Characterization,Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammation Capacities of Fermented Flammulina velutipes Polyphenols

This work investigated the preparation, characterization, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation capacities of Flammulina velutipes polyphenols (FVP) and fermented FVP (FFVP). The results revealed that the new syringic acid, accounting for 22.22%, was obtained after fermentation (FFVP). FFVP exhibits higher antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities than FVP, enhancing cell viability and phagocytosis, inhibiting the secretion of NO and ROS, and reducing the inflammatory response of RAW264.7 cells. This study revealed that FFVP provides a theoretical reference for in-depth study of its regulatory mechanisms and further development of functional antioxidants that are applicable in the food and health industry.     

HPLC-ICP-MS speciation of selenium in Se-cultivated Flammulina velutipes

Selenium is an essential micronutrient required at trace levels for human health, and dietary intake is the only source of selenium, which appears mainly in the form of selenocompounds. In this study, Flammulina velutipes was grown for 80 days in standard medium containing selenite, and the level of total selenium in the organism was then determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In Se-cultivated F. velutipes, selenium was mainly distributed in the water-soluble form and the content of soluble selenium-containing species in Se-cultivated F. velutipes was 47.10 mg kg⁻¹, accounted for 72.5% of the total selenium content. The water-soluble proteins in F. velutipes were extracted and precipitated by different ammonium sulfate saturation concentrations. Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis of these proteins revealed the presence of at least six selenium-containing protein species, with molecular weights ranging from 9000 to 74,000 Da, Selenium-containing proteins represented about 7.0% of the total soluble selenium. The result of this study suggested that Se-cultivated F. velutipes could potentially be considered as a selenium supplement for human.     

Two new sesquiterpenes and six norsesquiterpenes from the solid culture of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes

One new sesquiterpene with a novel carbon skeleton, flammulinol A (1), one new isolactarane sesquiterpene and six isolactarane-related norsesquiterpenes, flammulinolides A–G (2–8), as well as sterpuric acid, were isolated from the solid culture of Flammulina velutipes. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of C-3 in 1 was determined via the circular dichroism data analysis based on the octane rule of cyclopentenone, whereas the absolute configurations of compounds 2, and 5–8 were assigned using the circular dichroism data of the [Rh₂(OCOCF₃)₄] complex. Compounds 2, 3, and 7 showed strong cytotoxicity against KB cell line with the IC₅₀ of 3.9, 3.6, and 4.7 μM, respectively. Compound 4 showed strong cytotoxicity against Hela cell line with the IC₅₀ of 3.0 μM. The plausible biosynthetic pathway for 2–9 in F. velutipes was discussed.     

Synthesis,characterization and magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles via a non-aqueous medium

Acicular shaped γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (major axis: 17±2 nm; minor axis: 1.7±1 nm) have been prepared using lauric acid as a non-aqueous medium. The products were investigated by IR, TG-DTA, XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM and magnetization measurements. For the preparation of pure γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, the suitable condition of the molar ratio of lauric acid to iron nitrate is set 2:1 and the appropriate temperature lies in the range 573–673 K. Besides, either pure α-Fe₂O₃ or a mixture of γ-Fe₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ can also be obtained with the change of the molar ratio of lauric acid to iron nitrate. The experimental results indicate that the particle sizes, thermal stability and magnetic properties of the iron oxide strongly depend on the conditions in the preparation.     

A novel norsesquiterpene alkaloid from the mushroom-forming fungus Flammulina velutipes

A new norsesquiterpe alkaloid（1） was isolated from the solid culture of mushroom-forming fungus Flammulina velutipes fermented on rice.The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods.The absolute configuration of C-1 in 1 was determined using the circular dichroism data of their [Rh₂（OCOCF₃）₄]complex.     

Interactions of Ascorbic Acid, 5-Caffeoylquinic Acid,and Quercetin-3-Rutinoside in the Presence and Absence of Iron during Thermal Processing and the Influence on Antioxidant Activity

Bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetables influence each other’s antioxidant activity. Pure standards, and mixtures of the common plant compounds, namely ascorbic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, and quercetin-3-rutinoside (sum 0.3 mM), in the presence and absence of iron, were analyzed pre- and post-thermal processing in an aqueous solution. Antioxidant activity was measured by total phenolic content (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (TEAC) radical-scavenging assays. Ionic ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) and ferric iron (Fe³⁺) were measured photometrically. For qualification and quantification of reaction products, HPLC was used. Results showed that thermal processing does not necessarily lead to a decreased antioxidant activity, even if the compound concentrations decreased, as then degradation products themselves have an antioxidant activity. In all used antioxidant assays the 2:1 ratio of ascorbic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid in the presence of iron had strong synergistic effects, while the 1:2 ratio had strong antagonistic effects. The pro-oxidant iron positively influenced the antioxidant activity in combination with the used antioxidants, while ferrous iron itself interacted with common in vitro assays for total antioxidant activity. These results indicate that the antioxidant activity of compounds is influenced by factors such as interaction with other molecules, temperature, and the minerals present.     

Lanthanide(III) nitrobenzenesulfonates and p-toluenesulfonate complexes of lanthanide(III), iron(III), and copper(II) as novel catalysts for the formation of calix[4]resorcinarene

Lanthanide(III) salts of p-toluenesulfonic acid [lanthanide(III) tosylates, Ln(TOS)₃] and nitrobenzenesulfonic acid [Ln(NBSA)₃], and p-toluenesulfonate complexes of iron(III) and copper(II) were prepared, characterized, and examined as catalysts for the synthesis of resorcinol-derived calix[4]resorcinarenes. The reaction of resorcinol with benzaldehyde yields two isomers, the all-cis isomer (rccc) and the cis-trans-trans isomer (rctt) with the relative isomer ratios depending on the reaction conditions. However, in the reaction of resorcinol with octanal only one isomer, the all-cis isomer, is formed in high yields with less than 0.1 mol % of Yb(TOS)₃. Examination of lanthanide(III) tosylates and lanthanide(III) nitrobenzenesulfonates revealed that ytterbium(III) 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate [ytterbium(III) nosylate, Yb(4-NBSA)₃] and ytterbium(III) 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate [Yb(2,4-NBSA)₃] are the most active catalysts. The catalysts could be easily recovered and reused several times for resorcinarene formation without loss of efficiency. Surprisingly good results were also obtained with iron(III) and copper(II) p-toluenesulfonates. Besides optimizing the reaction conditions, new insights into the reaction mechanism were also obtained.     

Antioxidant capacity and sensory quality of soy-based powder drink mix enriched with functional hydrolysates of swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)

The enrichment with low amount of bioactive protein of spray-dried edible bird’s nest hydrolysates (EBNH) (3.0 %) in view of its cost and high solubility provided significant value added to the overall in vitro antioxidant capacity of soy-based powder drink mix (PDM). Its beverage (12.5 % concentration, consistency index 0.39 Pa.sⁿ) antioxidant capacity as measured by ABTS and FRAP was comparable (p > 0.05) but significantly higher than antioxidant assays of FCR and DPPH. The respective antioxidant capacity of the PDM beverage in terms of trolox equivalent (TE) and gallic acid equivalent (GAE) were 21.95 TE mg/g, 20.75 TE mg/g, 2.93 TE mg/g and 14.72 GAE mg/g for FRAP, ABTS, DPPH and FCR. Depending on antioxidant assay, EBNH in beverage of PDM contributed an increase in the range of 3.7–9.3 % (which was significant (p < 0.05) according to ABTS and FCR assays) or about 6.0 % to its overall antioxidant capacity. The interaction among the antioxidant activity of all the food product’s ingredients is antagonistic since the difference between the expected and observed total antioxidant potential is significantly higher (p < 0.05) for all antioxidants assays, except FCR. The beverage of PDM has excellent sensory quality. It is sugar free and high protein PDM that has excellent cocoa flavour and possesses sufficient sweetness with acceptable beany aroma and taste when served as hot beverage.     

Ruthenium (III) catalysed and uncatalysed oxidation of torsemide by hexacyanoferrate (III) in aqueous alkaline medium: A kinetic comparative approach

The kinetics approach of oxidation of torsemide (TOR) by hexacyanoferrate (III) [HCF (III)] has been identified spectrophotometrically at 420 ​nm in the alkaline medium in the presence and absence of catalyst ruthenium (III) at 25 ​°C, by keeping ionic strength (1 ​× ​10⁻² ​mol ​dm⁻³) constant. The reaction exhibits at the stoichiometry ratio 1:2 of TOR and HCF (III), for uncatalysed and catalysed reactions. In the absence and presence of the catalyst, the order of the reactions obtained for TOR and HCF (III) was unity. However, the rate of the reactions enhanced by the increase in the concentration of catalyst, as well as the rate increases with an increase in alkaline concentration. The activation parameters for the reaction at the slow step were identified, and the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction was analysed. A suitable mechanism has been demonstrated by considering the obtained results. The derived rate laws are reliable with analysed experimental kinetics.     

The preparation of ionic liquid based iron phosphate/CNTs composite via microwave radiation for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction

Water electrolysis is a promising method for hydrogen production, so the preparation of low-cost and efficient electrocatalysts with a quick and simple procedure is crucial. Herein, iron phosphate (Fe₇(PO₄)₆) was prepared via microwave radiation using ionic liquid (IL) as iron and phosphorus dual-source. This method is simple and rapid, and the product can be directly used as electrocatalysts without further treatment. The experimental results show that the IL can influence the morphology and electrocatalytic performance. Moreover, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is favorable for formation of iron phosphate nanoparticles to improve the catalytic activities. As hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst, this iron phosphate/CNTs exhibits an onset overpotential of 120 mV, Tafel slope of 32.9 mV dec^-1, and current densities of 10 mA cm⁻² at overpotential of 185 mV. Then, it obtains a good activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a low onset potential of 1.48 V, Tafel slope of 73.3 mV dec^-1, and it only needs an overpotential of 300 mV to drive the 10 mA cm⁻². This bifunctional catalyst also shows good durability for HER and OER. This microwave-assisted method provides an outstanding strategy to prepare iron phosphate in a simple and fast process with good catalytic performance for water splitting.     

The reaction of metalloporphyrins with nitrogen dioxide

The octaethylporphyrin(OEP) complexes of iron(III) chloride, iron(III) acetate, thallium(III) hydroxide, zinc(II), and cobalt(II) and the mesoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (MPDME) complexes of zinc(II) and iron(III) chloride were reacted with a 20:1 ratio of NO₂ to metalloporphyrin in CH₂Cl₂. The +3 metalloporphyrins gave products which had a nitromethyl group in each of the four meso positions of the porphyrin ring and a chloride ion bound to the metal atom. The products of +2 metalloporphyrin reaction had a nitro group bound in each of the meso positions. The spectral and electrochemical properties of some of the products were measured. ³⁶Cl labelled OEPFeCl was reacted with NO₂ in CH₂Cl₂. The product, meso-tetranitromethyl OEPFeCl, had 17% of the original activity which indicates that the chloride ion bound to the iron is exchanged with chloride ions formed in the reaction. The nitromethylation reaction appears to involve initially the displacement of chloride from iron(III) by NO₂ and solvent attack on the bound NO₂. The meso-nitration of the +2 metalloporphyrin by NO₂ has been proposed to proceed by a π-cation radical mechanism (E.C. Johnson and D. Dolphin, TetrahedronLetters 2197 (1976).     

Study of acetylated EGCG synthesis by enzymatic transesterification in organic media

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenolic compound in catechins, exerts excellent physiological effects including antioxidant. However, with its high hydrophilicity and poor lipophilicity, the application of EGCG in oil products is limited. In this study, EGCG acetylated derivatives were prepared by transesterification of EGCG with vinyl ester in acetonitrile/isopropanol (1:1 v/v). Lipase Lipozyme RM IM was found to be the optimum catalyst at concentration of 12 U/g EGCG, with a molar ratio of 1:5 of EGCG to vinyl acetate as the substrates. And 83.2% conversion was obtained after 10 h reaction at 50 °C. Based on the ping-pong model, the kinetic equation was constructed to determine the reaction kinetic parameters. The analysis of the initial rate and progress curve indicated that the transesterification of EGCG and vinyl acetate was kinetically regulated. Two major acetylated derivatives were identified as 5″-O-acetyl-EGCG and 3″, 5″-di-O-acetyl-EGCG by LC-MS/MS and NMR. Their enhanced lipophilicity was confirmed by transmittance test and octanol–water partition coefficient. The antioxidant activity of di-acetylated EGCG was superior to mono-acetylated EGCG and EGCG, but slightly lower than tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) as determined by peroxide values (POV) and Rancimat test. Acetylated EGCG might be used as a potent antioxidant for controlling oxidation of oil.     

Optimization and stabilization of the antioxidant properties from Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) with natural deep eutectic solvents

Natural Deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are promising green solvents for the extraction of phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the behavior of the antioxidant properties of Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) root in hydrophilic NaDESs. For this purpose, two NaDESs constituted of sodium acetate:lactic acid (SALA₁₂) and sodium acetate:formic acid (SAFA₁₂) were synthesized to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Alkanet. 70% ethanol, 80% methanol and water were used as conventional solvents for comparison. SALA₁₂ and SAFA₁₂ were characterized considering their viscosities and FITR spectra. The extracts obtained with SALA₁₂ and SAFA₁₂ presented the best results when compared to the conventional solvents. The NaDES presented the highest extraction performance was SAFA₁₂. This prominent NaDES was subjected to the response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design to figure out the optimum conditions to have the maximum antioxidant activity of Alkanet root. For total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH radical scavenging, the optimum conditions were 1:4 molar ratio, 45% water content and 25% mL solvent ratio. The confirmed responses at the optimum conditions were 390.16 mg GAE/g, 10.69 mg ECE/g and 444.68 mmol TE/g, respectively. NaDES molar ratio and water content were found to impact most significantly the antioxidant properties Alkanet. The thermal stability experimentation revealed that phytochemicals along with the antioxidant properties of Alkanet were more stable in NaDES. These findings revealed that novel NaDES is an efficient green solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties from plants.     

Greener approach for process intensification of iron haematinics by membrane nanofiltration

Iron haematinics are high-volume, low-cost drug products used to treat anaemia. For the preparation of iron haematinics, the manufacturers depend heavily on multipurpose-batch or semi-batch reactors. Here, process intensification of haematinics was carried out using membrane nanofiltration as a major operation. A total of three haematinics namely, iron (III) hydroxide polymaltose, iron gluconate, and iron sucrose complex were prepared, and the process intensified on dead-end filtration set up by using a polymeric membrane. Iron (III) hydroxide polymaltose experimental results were compared with commercially available standard. The membrane performance was characterized by various parameters such as flux, permeability, flux decline ratio, flux recovery ratio, percentage retention, fouling, etc., at different transmembrane pressures. The membrane surface was analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to understand its morphology and fouling. The iron concentration was detected in the permeate stream using inductively coupled plasma optical emission (ICP-OES) spectroscopy to detect %retention (>99.99%) under all experimental conditions tested. The study led to optimized conditions for haematinics concentration by a membrane at a 10-bar trans-membrane pressure, which was applied for the preparation of iron gluconate salt. Overall, the study resulted in a green process with increased productivity.     

Antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata volva and MECC analysis of its monosaccharide composition

In this paper, a crude polysaccharide (PDI) was extracted from D. indusiata volva. The antioxidant activities of PDI were examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and ABTS radicals scavenge assay. The results showed that PDI had antioxidant activities in all these assays, indicating that it could be used as an antioxidant. Then a rapid and highly efficient micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) method coupled with diode array detector was developed to determine the monosaccharides composition of the polysaccharide sample. The optimum conditions were as follows: 20 ​mM borate (pH ​= ​9.3) and 15 ​mM SDS as the electrophoresis medium, the separation temperature was 20 ​°C. Under these conditions, monosaccharides could be separated within 8 ​min. The polysaccharide of the volva was mainly composed of glucose, mannose, galactose and arabinose.     

Improved synthesis of phenylethylamine derivatives by Negishi cross-coupling reactions

Trifluoroacetamido-protected β-aminoalkylzinc iodides undergo Negishi cross-coupling reaction with aryl iodides in moderate to excellent yields (42-84%) based on the corresponding trifluoroacetamido-protected β-aminoalkyl iodides, employing a catalyst prepared in situ from Pd₂(dba)₃ and SPhos (1:2 M ratio). In general, meta- and para-substituted aryl iodides give good results using relatively low levels of catalyst [0.25 mol % Pd₂(dba)₃], but more hindered ortho-substituted examples require higher catalyst loadings. The preparation of trifluoroacetamido-protected β-aminoalkyl iodides is straightforward, and the intermediates are significantly more stable than the corresponding Boc-protected derivatives.     

The variation in essential oils composition,phenolic acids and flavonoids is correlated with changes in antioxidant activity during Cinnamomum loureirii bark growth

Cinnamomum loureirii is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants. It is used by the food, perfumery, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil (EOs) and ethanol extracts from 10 samples of the bark from C. loureirii trees (6–15 years old). Obtained results showed that C. loureirii bark EO content at 12–15 years old had high oil yields (4.52–5.48%). The major components in the EOs were trans-cinnamaldehyde (50.2–92.9%) and α-copaene (0.5–21.3%). The highest content of trans-cinnamaldehyde in bark EOs was obtained from 10 to 12-year-old trees, while the highest content of α-copaene was obtained at 13–15 years. The highest total phenolic (429.85 and 474.45 mg TAE /g DW) and total flavonoid contents (85.54 and 102.80 mg RE /g e DW) were obtained from the 13- to 14-year-old trees. Our results indicated that the EO and ethanol extract of 13- to 14-year-old bark showed the strongest antioxidant properties. Moreover, GC–MS, PCA and correlation analysis indicated that the changes in α-copaene, beta-caryophyllene, τ-muurolene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene and τ-muurolol were positively correlated with the changes in antioxidant activity in oils. Meanwhile, procyanidin B2 and hyperoside were the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from C. loureirii bark. This study is the first one that report the antioxidant potential and phenolic profile of C. loureirii plant. These results provide reference information for the rational utilization of C. loureirii resources and the harvest of C. loureirii bark as medicinal materials during the optimal period.     

Effects of pH,ionic strength,temperature, and humic acid on Eu(III) sorption onto iron oxides

Effects of pH, Eu(III) concentration, ionic strength, temperature and humic acid (HA) on Eu(III) sorption to iron oxides were investigated in detail. The sorption of Eu(III) to iron oxides was significantly dependent on pH and weakly dependent on ionic strength, and higher temperature was gainful to Eu(III) sorption. In the presence of HA, Eu(III) sorption was enhanced significantly at low pH; whilst obvious negative effect was observed in higher pH range. Below 12 mg/L HA, HA could obviously enhanced Eu(III) sorption to iron oxides, nevertheless Eu(III) sorption decreased steeply with increasing HA while HA exceeded 12 mg/L. The results were helpful for understanding radionuclides behaviors in natural environment.     

Gamma irradiation improves the antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) extracts

Aloe has been widely used in food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics because of its aromatic and therapeutic properties. In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel were gamma-irradiated from 10 to 100 kGy. After gamma irradiation, the color of the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel changed to red; this color persisted up to 40 kGy but disappeared above 50 kGy. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the production of a new, unknown compound (m/z=132) after gamma irradiation of the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel. The amount of this unknown compound increased with increasing irradiation up to 80 kGy, and it was degraded at 100 kGy. Interestingly, it was found that gamma irradiation significantly increased the antioxidant activity, as measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant activity of aloe extract was dramatically increased from 53.9% in the non-irradiated sample to 92.8% in the sample irradiated at 40 kGy. This strong antioxidant activity was retained even at 100 kGy. These results indicate that gamma irradiation of aloe extract can enhance its antioxidant activity through the formation of a new compound. Based on these results, increased antioxidant activity of aloe extracts by gamma rays can be applied to various industries, especially cosmetics, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals.     

Synthesis,characterization, and in silico molecular docking study of bidentate hydroxy α-aminophosphonates derivative and its Mn(II), Fe(III) and Zn(II) metal complexes as potent antioxidant and antibacterial agents

A bidentate hydroxy α-aminophosphonates ligand, diethyl-(2-hydroxyphenyl) (phenylamino)methylphosphonate and its Mn(II), Fe(III), and Zn(II) metal complexes were prepared in the molar ratio of 2:1 and characterized by spectral, thermal, analytical and physicochemical methods including UV–Vis, FT-IR, molar conductance, AAS, elemental analysis, ¹H NMR and PXRD. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) was done to investigate the thermal decomposition/mass loss behavior of the metal complexes. Antibacterial activity was checked against 2 g-positive (B. subtilis and S. aureus) and 2 g-negative (S. typhi and E. coli) bacteria with different concentrations of compounds (250–1000 μg/ml), where Amikacin was used as a standard. The antioxidant capacity of prepared compounds was checked against DPPH and FRAP assay, where BHT was used as standard. In-silico molecular docking was also studied by Autodock 4.2 software for all compounds with S. typhi cell membrane protein OmpF complex (PDB ID- 4KR4) in which good interaction was observed for all the docked compounds.