Exact solutions of potentiostatic current transients for a corrosion reaction under mixed charge transfer and diffusion control

An analytical solution has been obtained for the current response transients to a potentiostatic step for a corrosion reaction where a planar metal electrode is immersed in an acidic electrolyte. This solution can be used to provide values of important kinetic parameters of the reaction such as corrosion current and Tafel slopes. The model is derived for conditions of mixed charge transfer and diffusion control and includes the metal ion deposition partial reaction. A Nernstian diffusion model is used, where anodic and cathodic species diffuse in a finite diffusive layer. A numerical solution has previously been published [1], but it is believed that this is the first time an analytical solution has been presented. Transients obtained by including both the metal dissolution and metal-ion deposition (back) reactions, are compared to those obtained by neglecting the metalion deposition reaction. It is shown that neglecting the back reaction can cause significant errors especially when large cathodic potential steps are applied and as the corrosion current approaches the limiting current density of the cathodic reaction.     

Simulation of electrochemical machining using the boundary element method with no saturation

The simulation of electrochemical machining (ECM) is based on determining the surface shape at each point in time. The change in the shape of the surface depends on the rate of the electrochemical dissolution of the metal (conducting material), which is assumed to be proportional to the electric field strength on the boundary of the workpiece. The potential of the electric field is a harmonic function outside the two domains—the tool electrode and the workpiece. Constant potentials are specified on the boundaries of the tool electrode and the workpiece. A scheme with no saturation in which the strength of the electric field created by the potential difference on the boundary of the workpiece is proposed. The scheme converges exponentially in the number of grid elements on the workpiece boundary. Given the rate of electrochemical dissolution, the workpiece boundary, which depends on time, is found. The numerical solutions are compared with exact solutions, examples of the ECM simulation are discussed, and the results are compared with those obtained by other numerical methods and the ones obtained using ECM machines.     

A scheme for the electrochemical machining of metals by a cathode tool with a curvilinear part of the boundary

The solution of a non-linear plane problem in the theory of the electrochemical machining of metals, associated with the determination of the shape of a surface (the anode) during its treatment with a cathode tool with a curvilinear part of the boundary, is obtained by methods developed for problems of jet flow past curvilinear obstacles. A condition is obtained which is identical to the well known Brillouin-Villat condition in fluid dynamics for smooth separation, the use of which enables one to determine the position of the transition point from the zone of steady treatment conditions into a region where the dissolution of the metal does not occur. The fixed shapes of the anode boundary are found for two cathode configurations.     

Global Steady State Analytical Solution of Cadmium Uptake Model for Plant Roots

The concentration distribution of cadmium ion in soil is studied by the phytoavailability model. According to the states of the cadmium complex: fully inert, fully labile and partially labile, we establish three corresponding cadmium uptake sub-models, and derive respective global analytical solutions at steady state. In particular, when the complex is partially labile, we give the steady analytical solution of cadmium ion concentration in cylindrical geometry composed of the analytical solutions of partially labile complex and fully inert complex in planar geometry and fully inert complex in cylindrical geometry, that is, the ration approximation method. In this paper, the global analytical solutions are compared with the results of literature and numerical simulations. Therefore, the double check is realized to ensure the rationality of the analytical method. The global concentration profile of cadmium ions in the whole rhizosphere can be described by the steady state analytical solutions: the concentration of cadmium ion increases with the distance from the root surface and finally reaches the initial value; the change rate of cadmium ion concentration is the largest when the complex is fully labile; whatever the state of the complex is, cadmium ions never accumulate on the root surface. Finally, we discuss and compare the effects of moving and fixed right boundaries of the model on the results. The results show that it is more reasonable to take the fixed right boundary, and plant roots can uptake cadmium ions in a wider range.     

Electrochemical and Electro-Discharge Machining with a Threshold Current

The electrochemical machining and electro-discharge machiningof a metal objectto form a hole are considered. The processesare modelled as evolutionary elliptic free-boundary problemsin which the electric potential satisfies Laplace's equationin the electrolyte and satisfies two conditions (one describingthe rate of machining) on the surface of the object. The behaviourof the evolving boundary and some qualitative features of steady-statesolutions are discussed.     

On a class of constrained functional minimization problems and their numerical solution

We investigate a class of functional minimization problems with constraints. By means of variational principles, optimal control theory, and numerical methods for nonlinear equations, numerical methods and the corresponding computer software are established to solve the problems. These tools can be used in fitting curves with arbitrary smoothness, different boundary conditions, and constraints. For special boundary conditions, analytical expressions of the curves are derived. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms by the means of curve fitting.     

Application of homotopy analysis method for natural convection of Darcian fluid about a vertical full cone embedded in pours media prescribed surface heat flux

In this paper, a powerful analytical method, called homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to obtain the analytical solution for a nonlinear ordinary deferential equation that often appear in boundary layers problems arising in heat and mass transfer which these kinds of the equations contain infinity boundary condition. The boundary layer approximations of fluid flow and heat transfer of vertical full cone embedded in porous media give us the similarity solution for full cone subjected to surface heat flux boundary conditions. Nonlinear ODE which is obtained by similarity solution has been solved through homotopy analysis method (HAM). The main objective is to propose alternative methods of solution, which do not require small parameters and avoid linearization and physically unrealistic assumptions. The obtained analytical solution in comparison with the numerical ones represents a remarkable accuracy. The results also indicate that HAM can provide us with a convenient way to control and adjust the convergence region.     

A three-dimensional steady state thermal fluid model of jumbo ingot casting during electron beam re-melting of Ti–6Al–4V

A 3-D coupled thermal-fluid model describing mass, momentum and energy transport within a Ti–6Al–4V rolling ingot cast in an (Electron Beam Cold Hearth Remelting) EBCHR process has been developed to describe steady state casting conditions. The model incorporates a number of the physical phenomena inherent to the industrial process, including a metal inlet in the center of one of the narrow faces, complex boundary conditions based on industrial practice, buoyancy driven flow within the liquid and flow attenuation using a Darcy momentum source term within the mushy zone. The model ignores turbulence in the liquid pool and Marangoni (surface tension) driven surface flows. The model has been validated against liquid pool depth and profile measurements made on an experimental casting seeded with insoluble dense markers and doped with dense alloy additions. Comparisons have also been made to video images taken of the top surface during casting. The results indicate that the model is able to quantitatively predict the steady state sump depth and profile and is able to qualitatively predict aspects of the top surface temperature distribution. The model has also been used to conduct a process heat balance and sensitivity analyses. The process heat balance conducted on the model domain indicates that at steady state the liquid metal inlet contributes 88% of the total power input, while the electron beam provides net 12% after accounting for radiation losses from the top surface; 62% of the heat is lost through the ingots sides and the balance is lost via bulk transport of sensible heat through the bottom of the domain. The results of the sensitivity analysis on pool depth indicate that casting rate has the largest effect followed by metal inlet superheat. The thermal, flow and pressure fields predicted by the steady state model serves as the initial conditions for a transient hot-top model, which is the subject of a forth-coming paper.     

Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems in the Stability Analysis of Morphogen Gradients

This paper is concerned with several eigenvalue problems in the linear stability analysis of steady state morphogen gradients for several models of Drosophila wing imaginal discs including one not previously considered. These problems share several common difficulties including the following: (a) The steady state solution which appears in the coefficients of the relevant differential equations of the stability analysis is only known qualitatively and numerically. (b) Though the governing differential equations are linear, the eigenvalue parameter appears nonlinearly after reduction to a problem for one unknown. (c) The eigenvalues are determined not only as solutions of a homogeneous boundary value problem with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, but also by an alternative auxiliary condition to one of the Dirichlet conditions allowed by a boundary condition of the original problem. Regarding the stability of the steady state morphogen gradients, we prove that the eigenvalues must all be positive and hence the steady state morphogen gradients are asymptotically stable. The other principal finding is a novel result pertaining to the smallest (positive) eigenvalue that determines the slowest decay rate of transients and the time needed to reach steady state. Here we prove that the smallest eigenvalue does not come from the nonlinear Dirichlet eigenvalue problem but from the complementary auxiliary condition requiring only to find the smallest zero of a rational function. Keeping in mind that even the steady state solution needed for the stability analysis is only known numerically, not having to solve the nonlinear Dirichlet eigenvalue problem is both an attractive theoretical outcome and a significant computational simplification.     

Three dimensional finite element model to study heat flow in dermal regions of elliptical and tapered shape human limbs

In this paper a three-dimensional steady state model has been developed to study heat flow in dermal regions of tapered shape human limbs, which are elliptical in shape. The model incorporates the important biophysical parameters like blood mass flow rate, thermal conductivity and rate of metabolic heat generation. Appropriate boundary conditions have been framed using biophysical conditions. The finite element method has been employed using coaxial elliptical hexahedral elements to solve the problem. MATLAB 7.0 has been used to simulate the model and obtain numerical results.     

A hydrodynamic interpretation of a problem in the theory of the dimensional electrochemical machining of metals

A method of determining the form of the anode-blank boundary for a specified form of the cathode tool in plane problems of the theory of the dimensional electrochemical machining of metals is proposed. Within the assumptions made, the anode-blank boundary is divided into a working zone, in which solution of the metal occurs, and a region next to it in which the machining ceases. The initial problem is reduced to a problem of plane-parallel potential flow of an ideal liquid with non-linear conditions on its surface. The point which separates these two regions of the anode boundary corresponds to the point where the jet separates from the solid boundary. The Brillouin-Villat smooth separation condition is specified when compiling the closed system of equations at the point where the jet separates.     

Multiple solutions of a boundary-value problem in enzyme kinetics

In some immobilized enzyme systems the steady state of substrate concentration may suddenly change from a low profile to a high profile or vice versa when the physical parameters of the systems pass through certain critical values. This phenomenon is due to the transition from a unique solution to multiple solutions (or vice versa) of the enzyme reaction equation. This problem is studied by considering two physical parameters which represent the internal reaction mechanism and the external influence on the boundary of the reaction-diffusion medium. Both analytical and numerical results for the problem are presented. The analytical results include some sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple steady-state solutions as well as a unique solution. Various numerical results of the problem including time-dependent solutions and their convergence to steady-state solutions are given.     

Electro-thermo-mechanical behaviors of FGPM spheres using analytical method and ANSYS software

A hollow sphere made from functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) such as PZT_4 has been considered. One-dimensional analytical method for electro-thermo-mechanical response of symmetrical spheres is used. For asymmetric three-dimensional analysis, ANSYS finite element software is employed in this study. Loading is combination of internal and external pressures, a distributed temperature field due to steady state heat conduction and a constant electric potential difference between its inner and outer surfaces for analytical solution. In three-dimensional solutions closed and open spheres with different boundary conditions subjected to an internal pressure and a uniform temperature field are studied. All mechanical, thermal and piezoelectric properties except the Poisson’s ratio are assumed to be power functions of radius. It has been found from analytical solution that the induced radial and circumferential stresses of an imposed electric potential is similar to the residual stresses locked in the homogeneous sphere during the autofrettage process of these vessels. It has been concluded from the three-dimensional analysis that the magnitudes of effective stresses at all node points are higher for the clamped-clamped boundary condition and are lower for the simply-simply supported condition.     

非牛顿流体非定常旋转流动计算机智能解析理论

计算机符号运算科学是人工智能的前沿方向。计算机软件Macsyma是完成符号运算的有力工具。应用德国Darmstadt大学的计算机软件Macsyma、与数学方法和流变学模型结合,研究了Oldroyd B流体由一类定常状态向另一定常状态转变的非定常流动过程。采用改进的Kantorovich方法和符号运算软件,把该问题的3阶偏微分方程的初、边值问题化为各级近似的2阶常微分方程问题。并给出了1级、2级和3级近似方程的解析形式解答。该研究表明了计算机符号处理解决应用数学和力学问题的潜力,同时指出了由一定常状态向另一定常状态转变的非牛顿流动过程,可以经历无限多途径,这一现象是由于本构方程的非线性性质引起的。     

Model for cover cracking due to corrosion expansion and uniform stresses at infinity

The mechanical model of the cover layer cracking in reinforced concrete structures due to corrosion expansion of reinforcement and uniform stress at infinity is established in this paper. The principle of superposition and the series expansion technique of the theory of complex potential established by Muskhelishvili are applied. The complex stress potentials are assumed to be in the form of Taylor and Laurent series expansions, and the unknown coefficients are determined by the boundary conditions and the stress state at infinity. Finally the analytical solution for hoop stresses in concrete is derived. Referring to the previous studies in the literature, the equation for time of concrete cracking due to corrosion expansion of reinforcement and uniform stresses at infinity is established. It is found that the change of stress state at infinity may accelerate or decelerate the initiation of crack. In addition, compared with the case without corrosion, the existence of corrosion products can alter the location of cracking. Further analyses indicate that the effect of the ratio between reinforced bar and concrete on the cracking is insignificant, and that the possibility of cover layer cracking increases with increasing penetration of corrosion.     

The evolution of the thermocapillary motion of three fluids in a plane layer

The unidirectional motion of three immiscible incompressible viscous heat-conducting liquids in a plane layer is considered. It is assumed that the motion occurs only under the action of thermocapillary forces from a state of rest. The analysis of the motion is reduced to solving linear conjugate initial boundary value problems for a system of parabolic equations. A non-stationary solution is sought by the Laplace transformation method and is obtained in the form of finite analytical expressions in transforms. It is proved that, as the time increases, the solution always reaches the steady state obtained earlier and an exponential estimate of the rate of convergence is given with an indicator which depends on the physical properties of the media and the layer thicknesses. The evolution of the velocity and temperature perturbation fields to a steady state for specific liquid media is obtained by numerical inversion of the Laplace transformation.     

Parameter studies of modal vibrations associated with impurity pinned dislocations in a metal single crystal

Koehler's model [1–2] of motion for edge‐type dislocations in a metal single crystal that are pinned down by impurity atoms is studied. An exact solution can be found, which is composed of a rapidly decaying transient and a steady time‐oscillating, steady state vibration. This solution is used to improve Koehler's [1] approximation to the steady time‐oscillating steady state vibration. General parameter studies of the modes of oscillation are then performed. The present result is of some significance, because it allows insight into the behavior of crystalline solids over a wide parameter range, whereas Koehler's asymptotic approach is valid only for materials that exhibit order‐of‐magnitude variation in system parameters. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 427–439, 2001.     

面内平动黏弹性板非线性振动的内-外联合共振

研究了同时存在受迫共振和1∶3内共振时的面内平动黏弹性板的横向非线性振动问题．板的黏弹性材料用Kelvin本构关系描述．基于系统的运动方程和四边简支的边界条件,对偏微分方程应用直接多尺度法建立了联合共振时的可解性条件．应用Routh-Hurvitz判据对系统幅频响应的稳定性进行了判别．给出了黏弹性系数、面内平动速度和激励幅值3个参数对幅频响应的影响．最后,应用微分求积数值方法验证了近似解析方法的结论.     

Three-dimensional Green's functions of thermoporoelastic axisymmetric cones

On the base of Biot's consolidation theory, we introduce the steady-state general solutions of thermoporoelastic axisymmetric media initially. Several three-dimensional problems of porous media, such as the apex of a solid cone and a hollow cone under the action of a point fluid source and a point heat source in a steady state, are analyzed afterwards, respectively. By introducing the potential functions with the coefficients determined in line with the corresponding liquid-heat-force equilibrium relations and boundary conditions, we obtain the coupled fields of thermoporoelastic cones suffered from the point sources. Furthermore, the numerical examples as well as the contour plots of the coupled fields of thermoporoelastic cones are presented. The numerical results show that the phenomenon of stress concentration can occur near the point of action. The results associated with the apex angle π/2 are of importance to be used for constructing the analytical solutions of the boundary value problems as well as the defect problems.