小型铌酸锂多功能集成光学器件

为满足小型光纤陀螺对光学器件小体积的要求,对铌酸锂多功能集成光学小型化器件的结构做了分析和优化设计。采用BPM软件分析了Y形分支波导的S形波导损耗与弯曲长度及折射率差的关系。通过调整退火质子交换的工艺参数,增加了波导对光的束缚能力;降低了小型化芯片上S形波导的弯曲损耗;去掉了原有Y形波导的输出端直波导,直接由S形弯曲波导引至输出端,在更短的芯片上得到了更长的弯曲过渡区。设计制作的芯片长度由常规的20 mm减至12.5 mm,封装后的器件长度减小到20 mm,为目前同类常规器件尺寸的2/3。设计制作的器件插入损耗典型值小于2.5 dB,全温损耗变化量小于0.2 dB。     

Analysis and design of simple low-loss wide-angle waveguide bends

In this paper a simple low-loss planar waveguide wide-angle bend is proposed and analyzed. The waveguide bend of this work consists of a curved tapered angle such that its tapering can be adjusted for a minimum loss (maximum transmission coefficient) and small dimension of bend. The analysis is done using wide-angle BPM (beam propagation method) type Pade (4,4). The simulated results of different bends show that at the same transmission coefficient the area required for the proposed bends are smaller than those of the abrupt bends.     

优化的波导短程透镜研究

对光波导短程透镜进行优化。在无曲率奇点理想波导短程透镜的基础上，选取一般形式卷边函数，以无弯曲损耗为目标，讨论了透镜过渡区不同卷边函数形式的曲率分布，选取了最优卷边函数并给出透镜母线的特解。经过数值计算得到了优化的理想波导短程透镜的母线函数数值，完成了非球面面型的精细加工，研制出优化的理想波导短程透镜。实验测试结果表明，短程透镜在通光孔径8mm内消球差，对4mm宽的平面波束，焦距20mm的短程透镜，其焦点束斑宽度小于4μm。     

过模圆转弯波导的设计与实验

 研究了一种新型的过模圆转弯波导,可实现圆波导TM₀₁模的转弯传输。介绍了这种过模圆转弯波导的基本原理：即沿转弯平面插入一块金属板,将圆波导转换为两个半圆波导。圆波导TM₀₁模在半圆波导中转换为半圆波导TE₁₁模,经转弯传输后,重新将半圆波导TE₀₁模转换为圆波导TM₀₁模,从而实现圆波导TM₀₁模的转弯传输。基于这一原理设计了一个中心频率为2.856 GHz、转弯45°的过模圆转弯波导,并进行了数值模拟和实验研究。实验结果表明：其转弯半径为123.7 mm,转弯半径较小;在中心频点2.856 GHz处,传输损耗约为0.247 dB,驻波系数为1.217;在2.75～2.95 GHz的频率范围内传输损耗小于0.53 dB,驻波系数小于1.34。     

Loss reduction in silicon nanophotonic waveguide micro-bends through etch profile improvement

Single mode silicon photonic wire waveguides allow low-loss sharp micro-bends, which enables compact photonic devices and circuits. The circuit compactness is achieved at the cost of loss induced by micro-bends, which can seriously affect the device performance. The bend loss strongly depends on the bend radius, polarization, waveguide dimension and profile. In this paper, we present the effect of waveguide profile on the bend loss. We present waveguide profile improvement with optimized etch chemistry and the role of etch chemistry in adapting the etch profile of silicon is investigated. We experimentally demonstrate that by making the waveguide sidewalls vertical, the bend loss can be reduced up to 25% without affecting the propagation loss of the photonic wires. The bend loss of a 2 μm bend has been reduced from 0.039dB/90° bend to 0.028dB/90° bend by changing the sidewall angle from 81° to 90°, respectively. The propagation loss of 2.7 ± 0.1dB/cm and 3 ± 0.09dB/cm was observed for sloped and vertical photonic wires respectively was obtained.     

Analysis and Simulation of Adiabatic Bend Transitions in Optical Fibers

A low-loss criterion for bend transitions in optical fibers is proposed. An optical fiber can be tightly bent with low loss to be adiabatic for the fundamental mode, provided that an approximate upper bound on the rate of change of bend curvature for a given bend curvature is satistied. Two typical adiabatic bend transition paths, the optimum profile and linear protile, are analyzed and studied numerically. A realizable adiabatic transition with an Archimedean spiral profile is introduced for low bend loss in tightly bent optical fibers. Design of the transitions is based on modeling of the propagation and coupling characteristics of the core and cladding modes, which clearly illustrate the physical processes involved.     

同轴转弯波导的设计与实验研究

提出了一种同轴转弯波导。介绍了该同轴转弯波导的基本原理,设计并数值模拟了中心频率为4.0 GHz的同轴转弯波导,并对此同轴转弯波导进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:同轴转弯波导在中心频率4.0 GHz下,传输损耗约为0.17 dB,驻波系数为1.2;在3.8~4.2 GHz的频率范围内传输损耗小于0.2 dB,驻波系数小于1.25。同轴转弯波导内部无介质支撑,且体积小,结构简单,易于实现,适用于高功率微波馈线系统中的同轴波导的转弯和连接。     

质子交换Y分支光波导弯曲损耗研究

对采用退火质子交换技术(APE)制备的具有正弦型弯曲和余弦型弯曲两种不同的S型弯曲的Y分支光波导,利用宽角有限差分光束传播法,就过渡区长度、波导表面折射率增量、掩模版开口宽度等对波导弯曲损耗的影响进行了研究。结果表明,两种S弯曲下的Y分支波导的弯曲损耗,随波导结构参数的变化基本上是相同的,但二者的表现并不完全一致。数值计算结果为相应波导器件的设计和制备提供了一定的参考。     

基于Rayleigh-Bloch模式的单层结构弯曲声波导

基于一维声栅中的Rayleigh-Bloch(RB)模式基本特点,设计了一种单层结构弯曲声波导.利用有限元方法从时域和频域两方面验证了弯曲声波导的有效性,RB模式波可以沿着波导的弯曲界面传播.研究发现,由于采用了环形结构基本单元,在该波导中存在两种传播模式,分别对应能量局域在单元间(模式-1)和单元内部(模式-2)两种情况.其中,模式-2声传输效果更佳,几乎可实现无损传输.时域研究中分别采用了调制脉冲和高斯脉冲两种信号形式,分析了它们在弯曲声波导中的传输过程.由于波导中只允许RB模式波传播,因此对于宽频信号来说,可起到滤波的效果.并且,不同模式(频率)的信号会出现在声波导的不同位置,所得结果对于声波定向传输、声探测与识别等研究具有理论与应用价值.     

数值模拟二维间隙表面等离子波导传输特性

利用表面等离子激元的新颖特性,设计了二维间隙表面等离子波导.以这种结构为基础通过变形和组合形成90°直角弯曲波导、T型光功率分配器和光开光,采用时域有限差分法研究了它们的传输特性.结果表明:不同于介质光波导的弯曲损耗来自于辐射泄漏,90°直角弯曲间隙表面等离子波导的能量损耗主要来自于金属中的欧姆热损耗.在间隙达到40 nm以上后,当直行段的长度适当时,弯曲段的透射率较相同长度的直波导的透射率要大.T型光功率分配器在两输出波导的间隙宽度比达到0.6及以上时,不同于传统介质波导的分光原则,能量主要沿等效折射率较小的输出臂流出.当两输入光的相位反相时,T型光开关处于输出截止的状态,当两输入光的相位同相时,T型光开关处于输出导通的状态.所有波导间隙均小于衍射极限,实现了超衍射极限传播,可用于未来了超大规模集成光路中.     

Transmission Characteristics of 90° Bent Photonic Crystal Waveguides

There are several key factors that affect the transmission characteristics of the 90° (L-shaped) bent photonic crystal waveguides. The first factor is the direct coupling efficiency from the incident lights into the waveguides. The second one is the bandgap deviations of the photonic crystals. And the third factor is the optical reflections in the bent corners. In this article, we compare three types of L-shaped bent photonic crystal waveguides. One is the original type, which has an abrupt right-angle bend. Another is an improved 90° bend with a 45°-mirror. The other is an L-shaped bent photonic crystal waveguide with a 45°-transitional section. We investigate their respective frequency responses and observe the improvements in the total transmission efficiencies provided by the latter types.     

Study of transmission properties for waveguide bends by use of a circular photonic crystal

We study the transmission properties for the waveguide bends composed by a circular photonic crystal. Two types (Y and U type) of the waveguide bends utilizing the circular photonic crystal are studied. It has been shown, compared with the conventional photonic crystal waveguide bends, transmission properties for these bends can be significantly improved. Over a 6.4% bandwidth, less than 1-dB loss/bend are observed. U bent waveguide, i.e., 180° bend, can be easily realized with low loss using the circular photonic crystal.     

用于光互连的聚硅氧烷波导弯曲损耗

研究了用于光互连的聚硅氧烷多模光波导直接弯曲时弯曲损耗与圆弧曲率半径的关系。用Marcuse的直波导近似法理论计算了其弯曲损耗,理论计算表明弯曲损耗随模阶数的增加而变大,随半径的减少而变大;光在波导中传输时,总弯曲损耗出现阶跃式变化,并且曲率半径大于4 mm时,波导的弯曲损耗小于1dB/cm。用BeamPROP仿真软件仿真了5、10、20mm三种曲率半径下的传输光场情况。利用数字化散射法测量了其弯曲损耗,实验结果显示曲率半径在5～6mm时弯曲损耗值在0.55～0.8dB/cm之间,考虑所制备的聚硅氧烷直波导固有的传输损耗,实验值与理论值基本相符。     

The design of low-loss curved waveguides

A procedure for the design of low-loss continuous curvature waveguide bends, for use in integrated photonic circuits, is presented. The design employs the scalar finite element method and a technique for drawing waveguide bends based on their curvature. The finite difference beam propagation method is used to determine the power lost along the length of the waveguide structures. This new method allows the design of waveguide bends with lower loss than can be obtained by conventional methods.     

高功率TE_(01)过模斜接弯头设计

设计并分析了TE01斜接弯头结构,该结构由两段相同且垂直的模式变换段及与模式变换段呈45°斜接的金属镜面组成。整个结构等效于两个模式变换段对接,但中间存在间距为波导直径的缝隙。模式变换段将纯TE01模式转换为TE01和TE02的混合模式,该混合模式在缝隙中传播时电场呈现对称分布,从而降低了模式转换损耗,提高了传输效率。对设计的Ka波段TE01斜接弯头结构的理论仿真和加工实测结果表明:中心频点转换效率在98%以上,在2 GHz带宽内传输效率95%以上,插损小于0.2 dB,驻波小于1.2。     

Low-Power Testing of Losses in Millimeter-Wave Transmission Lines for High-Power Applications

We report the measurement of small losses in transmission line (TL) components intended for high-power millimeter-wave applications. Measurements were made using two different low-power techniques: a coherent technique using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and an incoherent technique using a radiometer. The measured loss in a 140 GHz 12.7 mm diameter TL system, consisting of 1.7 m of circular corrugated waveguide and three miter bends, is dominated by the miter bend loss. The measured loss was 0.3 ± 0.1 dB per miter bend using a VNA; and 0.22 ± 0.1 dB per miter bend using a radiometer. Good agreement between the two measurement techniques implies that both are useful for measuring small losses. To verify the methodology, the VNA technique was employed to measure the extremely small transmission loss in a 170 GHz ITER prototype TL system consisting of three lengths of 1 m, 63.5 mm diameter, circular corrugated waveguide and two miter bends. The measured loss of 0.05 ± 0.02 dB per miter bend may be compared with the theoretical loss of 0.027 dB per miter bend. These results suggest that low-power testing of TL losses, utilizing a small, simple TL system and a VNA, is a reliable method for evaluating performance of low-loss millimeter-wave TL components intended for use in high-power applications.     

Waveguide circuits in three-dimensional photonic crystals

Waveguide circuits in three-dimensional photonic crystals with complete photonic band gaps are simulated with finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, and compared with measurements on microwave scale photonic crystals. The transmission through waveguide bends critically depends on the photonic crystal architecture in the bend region. We have found experimentally and theoretically, a new waveguide bend configuration consisting of overlapping rods in the bend region, that performs better than the simple waveguide bend of terminated rods, especially in the higher frequency portion of the band. Efficient beam splitters with this junction geometry are also simulated.     

Curvature and microbending losses in single-mode optical fibres

Curvature of a single-mode optical fibre gives rise to two principal forms of additional transmission loss, namely transition loss and pure bend loss. The transition loss and the associated ray radiation, which have been observed at the beginning of a bend, can be satisfactorily explained by a modified coupled-mode theory. The radiation modes are represented by a quasi-guided mode having an average propagation constant _e. The introduction of a gradual change of curvature reduces the transition loss much more than the pure bend loss. Analysis of the microbending loss shows that the transition component is a maximum at a given correlation length which can be simply expressed in terms of _e. The contributions of both transition and bend components to the total microbend loss have been derived for the case of a randomly-curved fibre for several autocorrelation and density functions.     

High-transmission waveguide with a small radius of curvature at a bend fabricated by use of a circular photonic crystal

A bent photonic crystal waveguide was fabricated by use of a lattice pattern of a circular photonic crystal that allowed high transmission for a broad band of wavelengths with a small radius of curvature at a bend. The waveguide was fabricated by use of alumina rods with a diameter of 3 mm. Windows of high transmission as a result of waveguiding were observed near 9 and 15 GHz. By measurement of the relative wave intensity [E]2 along the line defects, the propagation losses in the straight and the bent sections were estimated at 9.3 GHz to be 0.04 and 0.03 dB/mm, respectively.     

Ultralow-bending-loss surface-plasmon-polariton waveguides

We report the transmission, reflection and loss properties of 90-degree and 135-degree bent silicon waveguide and 90-degree and 135-degree bent surface-plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides composed of metal thin film and silicon. Finite difference time domain simulation analysis shows that the maximum bending transmittances of 90-degree bent and 135-degree bent silicon waveguides are 51% and smaller than 10%, respectively, and the maximum bending transmittances of 90-degree bent and 135-degree bent SPP waveguides are 80% or so, and they are higher 30% and 70% than that of identically-bent silicon waveguides, respectively. Moreover, the SPP waveguide bend with metal thin film as inner layer of the bend and silicon as outer layer of the bend has much higher transmission than ones with silicon as the inner layer and metal thin film as the outer layer. The waveguide bend with metal as the inner layer and dielectric as the outer layer will be potential for integrated photonic devices and subsystem.