细菌吸附还原贵金属离子特性及表征

提炼、富集贵金属是细菌固定金属的重要用途．部分细菌还可还原金属离子,如海藻、枯草杆菌等均有较强的吸附、还原AU3+等金属离子的能力[1~3]．本文研究了从生态环境中筛选的几种细菌及其吸附、还原Pd2+、Pt4+、Au3+、Ag+、Rh3+等贵金属离子的特性,以期了解细菌固定金属的作用机制,提高细菌的还原能力,并将所得结果用于回收贵金属和制备高分散度贵金属催化剂．1实验部分D01细菌从生态环境中筛选、培养,并按常规微生物法制备大量菌体．所用仪器为SCR20BC高速冷冻离心机,BairdPS－4电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱仪,740SXFTIR光…     

促进型PtMoSi/C催化剂的制备、表征及电催化活性

采用甲醛还原、H2还原、肼还原三种方法制备了添加硅钼酸的PtMoSi/C阳极催化剂, 并用XRD、XPS和TEM技术对催化剂进行了表征. XRD表明Pt粒子呈立方面心晶态结构, TEM显示PtMoSi/C催化剂粒径小(3−4 nm), 分布窄, 分散性好. XPS分析可知Pt主要以0价, Mo主要以6价, Si主要以4价形态存在于催化剂中. 同时通过循环伏安法和线性扫描法考察了制备方法和添加硅钼酸对催化剂电化学活性的影响. 结果表明, 甲醛还原法制备的PtMoSi/C催化剂(Pt、Mo的原子比为3:1)对甲醇氧化的电化学性能和抗中毒性能优于自制的PtRu/C和E-TEK PtRu/C催化剂, 可能是因为添加硅钼酸可以使活性组分的分散度提高, 从而提高了催化剂的活性和抗毒性能.     

Fabrication of Pt/polypyrrole hybrid hollow microspheres and their application in electrochemical biosensing towards hydrogen peroxide

Pt/polypyrrole (PPy) hybrid hollow microspheres were successfully prepared by wet chemical method via Fe₃O₄ template and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The as-synthesized products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductive coupled plasma emission spectrum (ICP) and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) measurements. The results exhibited that ultra-high-density Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were well deposited on the PPy shell with the mean diameters of around 4.1 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results demonstrated that Pt/PPy hybrid hollow microspheres, as enzyme-less catalysts, exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0). The composite had a fast response of less than 2 s with linear range of 1.0-8.0 mM and a relatively low detection limit of 1.2 μM (S/N = 3). The sensitivity of the sensor for H₂O₂ was 80.4 mA M⁻¹ cm⁻².     

Formation mechanism of Pt particles by photoreduction of Pt ions in polymer solutions

The formation mechanisms of metal particles (platinum (Pt) particles) in an aqueous ethanol solution of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) by the photoreduction method have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in situ and ex situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis. The average diameter of the dilute and concentrated Pt particles in the PVP solution is estimated from TEM to be 2.0 and 2.5 nm, respectively. XAFS analysis was performed for the reduction process of Pt4+ ions to metallic Pt particles for the Pt L3 edge of the colloidal dispersions of the concentrated Pt solutions. The photoreduction process proceeds by the following steps: (1) reduction of PtCl6(2-) to PtCl4(2-), (2) dissociation of Cl from PtCl4(2-), followed by reduction of Pt2+ ionic species to Pt0, (3) formation of a Pt0-Pt0 bond and particle growth by the association of Pt0-Pt0. The reduction of PtCl4(2-) to Pt0 is a slower process, compared with the reduction of PtCl6(2-) to PtCl4(2-). There is a delay between the disappearance of PtCl4(2-) and the formation of Pt0-Pt0 clusters.     

新型钴-聚吡咯-碳载Pt燃料电池催化剂的制备与表征

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了钴-聚吡咯-碳(Co-PPy-C)载Pt催化剂(Pt/Co-PPy-C),其中Pt的总质量占20%.利用透射电镜(TEM)、光电子射线能谱分析(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了催化剂的结构,用循环伏安(CV)、线性扫描伏安(LSV)等方法考察了其电化学活性及氧还原反应(ORR)动力学特性及耐久性.Pt/Co-PPy-C电催化剂的金属颗粒直径约1.8 nm,略小于商用催化剂Pt/C(JM)颗粒尺寸(约2.5 nm);催化剂在载体上分散均匀,粒径分布范围较窄.Pt/Co-PPy-C的电化学活性比表面积(ECSA)(75.1 m2·g-1)高于商用催化剂的ECSA(51.3 m2·g-1).XPS测试表明,自制催化剂表面的Pt主要以零价形式存在.而XRD结果显示,自制催化剂中Pt(111)峰最强,Pt主要为面心立方晶格.Pt/Co-PPy-C具有与Pt/C(JM)相同的半波电位;在0.9 V下,Pt/Co-PPy-C的比活性(1.21 mA·cm-2)高于商用催化剂的比活性(1.04 mA·cm-2),表现出更好的ORR催化活性.动力学性能测试表明催化剂的ORR反应以四电子路线进行.CV测试1000圈后,Pt/Co-PPy-C和Pt/C(JM)的ECSA分别衰减了13.0%和24.0%,可见自制催化剂的耐久性高于商用Pt/C(JM),在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)领域有一定的应用前景.     

贵金属离子非酶法生物还原机理初探

在微生物湿法冶金回收贵金属的研究工作中,掌握金属非酶法生物还原的作用过程及本质是优化浸出工艺条件,设计高效,经济的生物加收技术的关键,因此有关细菌固定金属的作用机制的研究一直为人们所关注,冻干的海藻（Chlorella vulgaris)和四氯金（Ⅲ）酸盐[AuCl4]-相互作用,Au3＋快速被还原为Au ,继而缓慢地被还原成Au[1],厌氧的脱硫弧菌属（Desulfovibrio desulfuricans)的休止细胞能将溶液中的钯离子还原为金属钯,用丙酮酸钠,甲酸钠或氢气作为电子供体[2],我们试图从失活细菌与金属离子的界面出发,利用谱学技术,考察细菌与金属离子之间的相互作用本质,为开发利用生物体作为吸附剂进行废水处理,回收贵重或有害金属以及制备高分散度负载型金属催化剂[3]提供理论依据。     

新型钴-聚吡咯-碳载Pt燃料电池催化剂的制备与表征

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了钴-聚吡咯-碳（Co-PPy-C）载Pt 催化剂（Pt/Co-PPy-C）,其中Pt 的总质量占20%. 利用透射电镜（TEM）、光电子射线能谱分析（XPS）和X射线衍射（XRD）研究了催化剂的结构,用循环伏安（CV）、线性扫描伏安（LSV）等方法考察了其电化学活性及氧还原反应（ORR）动力学特性及耐久性. Pt/Co-PPy-C电催化剂的金属颗粒直径约1.8 nm,略小于商用催化剂Pt/C（JM）颗粒尺寸（约2.5 nm）;催化剂在载体上分散均匀,粒径分布范围较窄. Pt/Co-PPy-C的电化学活性比表面积（ECSA）（75.1 m²·g^-1）高于商用催化剂的ECSA（51.3 m²·g^-1）. XPS测试表明,自制催化剂表面的Pt 主要以零价形式存在. 而XRD结果显示,自制催化剂中Pt（111）峰最强,Pt 主要为面心立方晶格. Pt/Co-PPy-C具有与Pt/C（JM）相同的半波电位;在0.9 V下,Pt/Co-PPy-C的比活性（1.21 mA·cm^-2）高于商用催化剂的比活性（1.04 mA·cm^-2）,表现出更好的ORR催化活性.动力学性能测试表明催化剂的ORR反应以四电子路线进行. CV测试1000 圈后,Pt/Co-PPy-C和Pt/C（JM）的ECSA 分别衰减了13.0%和24.0%,可见自制催化剂的耐久性高于商用Pt/C（JM）,在质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）领域有一定的应用前景.     

次亚磷酸根离子在铂电极上氧化的机理研究(英文)

用SNIFTIRS和循环伏安法研究次亚磷酸根离子在多晶铂电极上的电氧化机理 .分析了0 .5mol/LH2 SO4 + 0 .1mol/LNaH2 PO2 溶液中原位红外反射谱图与Pt电极电位的关系 ,发现次亚磷酸根离子在Pt上发生解离吸附 ,其氧化产物是H3 PO4 ,不同于在Ni上的氧化产物H2 PO- 3 ,据此提出了酸性溶液中次亚磷酸根离子在Pt上氧化机理的新看法     

还原热处理条件对Pt-Fe/C 合金催化剂性能的影响

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原-含氢气体热处理法制备了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用Pt-Fe/C合金催化剂.通过电感耦合等离子体(ICP)检测了金属元素含量,用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征,并利用循环伏安(CV)法评价了催化剂催化氧还原性能.结果表明,脉冲微波辅助化学还原法是一种快速制备粒径较小、分布均匀的Pt-Fe/C催化剂的有效方法,含氢气体热处理对提高催化剂活性有重要作用.还原热处理温度和时间对催化剂活性也有很大影响.经过500°C还原热处理后的催化剂活性比还原热处理之前的催化剂性能有很大提高.TEM和XRD结果显示,Pt-Fe/C-500-3h的纳米粒子均匀地分散在碳载体上,平均粒径为1.8nm,500°C下热处理3h的催化剂有最大的电化学表面积(ESA),为55.14m2·g-1.     

Nanocomposite based on depositing platinum nanostructure onto carbon nanotubes through a one-pot, facile synthesis method for amperometric sensing

Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were deposited onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through direct chemical reduction without any other stabilizing agents. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry were employed to characterize the morphology of the as-prepared nanocomposite (noted as Pt NPs-MWNTs) and further identify the Pt NPs on the surface of MWNTs. The nanocomposite demonstrated the ability to electrocatalyze the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and substantially raises the response current. A sensitivity of 591.33 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² was obtained at Pt NPs-MWNTs modified electrode. Thus, we immobilized glucose oxidase (GOD) as a model enzyme on the nanocomposite-based electrode with a thin layer of Nafion to fabricate a glucose biosensor, which showed sensitive and fast response to glucose. The influence of the GOD loading was investigated and the biosensor with an enzyme loading concentration of 10 mg/mL shows optimal performance for glucose detection, that is, a detection limit of 3 μM and a response time of 3 s, respectively.     

Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for methanol oxidation in alkaline media

The Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles with different Pt/Ni atomic ratios supported on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes surface were synthesized via an impregnation-reduction method. The nanocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical techniques. XRD demonstrated that Pt was alloyed with Ni. TEM showed that the Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) surface, indicating appropriate amount of Ni in Pt–Ni alloy which facilitates the dispersion of nanoparticles on the MWCNT surface. XPS revealed that the Pt 4f peak in Pt–Ni/MWCNT (4:1) catalyst shifted to a lower binding energy compared with Pt/MWCNT catalyst, and nickel oxides/hydroxides such as NiO, Ni(OH)₂, and NiOOH were on the surface of Pt–Ni nanoparticles. Electrochemical data based on cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric curves indicated that Pt–Ni (4:1) alloy nanoparticles exhibited distinctly higher activity and better stability than those of Pt/MWCNTs toward methanol oxidation in alkaline media.     

Pt@Au/Al2O3核壳纳米粒子的制备和表征及其在催化氧化甲苯中的应用

Customizing core-shell nanostructures is considered to be an efficient approach to improve the catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles. Various physiochemical and green methods have been developed for the synthesis of core-shell structures. In this study, a novel liquid-phase hydrogen reduction method was employed to form core-shell Pt@Au nanoparticles with intimate contact between the Pt and Au particles, without the use of any protective or structure-directing agents. The Pt@Au core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by depositing Au metal onto the Pt core; AuCl⁴⁻ was reduced to Au(0) by H₂ in the presence of Pt nanoparticles. The obtained Pt@Au core-shell structured nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution TEM, fast Fourier transform, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) analyses. The EDX mapping results for the nanoparticles, as obtained from their scanning transmission electron microscopy images in the high-angle annular dark-field mode, revealed a Pt core with Au particles grown on its surface. Fourier transform measurements were carried out on the high-resolution structure to characterize the Pt@Au nanoparticles. The lattice plane at the center of the nanoparticles corresponded to Pt, while the edge of the particles corresponded to Au. With an increase in the Au content, the intensity of the peak corresponding to Pt in the FTIR spectrum decreased slowly, indicating that the Pt nanoparticles were surrounded by Au nanoparticles, and thus confirming the core-shell structure of the nanoparticles. The XRD results showed that the peak corresponding to Pt shifted gradually toward the Au peak with an increase in the Au content, indicating that the Au particles grew on the Pt seeds; this trend was consistent with the FTIR results. Hence, it can be stated that the Pt@Au core-shell structure was successfully prepared using the liquid-phase hydrogen reduction method. The catalytic activity of the nanoparticles for the oxidation of toluene was evaluated using a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure. The XPS and H₂-TPR results showed that the Pt₁@Au₁/Al₂O₃ catalyst had the best toluene oxidation activity owing to its lowest reduction temperature, lowest Au 4d & 4f and Pt 4d & 4f binding energies, and highest Au⁰/Au^δ+ and Pt⁰/Pt²⁺ proportions. The Pt₁@Au₂Al₂O₃ catalyst showed high stability under dry and humid conditions. The good catalytic performance and high selectivity of Pt@Au/Al₂O₃ for toluene oxidation could be attributed to the high concentration of adsorbed oxygen species, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction.     

Pt对负载型Ni-B非晶态合金苯加氢活性及稳定性的影响

以拟薄水铝石、丝光沸石为原料制备载体AM,采用浸渍-化学还原法制备了不同Pt含量的Ni-Pt-B/AM非晶态合金催化剂,并运用XRD、ESEM、BET、ICP、XPS和H2 -TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征.以苯加氢制环己烷反应为探针,考察了微量Pt对Ni-B/AM非晶态合金催化剂加氢活性及稳定性的影响.结果表明,Ni-...     

双(二苯基膦戊烷)富勒烯合铂配合物的合成及光电性能

采用配体取代法合成了以双二苯基膦戊烷（dpppe）及C60为配体、Pt为中心金属的C60Pt(dpppe)新型富勒烯膦金属配合物。 运用质谱、元素分析、紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和光电子能谱等测试技术对产物进行了表征,同时采用循环伏安法对目标产物进行氧化还原性能研究。 结果表明,C60与金属Pt配位后还原电位发生负移。 结合电子光谱数据确定了目标产物的能级结构,其最高占有轨道和最低非占轨道能级分别为5.635和3.815 eV。 还考察了目标产物在光化学电池中的光伏效应,测试结果表明,在 BQ/H2Q介质溶液中镀层厚度为 1~2 μm 时,具有较好的光电转换性能,光生电压值最高达358 mV。     

碱性条件下Pt-M(Ni,Fe,Mo)/C电催化氧化甲醇的性能对比研究

采用溶胶法制备了碳载Pt-M(M为Ni, Fe, Mo)电催化剂, 并用TEM和XRD技术表征活性物微观结构, 实验结果表明, Pt基合金微粒在碳黑表面分布均匀, 粒径约为2~4 nm. 用循环伏安法测定催化剂在不同碱性条件下的活性, 研究结果表明, 不同掺杂元素催化剂的活性大小顺序为Pt75Ni25/C>Pt75Fe25/C>Pt50Mo50/C, 掺杂Ni可明显地促进纳米Pt的催化活性, Pt75Ni25/C在1.0 mol/L NaOH+1.0 mol/L CH3OH溶液中的峰电流密度可以达到726.9 mA/mg.     

Highly efficient and stable electrooxidation of methanol and ethanol on 3D Pt catalyst by thermal decomposition of In_2O_3 nanoshells

In this paper In_2O_3 nanoshells have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach.The nanoshells can be completely cracked into pony-size nanocubes by annealing,which are then used as a support of Pt catalyst for methanol and ethanol electrocatalytic oxidation.The prepared In_2O_3 and supported Pt catalysts(Pt/In_2O_3) were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),field effect scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Cyclic voltammetry(CV),linear sweep voltammetry(LSV),chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) were carried out,indicating the excellent catalytic performance for alcohol electrooxidation can be achieved on Pt/In_2O_3 nanocatalysts due to the multiple active sites,high conductivity and a mass of microchannels and micropores for reactant diffusions arising from 3D frame structures compared with that on the Pt/C catalysts.     

纳米铂-纤维配合物(Pt(0)/AOCF)的制备及表征

金属Pt具有很高的催化活性,在催化工业上有着广泛的用途,尤其在石油化工方面是一种重要的催化剂.传统的Pt催化剂基本都是以炭、空心SiO2、Al2O3等粉体颗粒或固体物质为载体[1～7],通过模板法、液相合成法、电化学法、辐射法、溶胶-凝胶法以及溅射法等将金属Pt负载上去,对于以纤维为载体的金属Pt配合物的制备尚未见报道.     

三维结构氧化石墨烯载铂催化剂对甲醇电催化性能

喷雾干燥法制备具有三维结构的氧化石墨烯(PGO),在其表面进一步负载活性成分Pt,得到纳米Pt/PGO复合催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透视电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对催化剂的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明,PGO具有类似于长4-6μm和宽2.0-3.0μm的三维纸团结构,平均粒径为4.2 nm的Pt纳米粒子均匀分布在其表面。采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能。结果表明,Pt/PGO催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性。PGO所具有的三维结构和双功能作用机理有利于甲醇在铂表面的电催化氧化过程的发生。     

多孔聚乙酰苯胺纳米纤维载铂催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化

采用简单的化学氧化聚合法制备了新型多孔结构的聚乙酰苯胺纳米纤维(np-PAANI), 并以此为载体在络合剂的存在下合成了Pt纳米微粒修饰的np-PAANI复合物膜电极C/np-PAANI/Pt. 样品的形貌和结构通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征. 在0.5 mol·L-1 CH3OH+0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4混合溶液中考察了C/np-PAANI/Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能. 结果表明, 以np-PAANI负载的Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性和稳定性都比普通PAANI结构及石墨粉负载的Pt催化剂好很多.     

Nanocomposite of Platinum Particles Embedded into Nanosheets of Polycarbazole for Methanol Oxidation

Nanoparticles of Pt were successfully electrodeposited onto polycarbazole (PCz) film on a stainless steel (SS‐PCz‐Pt) by chronocoulometry (0.2 C). For comparative purposes, Pt particles were deposited into stainless steel (SS‐Pt) under the same condition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) results confirmed PCz exists in the SS‐PCz‐Pt composite electrode. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that PCz of SS‐PCz can interact easily with Pt particles. The crystalline behavior and morphology of SS‐PCz‐Pt and SS‐Pt were determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The TEM results indicated that Pt particles disperse more uniformly into the nanosheets of polycarbazole than those of SS film. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. A high catalytic current for methanol oxidation (8.04 mA cm^?2 mg^?1) was found for the SS‐PCz‐Pt electrode in comparison to SS‐Pt electrode (5.01 mA cm^?2 mg^?1) at about 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl).