Legendre函数加权的声纳宽频带恒定束宽波束特性分析*

为了处理水声信号,声纳阵列通常需要形成宽频带恒定束宽的波束。采用两种阵元加权方法分析二维圆弧形恒定束宽换能器声纳阵列:球面Legendre函数加权方法和柱面Legendre函数加权方法。分别对球面阵、柱面阵和平面阵这三种几何结构的声纳阵列进行分析,并且计算波束宽度和波束方向。结果表明,在宽频带范围内,除了柱面Legendre函数加权的球面阵之外,其余Legendre函数加权的声纳阵列均能利用简单的、不随频率变化的阵元权重和阵元延时,形成恒定束宽的波束,并且具有较小的旁瓣,此外波束方向与预设方向也较为一致。相对于其他恒定束宽波束形成方法,Legendre函数加权方法能利用较低的计算复杂度来实现良好的宽频带恒定束宽的波束特性。     

截断阶梯Legendre函数加权阵列恒定束宽波束特性分析*

连续Legendre函数加权的恒定束宽换能器(CBT)阵列可以在一定频率范围内采用与频率无关的简单阵元权重实现恒定束宽的波束特性。然而常规CBT阵列需要为每个阵元配置相应的阵元权重,当阵元数量较大时会增加复杂度。该文分析了截断阶梯Legendre函数加权的面阵列,包括球面阵、柱面阵和平面阵,并且分别分析了Legendre函数球面加权方法和Legendre函数柱面加权方法应用于上述阵列的性能。结果表明,截断阶梯Legendre函数加权对波束方向的影响可以忽略,而主要影响波束宽度。对于面阵列,当采样阶梯不大于3 dB,截断点不大于-21 dB时,截断阶梯Legendre函数加权能很好近似连续Legendre函数加权。因此截断阶梯Legendre函数加权可以在保证CBT阵列性能的前提下有效减少阵元加权系数的数量。     

时域宽带恒定束宽波束形成的实验研究

由于实际水声系统中的阵列模型往往与理想阵列模型失配,导致基于理想阵列模型设计的时域恒定束宽波束形成器所形成的波束图在实际应用中严重畸变,从而不能有效地抑制旁瓣干扰和无失真地接收宽带信号。本文利用水池实验说明阵列模型失配对基于理想阵列模型设计的时域恒定束宽波束形成器的影响,并提出一种有效的设计方法以减小这种影响,即通过实际测量,获得包含失配信息在内的实际阵列模型,并将该模型应用到时域恒定束宽波束器的设计当中。实验结果表明,基于实际阵列模型的设计可以有效地减小由于阵列模型失配带来的影响,这对设计实际系统可以使用的时域恒定束宽波束形成器具有重要的意义。     

圆阵宽带恒定束宽波束形成的实验研究

为了检验“任意结构阵列宽带恒定束宽波束形成新方法”(声学学报, 2001;26(1):55—58)一文中提出的方法是否在实际系统中可行,我们针对24元均匀圆阵进行了湖上实验。基于实验数据,在覆盖一个倍频程带宽的8个频率点上形成了恒定束宽波束。实验圆阵的实测阵列流形和理论阵列流形存在较大误差,这表明该文采用的可适用于任意结构阵列的宽带恒定束宽波束形成方法具有良好的宽容性。     

一种稳健的恒定束宽波束形成方法

考虑到信号的方向信息存在误差时,宽带聚焦变换波束形成方法的稳健性会急剧下降,为了克服这种缺点,将稳健的二阶锥规划波束形成用于聚焦变换方法中,提出一种稳健宽带恒定束宽波束形成方法并将其应用于声呐探测。二阶锥规划波束形成是通过对阵列流形进行约束求解得到准确的权值,从而减少聚焦数据误差,避免估计畸变,得到恒定束宽,提高了聚焦变换恒定束宽波束形成器的性能。借助计算机对圆环形传感器阵列在宽频段内进行恒定束宽波束优化设计,并进行了实验研究,结果表明该方法对信号信息误差有很好的宽容性,能实现我们期望得到的恒定束宽波束图,能应用于实际的声呐探测中。并且比传统的二阶锥恒定束宽方法有更高的稳健性。      

任意结构阵列宽带恒定束宽波束形成新方法

提出了一种任意结构阵列宽带恒定束宽波束形成的新方法．该方法把任意结构阵列的响应向量表示成以Ｂｅｓｓｅｌ函数为核函数的级数之和,并将高阶项截断,然后把频带内各个频率点上的阵列响应向量转化到参考频率上,从而得到恒定束宽波束形成向量,使得各个频率上的波束和参考波束相同．同时,本文还给出了一种基于自适应处理的参考波束优化方法．结合均匀分布离散国阵所作的计算机仿真验证了本文所提方法的有效性．     

基于二阶锥规划的任意传感器阵列时域恒定束宽波束形成

提出了基于FIR滤波器的适用于任意几何形状和阵元方向性的传感器阵列的时域恒定束宽波束形成方法。首先将设计频带分成若干窄带,采用优化方法,通过对各窄带波束施加约束,设计出具有设定主瓣形状要求的各窄带波束。然后针对每个传感器,根据其各频率波束形成加权向量,采用约束优化方法,设计出具有要求幅度和相位响应的FIR滤波器。各滤波器输出相加即得到时域恒定束宽波束输出时间序列。波束图主瓣形状设计与期望频率响应FIR滤波器的设计问题都可以转化为二阶锥规划(Second-Order Cone programming)的形式,然后利用已有的内点方法(Interior-Point,Methods)求出其数值解。计算机仿真结果显示,设计出的各子带波束主瓣宽度比较接近,FIR滤波器设计精度高。湖上实验数据处理结果表明,该方法可以适用于实际水声系统,时域宽带波束能够满足恒定束宽要求。     

基于干扰协方差矩阵重构的恒定束宽鲁棒自适应波束形成

针对宽带波束形成中的恒定束宽波束响应优化设计问题与鲁棒性问题展开研究。首先,提出一种基于相位补偿的恒定束宽全局优化设计方法,通过对阵列流形向量进行相位补偿来设计恒定束宽波束,与现有的一些方法相比,该方法不仅能获得全局最优解,而且物理实现简单。同时,还提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构的鲁棒自适应宽带波束形成算法。该算法采用Capon估计器估计样本数据的空间一频率谱密度函数,然后对期望信号波达方向之外的角度区间进行积分来重构干扰加噪声协方差矩阵,最后利用重构的协方差矩阵设计自适应波束形成器权系数。该波束形成器设计问题被表述成凸优化问题求解。仿真结果表明,在整个输入信噪比范围内,该算法几乎都能获得接近理想值的输出信干噪比。      

基于干扰协方差矩阵重构的恒定束宽鲁棒自适应波束形成

针对宽带波束形成中的恒定束宽波束响应优化设计问题与鲁棒性问题展开研究。首先,提出一种基于相位补偿的恒定束宽全局优化设计方法,通过对阵列流形向量进行相位补偿来设计恒定束宽波束,与现有的一些方法相比,该方法不仅能获得全局最优解,而且物理实现简单。同时,还提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构的鲁棒自适应宽带波束形成算法。该算法采用Capon估计器估计样本数据的空间一频率谱密度函数,然后对期望信号波达方向之外的角度区间进行积分来重构干扰加噪声协方差矩阵,最后利用重构的协方差矩阵设计自适应波束形成器权系数。该波束形成器设计问题被表述成凸优化问题求解。仿真结果表明,在整个输入信噪比范围内,该算法几乎都能获得接近理想值的输出信干噪比。     

采用空间谱加权稀疏约束的稳健Capon波束形成方法

针对标准Capon波束形成器旁瓣级高以及期望信号方向存在误差时,性能会严重下降的问题,提出一种基于噪声及干扰空间谱加权的稀疏约束Capon波束形成方法。该方法利用波束响应本身具有的稀疏特性,以及在稀疏重构算法中l₁范数具有抑制较大值保护较小值的特性,使用噪声及干扰的空间谱对不同角度的波束响应进行加权,然后施以稀疏约束。仿真、水池试验与湖上试验中,与其它几种方法比较表明该方法可以降低波束形成器的旁瓣级,获得较深的零陷,提高了阵列输出信干噪比与抗导向向量误差的能力。      

Performance of underwater adaptive array including mutual coupling effects

In this paper, the mutual coupling effects on the performance of underwater adaptive arrays are analyzed. This study manifests the discrepancies between cases of considering and ignoring the mutual coupling effects. The least mean square (LMS) based adaptive array is utilized to illustrate the mutual coupling effects. Numerical examples show that the performance of an underwater adaptive array can be improved as mutual coupling effects are considered. The consideration of mutual coupling effects is necessary in analyzing underwater adaptive arrays.     

阵形畸变条件下双线阵左右舷分辨性能分析

研究了双线阵在两种阵形畸变(轴向滑移和航向偏差)条件下的左右舷分辨性能,根据双线阵指向性函数的背瓣特性分析了阵形畸变对左右舷分辨性能的影响。理论分析表明,在无阵形畸变的理想阵形情况下,窄带信号的左右舷分辨能力取决于阵间距和信噪比,而对宽带信号,左右舷分辨能力不仅与阵间距和信噪比有关,而且还与接收信号的功率谱密度、处理频段有关。在阵形发生轴向滑移和航向不一致的情况下,在正横方向附近,左右舷分辨性能主要受双线阵的航向差影响,偏离正横方向,较大的轴向滑移会导致左右舷误判。     

Design of multi-band metasurface antenna array with low RCS performance

In this paper, a multi-band metasurface(MS) antenna array with low radar cross section(RCS) performance is proposed and measured. Firstly, a 44 antenna array is composed of four 22 Jerusalem cross structure antenna arrays working at different frequency bands, which is aimed at enhancing the bandwidth effectively. Then, each antenna can be seen as a unit of MS in spite of adding the feeding structure. Based on phase cancellation principle, the MS is arranged into a chessboard configuration in order to realize wideband RCS reduction. Thus, excellent radiation and scattering characteristics are obtained simultaneously. Simulated and measured results indicate that this work provides a novel method to achieve bandwidth expansion as well as wideband RCS reduction of the antenna array.     

Study of 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite transducer array

Based on a new structure of precise location and decoupling between the transducer elements, high frequency underwater transmission transducer arrays with 4 elements and 8 elements serried uniform linear array were studied, using novel 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite as the sensing material. There are ceramic framework supports in the transverse and longitudinal directions in 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite structure; the transducer is free from the influence of outside mechanical impact and the environment temperature change. Transducer and array samples have been designed, fabricated and measured. The resonant frequency is 150 kHz, resonant transmission response greater than 160 dB, and bandwidth is from 140 kHz to 160 kHz. The results indicate that, the transducer array has wide bandwidth, high sensitivity, stabile performance, and good coherence.     

Fabrication and evaluation of fully-sampled, two-dimensional transducer array for "Sonic Window" imaging system

A low-cost, fully-sampled, 3600 element 2D transducer array operating at 5 MHz and designed for use in a hand-held ultrasound system is described here. Four array configurations are presented - (1) array with both matching and pedestal backing layers, (2) array with a matching layer but no backing pedestal, (3) array with a backing pedestal but no matching layer, and (4) array with neither matching layer nor backing pedestal. Each array was characterized in terms of impedance measurements, pulse-echo response, and experimental beamprofile. Comparative finite element analysis simulations are also presented. Average estimated active element yield for the four arrays was 94%. The array with pedestal layer proved the most promising, providing a 26% bandwidth and a 1.7 dB improvement in sensitivity with respect to the array with neither pedestal nor matching layer. Although this bandwidth is acceptable for our specific application (C-scan imaging), reverberations within the substrate material remain a potential challenge. We are currently working to fabricate a custom PCB material to address this concern, and may also consider using a pre-compensated transmit waveform or matched digital filter approach to further reduce the effects of such reverberations.     

一种新型的低散射微带天线阵设计

本文将电磁表面(electromagnetic surface, EMS)的设计思想引入到微带天线阵的设计中,在设计天线单元的同时,也将其作为EMS单元兼顾其反射特性.通过在矩形辐射贴片上开弧形缺口,得到一种新的单元结构,该单元可与原始EMS单元之间形成180°±30°有效相位差,且作为天线单元时与原始天线工作在相同谐振模式、相同频带.将两种单元以棋盘形式构成组合天线阵,在两个极化下分别基于相位对消原理和吸波原理实现了雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)减缩.实测与仿真结果表明:相较于等大小的金属板,在x极化波照射下,天线阵在5.6—6.0 GHz实现了6 dB以上的RCS减缩,相对带宽为10.1%;在y极化波照射下,天线阵在5.0—7.2 GHz实现了6 dB以上的RCS减缩,相对带宽为24%.同时由于两种单元在辐射上具有较好的一致性,使得组合天线阵的辐射性能得以保持.该方法有效解决了天线阵辐射和散射难以兼顾的矛盾,为其他形式的低散射天线阵的设计提供了新的方法与思路.     

Fabrication of PDMS microlens array by digital maskless grayscale lithography and replica molding technique

This paper presents a facile and effective method to fabricate microlens array in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The microlens array model is fabricated in photoresist via digital maskless grayscale lithography technique and the replica molding technique is used to fabricate PDMS microlens array. A convex PDMS microlens array with rectangular aperture and concave PDMS microlens array with hexagonal aperture are fabricated. The morphological characteristics of the microlens arrays are measured by microscope and 3D profiler. The results indicate that the profiles of the PDMS microlens arrays are clear and distinct. This method provides a simple and low-cost approach to prepare large area, concave or convex with arbitrary shape microlens array, which has potential application in many optoelectronic devices.     

Optimization of the Hartmann-Shack microlens array

In this work we propose to optimize the microlens-array geometry for a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. The optimization makes possible that regular microlens arrays with a larger number of microlenses are replaced by arrays with fewer microlenses located at optimal sampling positions, with no increase in the reconstruction error. The goal is to propose a straightforward and widely accessible numerical method to calculate an optimized microlens array for a known aberration statistics. The optimization comprises the minimization of the wavefront reconstruction error and/or the number of necessary microlenses in the array. We numerically generate, sample and reconstruct the wavefront, and use a genetic algorithm to discover the optimal array geometry. Within an ophthalmological context, as a case study, we demonstrate that an array with only 10 suitably located microlenses can be used to produce reconstruction errors as small as those of a 36-microlens regular array. The same optimization procedure can be employed for any application where the wavefront statistics is known.