CuPd Nanoparticles as a Robust Catalyst for Electrochemical Allylic Alkylation

An efficient CuPd nanoparticle (NP) catalyst (3 nm CuPd NPs deposited on carbon support) is designed for catalyzing electrochemical allylic alkylation in water/isopropanol (1:1 v/v) and 0.2 m KHCO₃ solution at room temperature. The Pd catalysis was Pd/Cu composition‐dependent, and CuPd NPs with a Pd/Cu ratio close to one are the most efficient catalyst for the selective cross‐coupling of alkyl halides and allylic halides to form C?C hydrocarbons with product yields reaching up to 99 %. This NP‐catalyzed electrochemical allylic alkylation expands the synthetic scope of cross‐coupling reactions and can be further extended to other organic reaction systems for developing green chemistry electrosynthesis methods.     

Highly efficient redox isomerization of allylic alcohols at ambient temperature catalyzed by novel ruthenium-cyclopentadienyl complexes--new insight into the mechanism

A range of ruthenium cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes have been prepared and used for isomerization of allylic alcohols to the corresponding saturated carbonyl compounds. Complexes bearing CO ligands show higher activity than those with PPh3 ligands. The isomerization rate is highly affected by the substituents on the Cp ring. Tetra(phenyl)methyl-substituted catalysts rapidly isomerize allylic alcohols under very mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature) with short reaction times. Substituted allylic alcohols have been isomerized by employing Ru-Cp complexes. A study of the isomerization catalyzed by [Ru(Ph5Cp)(CO)2H] (14) indicates that the isomerization catalyzed by ruthenium hydrides partly follows a different mechanism than that of ruthenium halides activated by KOtBu. Furthermore, the lack of ketone exchange when the isomerization was performed in the presence of an unsaturated ketone (1 equiv), different from that obtained by dehydrogenation of the starting allylic alcohol, supports a mechanism in which the isomerization takes place within the coordination sphere of the ruthenium catalyst.     

Nickel-Catalyzed Preparations of Functionalized Organozincs

The reaction of primary alkyl bromides or chlorides with diethylzinc in the presence of Ni(acac)(2) (5 mol %) furnishes the corresponding alkylzinc halides (X = Br, Cl) via a halogen-zinc exchange reaction. The treatment of terminal alkenes with diethylzinc (neat, 25-60 degrees C) in the presence of Ni(acac)(2) as a catalyst (1-5 mol %) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) affords the corresponding dialkylzincs via a hydrozincation reaction. Whereas the conversion for simple alkenes bearing a remote functionality reaches 40 to 63%, the hydrozincation of allylic, homoallylic alcohols and allylic amines proceeds very efficiently (85-95% conversion). All the zinc organometallics obtained react with various electrophiles (allylic halides, enones, acid chlorides, alkynyl halides, ethyl propiolate) after transmetalation with CuCN.2LiCl. In the presence of the chiral catalyst 12, the dialkylzincs prepared add to aldehydes with high enantioselectivity.     

Cross-coupling reaction of alpha-chloroketones and organotin enolates catalyzed by zinc halides for synthesis of gamma-diketones

The reaction of tin enolates 1 with alpha-chloro- or bromoketones 2 gave gamma-diketones (1,4-diketones) 3 catalyzed by zinc halides. In contrast to the exclusive formation of 1,4-diketones 3 under catalytic conditions, uncatalyzed reaction of 1 with 2 gave aldol-type products 4 through carbonyl attack. NMR study indicates that the catalyzed reaction includes precondensation between tin enolates and alpha-haloketones providing an aldol-type species and their rearrangement of the oxoalkyl group with leaving halogen to produce 1,4-diketones. The catalyst, zinc halides, plays an important role in each step. The carbonyl attack for precondensation is accelerated by the catalyst as Lewis acid and the intermediate zincate promotes the rearrangement by releasing oxygen and bonding with halogen. Various types of tin enolates and alpha-chloro- and bromoketones were applied to the zinc-catalyzed cross-coupling. On the other hand, the allylic halides, which have no carbonyl moiety, were inert to the zinc-catalyzed coupling with tin enolates. The copper halides showed high catalytic activity for the coupling between tin enolates 1 and organic halides 7 to give gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones 8 and/or 9. The reaction with even chlorides proceeded effectively by the catalytic system.     

Copper(I) tert-butoxide-promoted 1,4 C sp 2-to-O silyl migration: generation of vinyl copper equivalents and their stereospecific cross-coupling with allylic,aryl, and vinylic halides

Successive treatment of the (Z)-gamma-trimethylsilyl allylic alcohols with copper(I) tert-butoxide and allylic halides followed by the tetrabutylammonium fluoride-assisted hydrolysis produced the allylation products, 2,5-alkadien-1-ols, with complete retention of configuration. Similar treatment of the organometallic intermediates with aryl and vinylic halides in the presence of palladium(0) catalyst gave the corresponding cross-coupling products in good yields. The stereoselective preparation of the starting materials is also described.     

Ligand control in palladium—catalyzed coupling reactions between organozirconium compounds and allylic species

A (π-allylic)Pd(II) complex can serve as a catalyst precursor for selective coupling between allylic halides or acetates and alkenylsirconium complexes.     

Palladium-catalyzed reactions of arylindium reagents prepared directly from aryl iodides and indium metal

Treatment of aryl iodides with indium metal in the presence of lithium chloride leads to the formation of an organoindium reagent capable of participating in cross-coupling reactions under transition-metal catalysis. Combination with aryl halides in the presence of 5 mol % Cl2Pd(dppf) furnishes biaryl compounds in good yields; similarly, reaction with acyl halides or allylic acetates/carbonates in the presence of 5-10 mol % palladium catalyst leads to arylketones and allylic substitution products, respectively, in moderate yields. The reactions are tolerant of the presence of protic solvents, and approximately 85% of the indium metal employed can be recovered by reduction of the residual indium salts with zinc(0).     

Allylic alcohols as synthetic enolate equivalents: isomerisation and tandem reactions catalysed by transition metal complexes

Allylic alcohols can be isomerised into carbonyl compounds by transition metal complexes. In the last few years, catalyst design and development have resulted in highly efficient isomerisations under mild reaction conditions, including enantioselective versions. In addition, the isomerisation of allylic alcohols has been combined with C-C bond forming reactions when electrophiles such as aldehydes or imines were present in the reaction mixture. Also, C-F bonds can be formed when electrophilic fluorinating reagents are used. Thus, allylic alcohols can be treated as latent enol(ate)s. In this article, we highlight the latest developments concerning the isomerisation of allylic alcohols into carbonyl compounds, focusing in particular on tandem isomerisation/C-C or C-heteroatom bond formation processes. Significant attention is given to the mechanistic aspects of the reactions.     

Regioselective allylic alkylation and etherification catalyzed by in situ generated N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium complexes

Benzimidazolium halides are used for the first time as ligand precursors in ruthenium-catalyzed substitution of allylic carbonates and chlorides by carbon nucleophiles and phenols, respectively. After generation of diaminocarbene species upon deprotonation by tBuOK, their association with [Cp*Ru(MeCN)₃]PF₆ induces a very high regioselectivity in favor of the branched isomers when cinnamyl derivatives are used as starting substrates. They also provide good regioselectivities for the allylation of phenols by unsymmetrical aliphatic allylic substrates such as 3-chloro-4-phenylbut-1-ene, and thus provide a straightforward access to new allylic phenyl ethers.     

V@CN催化的芳烃的氧气羟基化反应

制备了V@CN催化剂,并用于氧气条件下芳烃的直接羟基化反应。结果表明,在V@CN催化剂作用下,带有不同吸电子基团(CN, NO2, COOH, CF3和COCH3)的芳烃均可被O2氧化得到相应的酚,产率中等。含有卤素(F, Cl和Br)的芳烃也可在该催化体系作用下转化为相应的酚。     

Nickel-catalyzed asymmetric negishi cross-couplings of secondary allylic chlorides with alkylzincs

Complementing previous advances in allylation chemistry, an effective nickel/Pybox catalyst for regioselective asymmetric Negishi cross-couplings of racemic secondary allylic chlorides with readily available organozinc halides has been developed. The method has been applied in two key steps of a formal total synthesis of fluvirucinine A1.     

Enantioselective epoxidation with chiral MN(III)(salen) catalysts: kinetic resolution of aryl-substituted allylic alcohols

A set of aryl-substituted allylic alcohols rac-2 has been epoxidized by chiral Mn(salen*) complexes 1 as the catalyst and iodosyl benzene (PhIO) as the oxygen source. Whereas one enantiomer of the allylic alcohol 2 is preferentially epoxidized to give the threo- or cis-epoxy alcohol 3 (up to 80% ee) as the main product (dr up to >95:5), the other enantiomer of 2 is enriched (up to 53% ee). In the case of 1,1-dimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-2-ol (2c), the CH oxidation to the enone 4c proceeds enantioselectively and competes with the epoxidation. The absolute configurations of the allylic alcohols 2 and their epoxides 3 have been determined by chemical correlation or CD spectroscopy. The observed diastereo- and enantioselectivities in the epoxidation reactions are rationalized in terms of a beneficial interplay between the hydroxy-directing effect and the attack along the Katsuki trajectory.     

Nickel-catalyzed arylation of acrolein diethyl acetal: a substitute to the 1,4-addition of arylhalides to acrolein

[reaction: see text] In the presence of catalytic amount of NiBr(2) as catalyst precursor, organic halides are reductively coupled at 70 degrees C with acrolein diethyl acetal to give (Z)- and (E)-enolethers by allylic deplacement of an alkoxy group. Subsequent hydrolysis affords beta-arylated aldehydes.     

Polymer-incarcerated gold-palladium nanoclusters with boron on carbon: a mild and efficient catalyst for the sequential aerobic oxidation-Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to allylic alcohols

We have developed a polymer-incarcerated bimetallic Au-Pd nanocluster and boron as a catalyst for the sequential oxidation-addition reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols. The desired tandem reaction products were obtained in good to excellent yields under mild conditions with broad substrate scope. In the course of our studies, we discovered that the excess reducing agent, sodium borohydride, reacts with the polymer backbone to generate an immobilized tetravalent boron catalyst for the Michael reaction. In addition, we found bimetallic Au-Pd nanoclusters to be particularly effective for the aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols under base- and water-free conditions. The ability to conduct the reaction under relatively neutral and anhydrous conditions proved to be key in maintaining good catalyst activity during recovery and reuse of the catalyst. Structural characterization (STEM, EDS, SEM, and N(2) absorption/desorption isotherm) of the newly prepared PI/CB-Au/Pd/B was performed and compared to PI/CB-Au/Pd. We found that while boron was important for the Michael addition reaction, it was found to alter the structural profile of the polymer-carbon black composite material to negatively affect the allylic oxidation reaction.     

Palladium-catalysed intramolecular coupling of vinyl or aryl halides and β,γ-unsaturated nitronates

Both vinyl and aryl halides effectively undergo intramolecular coupling with amino-tethered allylic nitro moieties in the presence of a palladium catalyst and base. The reaction constitutes a useful methodology for the synthesis of bridged nitrogen-containing compounds.     

Asymmetric total syntheses of (+)-cheimonophyllon e and (+)-cheimonophyllal

The highly enantiocontrolled total syntheses of natural (+)-cheimonophyllon E (5) and (+)-cheimonophyllal (6), biologically intriguing oxygenated bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids, have been completed. The present synthetic strategy featured the use of an asymmetric aldol-type reaction for preparing in the first synthetic step an optically active 6-C-substituted 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone derivative. Thus, a Mukaiyama aldol reaction of 1-methyl-3-silyloxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene 31 with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde 11 in the presence of a chiral (acyloxy)borane (CAB)-type Yamamoto catalyst 33 proceeded with high levels of both diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The predominant aldol adduct, syn-9, was transformed into gamma,delta-epoxy allylic alcohol 8 by a nine-step sequence, including the substrate-controlled 1,2-reduction of enone, syn-12, also the epoxidation of allylic alcohol 15. Epoxy-alcohol 8 underwent 5-exo-cyclization in a high regioselective manner under acidic conditions to produce a bicyclic key intermediate (+)-7, which was eventually efficiently converted to (+)-cheimonophyllon E (5) or (+)-cheimonophyllal (6).     

Zeo-click synthesis: Cu-zeolite-catalyzed one-pot two-step synthesis of triazoles from halides and related compounds

Cu^I-zeolites proved to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot two-step synthesis of triazoles from halides or tosylates, sodium azide, and alkynes. The step and atom economies of this cascade reaction as well as water used as solvent and catalyst recycling make such synthesis a trully green process. With selected substrates, the peculiar roles of Cu^I-zeolites as catalysts were highlighted.     

Ni- and Pd-catalyzed synthesis of substituted and functionalized allylic boronates

Two highly efficient and convenient methods for the synthesis of functionalized and substituted allylic boronates are described. In one procedure, readily available allylic acetates are converted to allylic boronates catalyzed by Ni/PCy(3) or Ni/PPh(3) complexes with high levels of stereoselectivity and in good yields. Alternatively, the borylation can be accomplished with commercially available Pd catalysts [e.g., Pd(2)(dba)(3), PdCl(2), Pd/C], starting with easily accessed allylic halides.     

FeCl_3·6H_2O-catalyzed selective reduction of allylic halides to alkenes with concomitant oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes

Iron-catalyzed direct reduction of allylic halides with benzylic alcohol was achieved,providing a new,simple,and efficient method for conducting highly regioselective hydrodehalogenation.This method not only features a readily available reductant,an inexpensive catalyst,simple manipulation,and good tolerance of functional groups including nitriles,nitro,esters,and methoxyl groups,it also has mild reaction conditions and shows complete regioselectivity in that only halides sited at the allylic position are reduced.Alternatively,this method can be applied in the selective transformation of benzylic alcohols to aromatic aldehydes without overoxidation to carboxylic acids.     

Synthesis of (−)‐3‐Carene‐2,5‐dione via Allylic Oxidation of (+)‐3‐Carene

Activated carbon‐supported CuCl₂ (CuCl₂/AC) is a heterogeneous catalyst for the liquid‐phase selective allylic oxidation of (+)‐3‐carene with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and O₂ to produce (?)‐3‐carene‐2,5‐dione. The possible reaction mechanism and the effects of different factors on the allylic oxidation were investigated. The optimal conditions are as follows: reaction temperature, 45 °C; molar ratio of CuCl₂ to (+)‐3‐carene, 1%; volume ratio of (+)‐3‐carene to TBHP, 1:3; and reaction time, 12 h. Under the optimal conditions, the conversion of (+)‐3‐carene reached 100%, whereas the selectivity for (?)‐3‐carene‐2,5‐dione reached 78%. The CuCl₂/AC catalyst was characterized via X‐ray diffraction, and the chemical structure of the target compound was identified via infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and optical analysis.