi S-2样品中羟基自由基和超氧自由基的电子顺磁共振信号都比g-C3N4有明显的增强,表明复合样品中能够产生更多的羟基自由基和超氧自由基.基于光电流,交流阻抗,荧光光谱,自由基捕获和电子顺磁共振的结果,我们提出了高能电子由硫化铋转移到g-C3N4,同时空穴由g-C3N4转移到硫化铋的电子空穴转移机制.此外,红外热成像的结果表明, g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结材料具有更强的光热转换能力,从而有利于加速光生载流子分离.     

氧化石墨烯量子点修饰氧掺杂多孔g-C3N4在光催化降解和抗菌中的应用（英文）

偶氮类合成色素具有遗传毒性、致癌性和致泻性,而食源性致病菌易引发细菌性感染和食物中毒事件,食品加工过程中产生的色素废水和致病菌废水若未经妥善处理就排入水体,会对水体及环境造成污染,废水中的偶氮类色素和致病菌还会通过食物链对人体健康产生威胁.因此,寻求更为高效、绿色、安全的处理技术和净化材料有效去除食品废水中高污染性和毒害性的偶氮类色素和致病菌显得尤为迫切.g-C3N4是一种具有可见光响应的有机半导体光催化材料,广泛应用于降解污染物、杀灭致病菌、催化有机反应等领域.然而,g-C3N4本身存在着比表面积小、光吸收性能差、光氧化能力低以及光生载流子迁移效率低等缺点,限制了其光催化性能.针对上述问题,我们对g-C3N4的空间和电子结构进行了设计,将形貌调控、元素掺杂和助催化剂修饰三种改性方法相结合,以获得兼具大比表面积、优异光吸收性能、强氧化能力以及快速光生载流子迁移能力的高活性g-C3N4基光催化体系.本文通过水热法制备了氧掺杂多孔氮化碳(PCNO),通过酸剥离法制备了氧化石墨烯量子点(ox-GQDs),最后通过自组装法将助催化剂ox-GQDs修饰到PCNO上,制备了ox-GQDs/PCNO复合光催化剂.零维的ox-GQDs可以通过氢键、π-π作用和化学键作用,与二维的PCNO实现紧密接触,均匀地分散在PCNO的表面和内部孔道上.由于ox-GQDs独特的上转换特性、电子捕获能力和过氧化物酶活性,ox-GQDs/PCNO复合光催化剂具有比PCNO更佳的光吸收性能、更高的电荷转移效率以及更强的光氧化能力.因此,ox-GQDs/PCNO复合材料在降解偶氮类色素和杀灭致病菌方面均表现出更为优异的可见光催化性能,活性最佳的复合材料ox-GQDs-0.2%/PCNO降解偶氮类色素苋菜红的速率常数约是PCNO的3.1倍,并且该材料能在可见光照射4 h内杀灭99.6%的大肠杆菌,远超过PCNO 31.9%的抗菌活性.另外,光生空穴、超氧自由基和羟基自由基被证实是ox-GQDs/PCNO体系在光催化反应中产生的活性物种,可以彻底矿化偶氮类色素并有效杀灭致病菌.本研究可以拓展g-C3N4基光催化剂在环境净化领域的应用前景,并为阐明ox-GQDs在复合光催化体系中的作用提供新的见解.     

A novel P-doped and NCDs loaded g-C3N4 with enhanced charges separation for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Graphite carbon nitride(g-C₃N₄) is a promising non-metal photocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen production, but its performance is still limited due to sluggish charges separation and low utilization of light.In this work, P-doped and N-doped carbon dots(NCDs) supported g-C₃N₄were successfully prepared via hydrothermal and polymerization reactions. The sub-bandgap formed by P-doping enhances the utilization of visible light, and the high electron de...     

ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4复合材料的制备及可见光催化制氢性能

采用水热方法制备了ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料, 并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和荧光光谱(PL)等手段对其结构和性能进行表征. 结果表明, 当ZnIn₂S₄的负载量为20%(质量分数)时, 复合材料表现出最佳的光催化制氢性能, 制氢速率可达到637.08 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 分别为纯ZnIn₂S₄和纯g-C₃N₄的4倍和37倍. 其原因在于ZnIn₂S₄和g-C₃N₄之间具有紧密的异质结结构, 两者有效的结合改善了组分的能带匹配和界面电荷转移, 从而大幅增强了载流子的分离和迁移, 进而提高光催化的性能.