Characterization of polysaccharides purified from Lacquer tree seed cakes and its antioxidant activity

Three polysaccharides, LTPS-1, LTPS-21 and LTPS-31 were isolated and purified from the seed cakes of lacquer tree using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The total sugar contents of LTPS-1, LTPS-21 and LTPS-31 were 931.8, 958.2 and 895.1 g kg^?1, respectively. LTPS-1 (3.48 kDa) was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose and galactose in a ratio of 35.36:5.06:1:2. LTPS-21 (11.4 kDa) was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose and galactose in a ratio of 41.93:21.8:1.01:9.24. LTPS-31 (19.49 kDa) was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose and mannose in a ratio of 38.31:16.44:1.1. IR analysis suggested they contained lower sulphuric acids, the LTPS-21 and LTPS-31 belonged to β-type polysaccharide. Among the three polysaccharides, LTPS-21 exhibited the strongest reducing power, scavenging activity on ABTS and hydroxyl radicals. These findings suggested that polysaccharides from the seed cakes could be potentially developed as natural functional ingredients in the food and cosmetic industry.     

Antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata volva and MECC analysis of its monosaccharide composition

In this paper, a crude polysaccharide (PDI) was extracted from D. indusiata volva. The antioxidant activities of PDI were examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and ABTS radicals scavenge assay. The results showed that PDI had antioxidant activities in all these assays, indicating that it could be used as an antioxidant. Then a rapid and highly efficient micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) method coupled with diode array detector was developed to determine the monosaccharides composition of the polysaccharide sample. The optimum conditions were as follows: 20 ​mM borate (pH ​= ​9.3) and 15 ​mM SDS as the electrophoresis medium, the separation temperature was 20 ​°C. Under these conditions, monosaccharides could be separated within 8 ​min. The polysaccharide of the volva was mainly composed of glucose, mannose, galactose and arabinose.     

Component analysis and free radicals scavenging activity of Cicer arietinum L. husk pectin

A pectin (CAP) was extracted from the husk of Cicer arietinum L. Monosaccharide analysis of CAP revealed the dominance of galacturonic acid and smaller amounts of galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, xylose and mannose. Viscosimetric analysis showed that the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and the molecular weight (MW) of CAP were 296 mL/g and 105 kDa, respectively. The degree of esterification (DE = 10%) was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. CAP exhibited a dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity, as shown by its DPPH radical inhibition. At 1.0 mg/mL CAP exhibited a scavenging rate of 29% on DPPH radicals. The evaluation of antioxidant activity suggested that CAP had good potential for DPPH radical scavenging activity and should be explored as a novel potential antioxidant.     

黄芪药渣中阿拉伯木聚糖(AX-Ⅰ-1)的提取纯化、结构分析及体外抗氧化作用

黄芪药渣经分级提取,再通过二乙氨乙基(DEAE)-纤维素52阴离子交换柱层析和Sephacryl S-400HR凝胶柱层析分离纯化,得到4个多糖组分AX-Ⅰ-1~AX-Ⅰ-4.对多糖AX-Ⅰ-1的理化性质和结构进行研究发现,AX-Ⅰ-1含有鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖(摩尔比为0.006∶14.113∶8.284∶0.116∶0.468∶1),主链由阿拉伯糖和木糖通过β-(1→2),(1→3)和(1→4)苷键组成,支链由(1→4)βArap,(1→3)βGalp和(1→2)βMan组成,非还原末端由αRhap,βGclp和βGalp组成.对多糖AX-Ⅰ-1~AX-Ⅰ-4的抗氧化研究结果表明,这4个组分对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基均有一定的清除作用;当浓度为0.1 mg/m L时,多糖AX-Ⅰ-2~AX-Ⅰ-4对超氧阴离子的清除率是阳性对照维生素C(Vc)的2倍.     

Synthesis and Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide by Antarctic Yeast Strain <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptococcus laurentii</Emphasis> AL<Subscript>100</Subscript>

An exopolysaccharide-producing Antarctic yeast strain was selected and identified as Cryptococcus laurentii AL₁₀₀. The physiological properties of the strain and its ability to utilize and biotransform different carbon sources (pentoses, hexoses, and oligosaccharides) into exopolysaccharide and biomass were investigated. Sucrose was chosen as a suitable and accessible carbon source. The biosynthetic capacity of the strain was studied in its dynamics at different sucrose concentrations (20, 30, 40, and 50 g/L) and temperatures (22 and 24 °C). The maximum biopolymer quantity of 6.4 g/L was obtained at 40 g/L of sucrose, 22 °C temperature and 96-h fermentation duration. The newly synthesized microbial carbohydrate was a heteropolysaccharide having the following monosaccharide composition: arabinose, 61.1%; mannose, 15.0%; glucose, 12.0%; galactose, 5.9%; and rhamnose, 2.8%. It was characterized by polydispersity of the polymer molecule, 60% of it having molecular mass of 4200 Da. The exopolysaccharide demonstrated good emulsifying and stabilizing properties with regard to oil/water emulsions and a pronounced synergistic effect with other hydrocolloids such as xanthan gum, guar gum, and alginate.     

Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from quince peels: partial characterization,antioxidant and antiproliferative properties

Abstract

In this study, Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from quince peels (QPPs) by ascorbic acid and the effect of extraction temperature, extraction time and pH was evaluated. Under optimized conditions of temperature 90?°C, 60?min sonication time and pH?=?3.26, the extraction yield, the galacturonic acid yield and the concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) values of QPPs were respectively 10.25%, 3.86% and 1.35?mg/mL. The QPPs extracted under optimum conditions was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (^1?H NMR) and Size exclusion chromatography (SEC/MALS/VD/DRI). The monosaccharide analysis revealed that arabinose was the most abundant, followed by galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. Moreover, QPPs showed significant antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric- reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and reduced viability of human Caco-2 and murine B-16 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Hence QPPs could be used as antitumor agent in functional foods andpharmaceutical industries.     

用毛细管气相色谱法测定多糖中单糖的组成

报道了测定多糖中单糖组成的糖醇乙酸酯的毛细管气相色谱分析方法。使用ＯＶ－２２５毛细管气相色谱柱分离了１１种单糖的糖醇乙酸酯衍生物,在０．２～１．６８ｇ／Ｌ质量浓度范围内,１１种单糖定量校正曲线的线性关系廊。应用该法测定了胡麻我发多糖和少 我中单糖的组成。为这些药物多糖的基础研究提供了有用的信息。     

Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Compounds of Centella Asiatica

Centella asiatica, as known as Pegagan was previously reported to have anti-hyperglycemic effects in animal diabetic model rats. However, its α-glucosidase activity in vitro assay not yet reported. Our goal in this study is to isolate and identify active compounds as α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant from aqueous ethanol 70% (v/v) extract of C. asiatica. The extract was partitioned by n-hexane, EtOAc, and n-butanol sequentially. Among the fractions tested, EtOAc fraction was showed the highest antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with an IC₅₀ values of 45.42 and 73.17 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity was conducted by determination of DPPH radical scavenging activity, whereas α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined against yeast α-glucosidase. Furthermore, isolation of the ethyl acetate extract yielded two active compounds, which were identified as kaempferol (1) and quercetin (2). Both of the compounds showed good yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 16.50 and 21.61 μg/mL, respectively. In addition those compounds also could scavenge DPPH radical activity with IC₅₀ values of 9.64 and 11.97 μg/mL, respectively. Due to its ability in reducing α-glucosidase activity and scavenging free radical activity, the C. asiatica appears to be a potential as a good resource for future development of antioxidant and antidiabetic drug.     

Antioxidant and Antisteatotic Activities of a New Fucoidan Extracted from Ferula hermonis Roots Harvested on Lebanese Mountains

Fucoidan is a fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharide with attractive therapeutic potential due to a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant action. Fucoidan is typically found in the cell wall of marine brown algae, but extra-algal sources have also been discovered. In the present work, for the first time we extracted a water soluble fucoidan fraction from the roots of the terrestrial shrub Ferula hermonis. This fucoidan fraction was termed FUFe, and contained fucose, glucose, sulfate, smaller amounts of monosaccharides such as galactose and mannose, and a minor quantity of proteins. FUFe structural features were investigated by FTIR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant property of FUFe was measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, which revealed a high radical scavenging capacity that was confirmed in in vitro cellular models. In hepatic and endothelial cells, 50 μg/mL FUFe could reduce ROS production induced by intracellular lipid accumulation. Moreover, in hepatic cells FUFe exhibited a significant antisteatotic action, being able to reduce intracellular triglyceride content and to regulate the expression of key genes of hepatic lipid metabolism. Altogether, our results candidate FUFe as a possible bioactive compound against fatty liver disease and related vascular damage.     

Effect of processing on the release of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during in vitro digestion of hulless barley

Hulless barley contains phenolic compounds and possesses various antioxidant activities. To clarify the effects of thermal processing and in vitro digestion on the release of phenolic compounds in hulless barley, we studied the phenolic components and antioxidant activities of hulless barley after steaming, roasting processes, and in vitro digestions. Both total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in raw hulless barley (HB, 4.14 mg/g DW and 1.53 mg/g DW, respectively) were higher than that of steamed hulless barley (SHB) and roasted hulless barley (RHB). In vitro digestion significantly released more ferulic acid from its bound form, but hydrolyzed some amount of flavonoid (luteolin). Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucouronide was significantly detected (412.13 µg/g DW in HB, 382.19 µg/g DW in SHB, and 396.91 µg/g DW in RHB) in all three hulless barley. The total released content of phenolic compounds obtained from each phase after digestion reached to 46% and 45% for SHB and RHB, which was higher than that in the HB (41%). The antioxidant assay (via DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays) indicated that the capacity of HB was obviously higher than that of SHB and RHB in undigested group. For digested group, the ABTS⁺ assay order was following, undigested > oral > small intestine > gastric > large intestine. The DPPH assay results indicated the antioxidant capacity as the order of undigested > oral > gastric > large intestine. Correlation analysis showed that ferulic acid, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucouronide, luteolin, chrysoeriol, and luteolin-7-O-glucouronide contributed to the antioxidant activities. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped samples accordingly. Roasting process could be considered as a better daily thermal treatment for hulless barley than steaming in terms of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定螺旋藻多糖的单糖组成

建立了同时测定螺旋藻多糖水解产物中鼠李糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、果糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露醇、核糖、岩藻糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸12种糖类化合物的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。螺旋藻样品经超声波辅助提取,用三氟乙酸水解,经Waters Acquity BEH Amide色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,以10mmol/L甲酸铵和10 mmol/L甲酸铵-乙腈为流动相,在电喷雾电离源负离子(ESI-)模式下,用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明,12种糖类化合物的定量限为0.005~0.15 mg/kg,线性范围为0.05~5 mg/L。按照样品中每种糖本底含量的50%、100%、150%进行添加,回收率为80.21%~121.6%。应用该方法对螺旋藻样品进行分析,结果发现:大部分样品都能检测到岩藻糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖、核糖,含量在0.3~889.4 mg/g之间。此外,测定的15个样品中岩藻糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖、核糖是共有组分,含量差异较大,但在所有样品中均未检测到甘露醇和甘露糖。该方法的建立可为阐明螺旋藻多糖的结构组成及其活性提供技术支撑及基础数据。     

Rapid large-scale preparation of polysaccharides from jackfruit peel waste by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities

Polysaccharides with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were first isolated from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel through the one-step high-speed countercurrent chromatography. The separation process was completed using the polymer two-phase aqueous system constituted by PEG1000-K₂HPO₄-KH₂PO₄-H₂O (0.8:1.25:1.25:6.5, w/w). For every separation process, two main polysaccharides, namely, fraction-1 and fraction-2 (165 and 225 mg, respectively) were obtained from a 2.0 g crude sample. As suggested by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, jackfruit peel polysaccharides had the mean molecular weight values of 113.3 and 174.3 kDa, separately. Physicochemical analysis suggested that two polysaccharides were dominant in galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, mannose, as well as fucose, which were highly esterified. Biological activity analysis showed that fraction-1 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice compared with fraction-2. The results suggest that polysaccharide fraction-1 may be developed as a potential functional food supplement.     

Component Analysis and Free Radicals Scavenging Activity of Physalis alkekengi L.Polysaccharide

A crude polysaccharide was extracted from Physalis alkekengi L. fruit. HPLC was used for the component analysis of the polysaccharide. The results indicate that Physalis alkekengi L. polysaccharide（PAP） was composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose. Free radicals scavenging activity of PAP was studied through 3 free radicals scavenging tests. PAP exhibited high scavenging effects on OH and DPPH radicals, and both the scavenging rates were about 80%. The scavenging rate of O2^- radical was about 22%.     

Antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of natural organic matter extracted from cretaceous shales in district Nowshera-Pakistan

Traditionally, Natural Organic Matter (NOM) derived from cretaceous rocks has been used for treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, inflammation and skin infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of natural organic matter obtained from cretaceous shales. The shales were collected from Lumshiwal formation; located north of the main Kala Chitta range in district Nowshera-Pakistan. Isolation was done by sonicating crushed rock sample with chloroform, methanol and acetone (70: 15: 15 v/v, respectively). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sample was determined by agar well diffusion and Agar slanting methods, respectively. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was performed using cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Antioxidant activity was assessed for scavenging of DPPH, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was performed using “Carrageenan-induced paw edema model”. The sample showed significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with MIC values 0.82, 0.87 and 0.79 mg/ml, respectively. Considerable inhibition was observed against Bacillus subtilis (MIC; 0.93 mg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC; 1.12 mg/ml) when compared with Imipenem as a standard. Moreover, the sample displayed significant antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani with MIC values of 0.60 and 0.68 mg/ml, respectively. Both COX-2 (IC₅₀ 31.34 µg/ml) and 5-LOX (IC₅₀ 38.45 µg/ml) enzymes were inhibited by NOM in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the NOM exhibited significant free radical scavenging, especially against DPPH and superoxide anions; and a moderate effect on hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the edema volume was significantly (P < 0.001) decreased at all doses when compared with control and maximum activity (33, 47 and 54% at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg dose, respectively) was observed at fifth hr of treatment. Likewise, the inhibition capacity was increased with dose. The present findings showed that cretaceous shales may contain a variety of medicinal agents that are traditionally believed to possess properties useful in the treatment of various ailments particularly skin and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, these shales could be a new source for activity-guided isolation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents.     

Integration of in silico and in vitro approaches to evaluate antioxidant and anticancer properties of Tribulus terrestris extracts

Plants have been found useful in treating many human diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. The ability to synthesize compounds by plant secondary metabolism makes them an invaluable source of pharmaceutical and therapeutic products. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Tribulus terrestris seed extracts on HepG2 cell lines. TPC and TFC contents were 51 ± 0.7 mg GAE/g and 66.5 ± 0.4 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant profile of the T. terrestris revealed that all the extracts have antioxidant potential and display the highest antiradical behavior in the pattern of methanolic > acetonic > chloroform > n-hexane, through DPPH, FRAP, OH radical scavenging, and NO radical scavenging assays. The antioxidant activity explored at the cellular level against H₂O₂-induced DNA damage showed a dose-dependent antioxidant effect of T. terrestris. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of all plant extracts showed notable thrombolytic potentials, the percentage of clot lysis accounted for T. terrestris was 33%, 27%, 17%, and 6% which indicated the significant clot lysis of methanolic and acetonic extracts in contrast to positive and negative standards. The genotoxicity was assessed through comet assay which exposed that T. terrestris at a low dose (0.5 mg/mL) is considered to be safe for effective treatment. MTT assay using HepG2 cell lines revealed that the highest tested concentration i.e., 100 μg/mL of the methanolic extract resulted in 86% cell viability compared to the control group. In silico study, from 14 selected compounds, three compounds, Heptacosane, Apiol, and Palmitic acid showed an affinity with target protein 51X0. The present findings may serve as a guideline for the standardization and validation of natural drugs containing the T. terrestris as an ingredient.     

Determination of Aldoses, Deoxy-aldoses and Uronic Acids Content in a Pectin-Rich Extract by RP-HPLC-FLD after p-AMBA Derivatization

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorometric detection is proposed for the simultaneous determination of different classes of neutral sugars, such as hexoses (galactose, glucose and mannose), pentoses (arabinose and xylose), deoxy-hexoses (fucose and rhamnose), as well as acidic sugars (galacturonic and glucuronic acids). The separation is carried out on a hydrophilic end capped C₁₈ column following a pre-column derivatization with p-aminobenzoic acid. The fluorometric detection of the derivatives has shown a strong dependency with the mobile phase pH. The performance of the proposed methodology was evaluated and the prerequisites of linearity (r-value > 0.999), precision (intra-day CV < 6 % and inter-day CV < 11 %) and recovery (between 77 ± 7 and 103 ± 3 %) were satisfied. To our knowledge, the obtained values of limit of detection for neutral sugars (within the range 6.1–28 μg L^?1) are the lowest reported using this derivatizing agent. In order to better judge the methodology presented herein, neutral sugars of a pectin-rich orange extract were also analysed by the conventionally used GC-FID (gas-chromatography with flame ionization detector) method of alditol acetate derivatives. A statistical test (paired t test) has proved that no significant differences (α = 0.05) were observed between these two methods.     

The question of the structure of a triterpene glycoside fromSaponaria officinalis

Conclusions 1. It has been shown that saponaside D is a decaoside of gypsogenin.2. It has been established that the carbohydrate moiety attached to the hydroxyl group of the aglycone comprises galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid and that attached to the carboxyl group of gypsogenin comprises galactose, glucose, xylose, fucose, and rhamnose.3. It has been shown that glucuronic acid is attached directly to the hydroxyl of the gypsogenin by a -glycosidic linkage and a fucose residue is attached directly to the carboxyl group.Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 494–498, 1969     

Different radical scavenging tests in virgin olive oil and their relation to the total phenol content

Four different antioxidant tests (ABTS⁺, DPPH, ORAC, β-carotene-linoleate model system) were used to determine the free-radical scavenging activity of 39 extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) and compare the total phenol content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The correlation between the total phenols and antioxidant capacities measured by the four methods was very high, and highest with ABTS⁺ (R² = 0.9905). Some of these methods of measurement were applied to olive-oil samples (OO), with approximately a 50% decrease in the value of the antioxidant capacity in comparison with values found for EVOO. In conclusion, the results show that all the methods tested were suitable for determining the antioxidant capacity of olive oil. The Picual variety of extra-virgin olive oil showed high antioxidant activity.     

Structural analysis of the gum polysaccharide from anacardium occidentale

The gum exudate from Anacardium occidentale contains galactose (61 %), arabinose (14 %), rhamnose (7 %), glucose (8 %) and glucuronic acid (5 %) in addition to small amounts (<2 %) of each of mannose, xylose and 4-0 methylglucuronic acid. Contrary to earlier findings, the main aldobiuronic acid present is 6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose; smaller amounts of the 4-O-methyl analogue are also present. Mild acid hydrolysis showed only two galactobioses, 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose (major

component) and 6-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose (minor component). Degraded gum A, prepared by controlled acid hydrolysis, contained galactose, glucose, and uronic acid. A Smith-degradation of degraded gum A gave degraded gum B, which contained only galactose. Sequential Smith-degradations of Anacardium occidentale gum, and methylation analyses of the gum and of its degradation products indicated a highly-branched galactan framework consisting of chains of β-(1–3)-linked D-galactose residues branched and interspersed with β-(1–6) linkages. Arabinose is present as end-groups or in short (1–2)-linked chains up to five units long. Glucose, rhamnose, mannose xylose, and uronic acid are all present as end-groups.     

Purification and Characterization of a Naringinase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptococcus albidus</Emphasis>

Naringinase which was extracted from the fermented broth of Cryptococcus albidus was purified about 42-folds with yield 0.7% by sulfate fractionation and chromatography on Toyopearl HW-60, Fractogel DEAE-650-s, and Sepharose 6B columns. Molecular weight of protein determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE was 50 kDa. Naringinase of C. albidus includes high content of the dicarbonic and hydrophobic amino acids. Enzyme contains also carbohydrate component, represented by mannose, galactose, rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, and glucose. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. Naringinase was found to exhibit specificity towards p-nitrophenyl-α-L-rhamnose, p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucose, naringin, and neohesperidin. Its K _m towards naringin was 0.77 mM and the V _max was 36 U/mg. Naringinase was inhibited by high concentrations of reaction product—L-rhamnose. Enzyme revealed stability to 20% ethanol and 500 mM glucose in the reaction mixture that makes it possible to forecast its practical use in the food industry in the production of juices and wines.