基于波段带宽的谱段测温的优化测量分析

基于窄波段内普适性的线性发射率模型,采用具有Gauss分布的传感器设计,将三波长(单色)辐射温度测量拓展到三波段(谱段)辐射温度测量,提出了使测量具有最佳温度分辨精度的优化准则。讨论优化测量的主要方式是通过改变Gauss分布的半宽度,实现从单色测量到谱段测量的逐渐递进,因而优化分析从传统的分析波长选择上,过渡到分析波段带宽的选择上。对于特定的辐射情形,依据优化准则,数值模拟结果给出了最佳温度分辨精度的波段带宽(即Gauss分布半宽度)分布。最优半宽度的分析表明,单色辐射测量往往并非是最优测量,文章的分析将给辐射优化测量提供重要的理论指导。     

曝光一定时单相机辐射测温范围的影响因素分析

针对单相机单波长测温和比色测温过程中测温范围较窄的问题,以单波长测温过程为基础,推导了相机传感器动态范围和工作波长对单相机测温范围影响的理论公式,并对波段选取过程中的影响因素进行了分析。理论分析结果表明：相机动态范围和波长的选取限制了一次曝光时测温范围的最大跨度值,在相机传感器唯一确定时,相机动态范围一定,根据波段选取原则选定工作波段,选定估计温度范围下限之后,由公式即可确定待测温度上限,再根据实际测温范围调整波段和估计测温下限;配合调节曝光及光圈,充分利用相机传感器的全动态范围,可实现单相机辐射测温法中宽温度范围的测量。此外,通过涡流加热实验和熔池温度场测量实验对上述影响因素进行验证,选取更优波长和更优曝光时间,可提高单次测温跨度至少40%,为单相机测温技术的具体实施提供技术参考。     

基于光谱响应定标的辐射测温方法

辐射测温是通过测量物体发出的辐射来反演温度,辐射测量方程中含有与空间位置相关的非光谱参数,通常需通过辐射标定予以确认。而该研究将非光谱参数归入有限项级数形式的光谱发射率中,这既不会影响多通道测温方程组的封闭性,又不会影响真温求解,从而在无需测量数据归一化的条件下,实现了无需空间位置标定的辐射测温,该方法仅需要标定仪器的绝对光谱响应或相对光谱响应,但不能解得发射率。以两个特例分别对多波长测温方法和多谱段测温方法的求解特性进行了研究。结果表明：对于任意的测量矢量,有效波长不相同的多波长测温唯一解是存在的;而多谱段测温时,存在无解区域,双解直线,甚至可能存在三解直线。     

基于有限立体角测量的谱色测温法

辐射测温是通过测量物体表面发射的辐射来反演温度. 本文结合线性发射率模型从辐射测温方程封闭求解的角度, 解释了谱色测温通常需采用微元立体角测量或针对漫发射体的有限立体角辐射测量的原因, 并推导出了有限立体角辐射测量条件下, 具有非漫发射性质物体表面温度测量的辐射测温方程, 该方程具有测量普适性. 以此方程为基础, 推导了具有测量普适性的谱色测温方程组, 发现不同的辐射测量条件下, 发射率标尺的取值范围相同, 但物理意义发生了明显变化.     

谱色测温法的温度场分区讨论

谱色测温法是该课题组提出的一种新的辐射测温法。针对可探测的温度区间,通过辐射光谱耦合信息的分析,考察了区间内所有温度点都能同时被失真测量的必要条件;对于不满足该条件的测量,提出了温度场分区的概念,描述了温度场分区的步骤,并给出了相应的数值模拟结果。研究结果将对谱色测温法的应用具有指导意义。     

光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题,利用200～1 100和900～1 700 nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱,分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征,确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段,获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况,详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响,总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则,并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响,这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

一种被动式单波长实时测温系统的优化设计

基于Kirchhoff定律,利用一面反射镜,设计了一种可同时测量发射率及温度的单波长实时测温系统.从系统的测温灵敏度、相对测温灵敏度、探测器的温度分辨力及系统的测温标准差与波长的关系出发,并结合大气对红外辐射的透射特性,优化了系统的工作波长; 从系统的抗反射辐射能力与波长带宽的关系出发,并结合探测器的最小可探测光功率要求,优化了系统的波长带宽.实验结果表明,当λ=0.80 μm、Δλ=20 nm时,在测温范围600~2 500℃内,系统的测温不确定度优于0.3%.     

基于有限立体角测量的多光谱测温

辐射测温以Planck定律为基础通过测量物体表面的发射辐射来反演温度。推导了有限立体角辐射测量条件下的单色测温方程,发现多光谱辐射测温能够实现温度和光谱发射率同时求解通常需满足特定的辐射测量条件：进行微元立体角辐射测量或仅针对漫发射体的有限立体角辐射测量。引入多项式发射率模型,经过数学转化,可以摆脱以上测量限制,得到具有测量普适性的单色测温方程,但却不一定能同时测量光谱发射率。对测温方程组的多解问题进行了初步研究,提出使测量通道数大于待求变量数及采用非线性最小二乘来解决此问题。     

光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究（英文）

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题,利用200~1 100和900~1 700nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱,分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征,确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段,获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况,详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响,总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则,并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响,这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

发射率限定辐射测温原理

辐射测温技术随着辐射测量传感器技术的进步而不断进步,已经由单波长测温发展到多波长和多波段测温,由点温测量发展到二维甚至三维温度场测量。但是在辐射测温更精确反演方面,却很难克服因发射率未知性而引起的模型构建误差。发射率行为难以确定并极大地影响了测温精度,急需发展一种具有通用性,不受发射率具体行为限制,具有较高稳定性的辐射测温方法。双波长测温适用于发射率具有灰体行为的物体温度测量,一系列的发射率补偿算法和波长选择方法均未能很好地实现通用性测量,往往直接单色测量可能误差比比色法更小。多波长测温得到广泛应用,但并不是波长越多越好,发射率模型仍然具有较大局限性。提出了发射率直接限定算法和发射率松驰限定算法来反演温度。在发射率限定条件相同时,这两种方法是等价的。发射率松驰限定算法基于最小二乘算法和松驰因子进行真温求解。推导了松驰限定法的误差传递公式,发现在保证测量信号强度的前提下,λT越小温度误差越小;发射率行为对温度相对误差具有重要影响,在相同的λT条件下,发射率随波长变化越大,在限定区间上覆盖越均匀,测量误差越小。但从直接限定算法可以看出所测波长数越多,测量误差越小。两种方法均可以看出,减少限定区间长度也可以显著地提高测量精度。     

The application analyses for primary spectrum pyrometer

In the applications of primary spectrum pyrometry, based on the dynamic range and the minimum sensibility of the sensor, the application issues, such as the measurement range and the measurement partition, were investigated through theoretical analyses. For a developed primary spectrum pyrometer, the theoretical predictions of measurement range and the distributions of measurement partition were presented through numerical simulations. And the measurement experiments of high-temperature blackbody and standard temperature lamp were processed to further verify the above theoretical analyses and numerical results. Therefore the research in the paper provides the helpful supports for the applications of primary spectrum pyrometer and other radiation pyrometers.     

Analysis of multi-band pyrometry for emissivity and temperature measurements of gray surfaces at ambient temperature

A multi-band pyrometry model is developed to evaluate the potential of measuring temperature and emissivity of assumably gray target surfaces at 300 K. Twelve wavelength bands between 2 and 60 μm are selected to define the spectral characteristics of the pyrometers. The pyrometers are surrounded by an enclosure with known background temperature. Multi-band pyrometry modeling results in an overdetermined system of equations, in which the solution for temperature and emissivity is obtained through an optimization procedure that minimizes the sum of the squared residuals of each system equation. The Monte Carlo technique is applied to estimate the uncertainties of temperature and emissivity, resulting from the propagation of the uncertainties of the pyrometers. Maximum reduction in temperature uncertainty is obtained from dual-band to tri-band systems, a small reduction is obtained from tri-band to quad-band, with a negligible reduction above quad-band systems (a reduction between 6.5% and 12.9% is obtained from dual-band to quad-band systems). However, increasing the number of bands does not always reduce uncertainty, and uncertainty reduction depends on the specific band arrangement, indicating the importance of choosing the most appropriate multi-band spectral arrangement if uncertainty is to be reduced. A reduction in emissivity uncertainty is achieved when the number of spectral bands is increased (a reduction between 6.3% and 12.1% is obtained from dual-band to penta-band systems). Besides, emissivity uncertainty increases for pyrometers with high wavelength spectral arrangements. Temperature and emissivity uncertainties are strongly dependent on the difference between target and background temperatures: uncertainties are low when the background temperature is far from the target temperature, tending to very high values as the background temperature approaches the target temperature.     

Inverse analysis of non-uniform temperature distributions using multispectral pyrometry

Optical diagnostics can be used to obtain sub-pixel temperature information in remote sensing. A multispectral pyrometry method was developed using multiple spectral radiation intensities to deduce the temperature area distribution in the measurement region. The method transforms a spot multispectral pyrometer with a fixed field of view into a pyrometer with enhanced spatial resolution that can give sub-pixel temperature information from a “one pixel” measurement region. A temperature area fraction function was defined to represent the spatial temperature distribution in the measurement region. The method is illustrated by simulations of a multispectral pyrometer with a spectral range of 8.0–13.0 μm measuring a non-isothermal region with a temperature range of 500–800 K in the spot pyrometer field of view. The inverse algorithm for the sub-pixel temperature distribution (temperature area fractions) in the “one pixel” verifies this multispectral pyrometry method. The results show that an improved Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is effective for this ill-posed inverse problem with relative errors in the temperature area fractions of (–3%, 3%) for most of the temperatures. The analysis provides a valuable reference for the use of spot multispectral pyrometers for sub-pixel temperature distributions in remote sensing measurements.     

Measurement performance of an optical CCD-based pyrometer system

The measurement performance of a CCD-based pyrometer system using a three-color method was evaluated for scientific and engineering metrology. The relationships between the system parameters (exposure time and sensor gain) and the intensity measurements in an integrating sphere experiment were determined for a specific CCD sensor. The pyrometer system uses the three-color method based on the intensity ratio without geometry calibrations. The field measurement characteristics and the effectiveness of coupling the three-color channels were investigated in terms of the temperature measurement uniformity, temperature sensitivity and temperature range of the pyrometer system in standard blackbody tests. The results showed that the temperature non-uniformity is not proportional to the intensity non-uniformity and is in the range of 0.13-2.14%. The relative temperature sensitivities of intensity ratios for different channel combinations are different, which may provide a way to improve the measurement results. The temperature range bandwidth for object with a non-uniform temperature distribution varies from 190 to 270 K for this specific CCD-based pyrometer. The performance evaluation conclusions for the system with this specific CCD sensor are general and applicable for pyrometer systems using other CCD sensors.     

Temperature measurements of high-temperature semi-transparent infrared material using multi-wavelength pyrometry

Temperature measurements inside semi-transparent materials are important in many fields. This study investigates the measurements of interior temperature distributions in a one-dimensional semi-transparent material using multi-wavelength pyrometry based on the Levenberg–Marquardt method (LMM). The investigated material is semi-transparent Zinc Sulfide (ZnS), an infrared-transmitting optical material operating at long wavelengths. The radiation properties of the one-dimensional semi-transparent ZnS plate, including the effective spectral–directional radiation intensity and the proportion of emitted radiation, are numerically discussed at different wavelengths (8.0–14.0 μm) and temperature distributions (400–800 K) to provide the basic data for the temperature inversion problem. Multi-wavelength pyrometry was combined with the Levenberg–Marquardt method to resolve the temperature distribution along the radiative transfer direction based on the line-of-sight spectral radiation intensities at multiple wavelengths in the optimized spectral range of (11.0–14.0 μm) for the semi-transparent ZnS plate. The analyses of the non-linear inverse problem show that with less than 5.0% noise, the inversion temperature results using the Levenberg–Marquardt method are satisfactory for linear or Gaussian temperature distributions in actual applications. The analysis provides valuable guidelines for applications using multi-wavelength pyrometry for temperature measurements of semi-transparent materials.     

提高空间目标温度测量精度的波段优选方法

为提高空间目标温度的测量精度而进行波段优选方法的探索。建立空间目标温度测量数学模型和波段优选评价函数数学模型,仿真分析探测波段对红外系统的测温灵敏度、温度分辨力和信噪比的影响,实现系统探测波段的优选。仿真结果表明,优选的探测波段为中心波长范围8.0 m～9.6 m,波段宽度60 nm,温度分辨力最高可达到0.06 K,同时可获得大于5的信噪比。结论:提出的方法可以使测温灵敏度和温度分辨力分别平均有8.7%和11.3%的提高。     

辐射测温中光谱发射率的表征描述

实际物体的光谱发射率表现复杂,给辐射测温的深入研究和实际应用带来了很多困难和不确定性,发射率问题即成为了辐射测温研究中的关键点。文章基于光谱发射率的泰勒多项式展开、波长的无量纲参数、弯曲度指数等分析,描述了谱色测温法中光谱发射率的数学表征,建立了窄波段内的光谱发射率通用函数形式。并通过对不同温度下几种金属的实际光谱发射率进行拟合分析,对此给予了实验上的验证,表明了所提出光谱发射率模型具有应用的适用性,该模型是谱色测温方法应用研究的基础。