Loss measurements in graded-index compound-glass fibers

The optical fiber scattering loss coefficient is measured directly in a scattering sphere or deduced indirectly from total loss measurements. The results show agreement for graded-index silica-based fibers, but they seem conflicting for graded-index compound-glass fibers. This is explained from the diffusion-controlled refractive index profile and the ensuing mode-dependent scattering and absorption loss due to the different optical properties of core and cladding glass. Using this model the two-lengths total loss measurement method is discussed. A detailed experiment is described that convincingly illustrates the mode of operation of the scattering sphere as used in daily practice. The wavelength-independent term in the total loss, different for fibers drawn from the same glass, is explained as being scattering partly due to 1-mode mixing of modes with the same β by imperfections that affect high-1-modes predominantly. The total loss of the glasses to be investigated can be measured using low NA excited silicone-clad fibers and safely can be decomposed into scattering and absorption contributions.     

Effect of interaction strength on gap solitons of Bose--Einstein condensates in optical lattices

We have developed a systematic analytical approach to the study on the dynamic properties of the linear and the nonlinear excitations for quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in optical lattices. A novel linear dispersion relation and an algebraic soliton solution of the condensate are derived analytically under consideration of Bose-Einstein condensate with a periodic potential. By analysing the soliton solution, we find that the interatomic interaction strength has an important effect on soliton dynamic properties of Bose-Einstein condensate.     

光晶格中超流费米气体的能隙孤子

研究了一维光晶格中超流费米气体的能隙孤子. 应用平均场理论和超流费米气体的流体动力学模型, 利用变分法得到了在整个跨越区超流费米气体在光晶格中存在带隙孤子的条件, 即原子间的非线性相互作用项与系统化学势以及晶格深度的相互关系. 通过对超流费米气体的基态能隙孤子空间分布的分析与对比, 揭示了在一维情况下超流费米气体能隙孤子的存在并发现超流费米气体能隙孤子在整个跨越区当系统从Bose-Einstein凝聚端跨越到BCS端时孤子存在的条件与孤子空间分布存在明显的差别.     

空间调制作用下Bessel型光晶格中物质波孤立子的稳定性

利用变分法和数值计算方法研究了空间调制作用下Bessel型光晶格中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体系中孤立子的稳定性, 给出了存在随空间非周期变化的线性Bessel型光晶格和非线性光晶格(原子之间非线性相互作用的空间调制)时, 各种参数组合下涡旋和非涡旋孤立子的稳定性条件. 首先, 利用圆对称的高斯型试探波函数得出描述体系稳定性参数满足的Euler-Lagrange方程和变分法分析体系稳定性所需要的有效作用势能的表达式. 然后, 根据有效作用势能是否具有局域最小值判断体系是否具有稳定状态, 得出体系具有稳定状态时参数所满足的条件. 最后, 利用有限差分法求解Gross-Pitaevskii方程验证变分法结果的正确性, 所得结果和变分法结果一致. 关键词： Bessel型光晶格 非线性光晶格 孤立子 稳定性     

W-型单模单偏振光纤截止基模的能量损耗

给出了一种新的数值计算W型单模单偏振光纤截止基模能量损耗的方法－－区域模场边界条件匹配法。用这种方法分析了截止基模能量损耗与光张结构参数的关系。得出了截止基模能量损耗随椭圆内包层长半轴、短半轴或内包层折射率深度的增加而迅速减小，以及高椭圆度内包层情形下截止基模能量损耗仅由内包层短半轴、内包层折射度和纤芯－外包层相对经差确定的结论；同时得出了截止基模能量损耗与纤芯－外包层相对折射率差的平方根成正比的解析结果。最后将数值计算和实验进行了比较，两者较为一致。     

Design guidelines and characteristics of beam-shaping microstructure optical fibers

Microstructure optical fibers with flat-top fundamental mode are first proposed by introducing a low-index inner core into the core of index-guiding microstructure optical fibers. The design guidelines and characteristics of beam-shaping microstructure optical fibers are demonstrated. The interrelationships of inner-core index with laser wavelength, air hole diameter and size of inner core are investigated. The influence of the relative size of inner core on the spatial profile of the fundamental mode is demonstrated. Moreover, sensitivity of the flat-top fundamental mode profile from the slight change of the optimum inner-core index value is studied. Starting from these results we deduce that it is possible to fabricate beam-shaping microstructure fibers with nowadays technique.     

W型单模单偏振光纤基模截止的条件

给出了 W型单模单偏振光纤基模截止的必要条件。通过对基模截止波长的数值计算 ,分析了这个必要条件的充分性。结论是 :对于圆形内包层 W型光纤来说 ,这是必要的而又充分的条件 ;对于低椭圆度内包层 W型单模单偏振光纤来说 ,它可以在较高的精度上近似作为充分条件 ,而对于高椭圆度内包层 W型单模单偏振光纤来说 ,它仅仅只是必要条件而非充分条件     

二维线性与非线性光晶格中物质波孤立子的稳定性

利用变分法和数值计算方法研究了二维线性和非线性光晶格中二维玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体系中物质波孤立子的存在及其稳定性. 利用定态变分原理及Vakhitov-Kolokolov判据总结了线性和非线性结合光晶格中几种参数组合下定态定域解的稳定性. 结果表明, 当存在二维非线性光晶格时, 在吸引和排斥相互作用的原子体系中均可以存在稳定的物质波孤立子. 另外, 利用含时变分法研究了线性和非线性光晶格中物质波孤立子随时间的传播特性, 使波包参数对时间的一阶导数等于零, 可以给出稳定状态对应的参数, 结论和定态变分法给出的结果一致. 最后用数值计算方法研究变分结果的正确性, 把变分结果作为初始条件代入Gross-Pitaevskii方程研究其随时间传播特征, 得到了稳定的传播过程, 所得到的结果和变分分析结果一致. 关键词： 线性非线性光晶格 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 孤立子 稳定性     

Bend loss calculation in single-mode graded-index fibers using variational fields

Calculation of bend loss for single-mode graded-index fibers utilizes the fundamental modal field. Using some of the single and two parameter scalar variational approximations available in the literature for this mode, the bend loss has been computed. The exact results are obtained using a well known numerical method. The accuracies of the results obtained from the use of these variational fields have been compared.     

Analytical Descriptions of Dark and Gray Solitons in Nonlocal Nonlinear Media

By using the standard symmetry reduction method, the gray/dark solitons and periodic waves (gray/dark soliton lattice) are analytically studied for the nonlinear optical media with periodic nonlocal response. It is found that there are two critical points for the quantity β ≡ w_m²/w₀², the multiplication of the square of the wave number (1/w₀) and the strength (w_m²) of the nonlocality both for the soliton and periodic solutions. The soliton solution exists only for β ≤ 1/4 and the soliton is a double well gray soliton for β > 1/8 while it is a single well gray soliton for β ≤ 1/8. The soliton is dark only for β = 1/4, otherwise it is a gray soliton. Similar critical points exist for the gray/dark soliton lattice solutions.     

受激喇曼过程对光纤中基态孤立子传输的影响

用计算机模拟研究了在光纤中传输的基态孤立子由于喇曼自泵浦所造成的能量谱的变化.发现,对于脉宽窄于亚微微秒的孤立子,伴随自频移效应,能量谱会相应发生畸变和带宽变化.     

Quasi-linear pulses in birefringent fibers

The evolution of quasi-linear optical pulses in birefringent fibers, with strong dispersion-management, is studied analytically. The nonlinear terms of the Gabitov–Turitsyn equations (GTE) are analyzed asymptotically. The total spectral intensity, for a lossless system, is found to be an invariant of propagation, while for a lossy system it is dependent on the relative position of the amplifier in the dispersion map.OCIS Codes. 060.2330; 060.4370; 060.5530; 190.4370; 260.2030     

Surface defect gap solitons in one-dimensional dual-frequency lattices

We study the surface defect gap solitons in an interface between a defect of one-dimensional dual-frequency lattices and the uniform media. Some unique properties are revealed that such lattices can broaden the region of semi-finite gap, and the semi-finite gap exists not only in the positive and zero defects but also in the negative defect; unlike in the regular lattices, the semi-finite gap exists in the positive and zero defects but does not exist in the negative defect. In particular, stable solitons exist almost in the whole semi-finite gap for the positive and zero defects. These properties are different from other lattices with defects. In addition, it is found that the existence of surface dual-frequency lattice solitons does not need a threshold power.     

Diverse chirped optical solitons and new complex traveling waves in nonlinear optical fibers

This paper studies chirped optical solitons in nonlinear optical fibers. However, we obtain diverse soliton solutions and new chirped bright and dark solitons, trigonometric function solutions and rational solutions by adopting two formal integration methods. The obtained results take into account the different conditions set on the parameters of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation of the new extended direct algebraic equation method. These results are more general compared to Hadi et al(2018 Optik 172 545–53) and Yakada et al(2019 Optik197 163108).     

Generation of single and multiple dissipative soliton in an erbium-doped fiber laser

We experimentally report on the generation of single and multiple dissipative soliton via nonlinear polarization rotation technique. The spectrum of the mode-locked dissipative soliton exhibits typical steep edges with a flat top; the pulse duration is 10.07 ps. It is found that with the pump power increasing from 110 mW to 161 mW, the top of the mode-locked spectrum becomes flater and the 3-dB spectral bandwidth is broadened, which indicates that the gain-dispersion effect is lowered under stronger pump. However, the full bandwidth of the spectrum is narrowed, which proves that the spectral filter effect increases and overcomes the effect of self-phase modulation induced spectral broadening. Such a phenomenon was not noticed nor reported before. Our experiment also demonstrates that the pulse interval is highly dependent on the input pump power: with pump power increasing, the pulse interval tends towards more uniform. So our observation qualitatively analyzes the relationship between mode-locked pulse characteristics and input pump power.     

边界耦合的Marangoni对流边界层问题的近似解析解

研究了由温度梯度引起的Marangoni对流边界层问题.由于动量方程和能量方程的边界条件耦合,利用相似变换将偏微分方程组转化为常微分方程非线性边界值问题.通过巧妙引入摄动小参数对速度和温度边界层方程同时渐近展开求解,得到了问题的近似解析解,并对相应的动量、能量传递特性进行了讨论. 关键词： Marangoni对流 近似解析解 渐近展开     

Study on an extended Boussinesq equation

An extended Boussinesq equation that models weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive waves on a uniform layer of water is studied in this paper. The results show that the equation is not Painlev\'e-integrable in general. Some particular exact travelling wave solutions are obtained by using a function expansion method. An approximate solitary wave solution with physical significance is obtained by using a perturbation method. We find that the extended Boussinesq equation with a depth parameter of $1/\sqrt 2$ is able to match the Laitone's (1960) second order solitary wave solution of the Euler equations.     

Spatial solitons in photonic lattices with large-scale defects

We address the existence,stability and propagation dynamics of solitons supported by large-scale defects surrounded by the harmonic photonic lattices imprinted in the defocusing saturable nonlinear medium.Several families of soliton solutions,including flat-topped,dipole-like,and multipole-like solitons,can be supported by the defected lattices with different heights of defects.The width of existence domain of solitons is determined solely by the saturable parameter.The existence domains of various types of solitons can be shifted by the variations of defect size,lattice depth and soliton order.Solitons in the model are stable in a wide parameter window,provided that the propagation constant exceeds a critical value,which is in sharp contrast to the case where the soliton trains is supported by periodic lattices imprinted in defocusing saturable nonlinear medium.We also find stable solitons in the semi-infinite gap which rarely occur in the defocusing media.     

Exact solutions of a new, 2D frictionless contact model for orthotropic piezoelectric materials indented by a rigid sliding punch

A theoretical analysis of two-dimensional frictionless sliding contact over orthotropic piezoelectric materials indented by a rigid sliding punch is carried out using a real fundamental solution approach. The actual sliding motion does occur, which is different from the classical sliding contact, and the Galilean transformation is introduced to make the governing equations containing the inertial terms tractable. A system of Cauchy singular integral equations is derived and exact solutions are obtained for the cases of a conducting flat punch and a cylindrical punch, respectively. Explicit expressions of various stresses and electric displacement for each case of eigenvalue distribution of the corresponding characteristic equation are obtained. Numerical results are presented to justify the validity of exact solutions. The effects of various mechanical-electric and geometrical loadings, dimensionless sliding speed and punch foundation profiles on the surface contact stress, surface electric charge and surface in-plane stress are presented. The singular behaviors at the edges of the punch are also revealed.     

Novel spatial solitons in light-induced photonic bandgap structures

The study of wave propagation in periodic systems is at the frontiers of physics, from fluids to condensed matter physics, and from photonic crystals to Bose-Einstein condensates. In optics, a typical example of periodic system is a closely-spaced waveguide array, in which collective behavior of wave propagation exhibits many intriguing phenomena that have no counterpart in homogeneous media. Even in a linear waveguide array, the diffraction property of a light beam changes due to evanescent coupling between nearby waveguide sites, leading to normal and anomalous discrete diffraction. In a nonlinear waveguide array, a balance between diffraction and self-action gives rise to novel localized states such as spatial “discrete solitons” in the semi-infinite (or total-internal-reflection) gap or spatial “gap solitons” in the Bragg reflection gaps. Recently, in a series of experiments, we have “fabricated” closely-spaced waveguide arrays (photonic lattices) by optical induction. Such photonic structures have attracted great interest due to their novel physics, link to photonic crystals, as well as potential applications in optical switching and navigation. In this review article, we present a brief overview on our experimental demonstrations of a number of novel spatial soliton phenomena in light-induced photonic bandgap structures, including self-trapping of fundamental discrete solitons and more sophisticated lattice gap solitons. Much of our work has direct impact on the study of similar discrete phenomena in systems beyond optics, including sound waves, water waves, and matter waves (Bose-Einstein condensates) propagating in periodic potentials.