数字波束形成算法仿真实现

从讨论波束形成方法在声系统中的主要作用和主要形成过程入手，介绍几种具体实现波束形成的算法。主要讨论一种能够降低硬件要求的波束形成算法——正交波束形成算法。此种方法不但适用于声系统，对于其他检测系统也有一定的实际意义。给出几种主要波束形成算法的Matlab仿真实现程序，将按照此类方法仿真所得到的波束形成指向性图与理论指向性图比较，两者非常类似。     

圆环形传感器阵列超指向性频率不变响应波束优化方法

提出了一种适用于圆环形传感器阵列的超指向性频率不变响应波束优化方法。首先,基于前期在最小均方误差准则下得到的不同频率处权值向量与期望波束权值向量的解析函数关系,将指向性因子、误差敏感度函数和最小均方误差进一步表达成了期望波束权值向量的函数;然后,构建了一个多约束优化问题,获得了满足指向性、稳健性、频率不变性等约束条件的最优期望波束,由此合成得到了最优宽带频率不变响应超指向性波束,并给出了相应的仿真和实验结果。      

球冠型换能器声辐射指向性分析

为了研究球冠型换能器的声辐射特性,在分离变量法求解球面坐标系下波动方程的基础上,采用基于球谐基傅里叶变换及边界条件的求解模型,给出了球冠型换能器声辐射的远场声压计算表达式和远场指向性表达式;仿真计算了球冠换能器的远场指向性随球冠极角、球半径及振动频率变化的特性,球冠所在球障板的直径和介质中声波的波长比决定着球冠声辐射指向性,在低频或波长大于球障板直径时,球冠声辐射呈无指向性,随着频率的增高即波长的减小或者球障板直径的增大,球冠声辐射的指向性越明显,波束开角越趋向于球冠的开角,而且波束开角内出现波浪状起伏越明显;试制了高频球冠型换能器基阵,测试了换能器基阵300 kHz的指向性,测试结果与理论计算相符合,验证了理论计算表达式的正确性,可为设计球冠型换能器及基阵提供理论指导。      

融合插值点优化的多项式结构宽带波束形成器设计方法

多项式结构设计方法是主瓣指向可调宽带波束形成器设计的一类重要方法。多项式结构的阶数是有限的,导致主瓣实际指向与期望指向之间存在偏差,因而影响了波束形成器的指向性指数。针对这一问题,该文提出了一种基于插值点优化的多项式结构宽带波束形成器设计方法。首先,引入多项式结构插值点处阵列响应的空间导数约束,以减小主瓣指向偏差;进而利用粒子群优化算法对多项式结构中的插值点进行优化,以充分利用插值点位置提供的自由度进一步提升多项式结构宽带波束形成器的性能。优化设计结果表明,与现有设计方法相比,该文提出的方法不仅降低了主瓣的指向偏差,同时也提高了指向性指数,有效改善了多项式结构宽带波束形成器的性能。     

有限非均匀空腔障板对换能器指向性的影响

声障板可以改善换能器的灵敏度和指向性,是换能器及基阵设计中必不可少的声学结构。本文建立了有限空腔障板和非均匀空腔障板的模型。利用射线声学的理论,研究了以上两种障板对换能器指向性的影响,结果表明障板的边缘和障板的厚度变化都会影响换能器的指向性。文章最后给出了部分实验结果,理论结果与实验结果基本相符。     

大尺寸太赫兹平顶波束的产生研究

为了实现低频段太赫兹高斯波束整形为大尺寸平顶波束,提出了一种利用双相位板结构设计大尺寸平顶波束整形系统的方法.基于Input-Output算法,利用角谱理论计算系统参数,同时对所设计系统进行了数值仿真并搭建了实验系统,验证了出射光场的横向强度分布是否符合预期.结果表明,所设计的双相位板整形系统能够成功将0.1 THz高...     

基于超指向性多极子矢量阵的水下低频声源方位估计方法研究

针对水下低频声源的方位估计问题,基于基元紧密排列的二维矢量阵,建立了一种超指向性波束形成方法.根据矢量基元差分运算构建各阶多极子模型,获得了几乎与频率无关的模态函数,并经加权计算可在低频条件下实现超指向性波束,以解决阵列孔径对波束性能的限制.同时,结合输出信噪比最大准则所得波束,分析了超指向性波束形成算法的稳定性与波导的影响程度,探索模态阶数与阵列参数的选取原则.通过阵列性能的仿真计算与实际阵列的测量数据表明,该算法可在小尺寸阵列孔径下获得良好的阵列波束,兼具了水下线型超指向性阵和环形超指向性阵的优点,可有效实现水下低频声源的水平方位估计;且波束性能可通过调节模态阶数与基元间距以达到最佳,并受水下声波导多途与频散效应影响有限.     

采用球谐分解的二范数广义逆波束形成

基于传声器阵列的声成像技术是解决噪声源识别的有效途径之一.该文提出了一种基于球谐分解的L2范数广义逆波束形成算法,并对此算法在分布式球形阵列布放方案下进行了定位精度及鲁棒性的对比分析研究.仿真结果显示,此算法对低频相干声源具有较高的空间定位精确度,且阵元位置误差对此算法性能的影响有限.通过在半消声室进行实验进一步证明了...     

圆柱阵子阵分级处理的稳健超指向性波束形成方法

提出了圆柱阵子阵分级处理的稳健超指向性波束形成方法。首先建立了圆柱阵分两级子阵进行波束形成的信号模型,接着利用空间均匀噪声场中噪声互谱矩阵的循环特性得到基于特征波束分解与综合模型的圆柱阵超指向性的最优解,然后仿真研究了其误差敏感度函数、阵增益和波束图等性能指标,并与圆柱阵的传统全局处理方法进行了对比。提出的分两级子阵处理的超指向性方法与传统全局处理方法相比不仅降低了数据存储量和波束形成计算量,而且进一步提升了稳健性,并且在低频段的阵增益远远高于常规波束形成的值,对水下声呐阵列的设计具有一定的参考价值。      

球谐域类正则化宽带超指向性波束形成算法

提出一种球谐域类正则化宽带超指向性波束形成算法,通过结合超指向性波束形成器与延迟求和波束形成器控制阵列白噪声增益和指向性因数,推导类正则化宽带超指向性波束形器的球谐域表达式。在此基础上设计新的可控指向性因数波束形成器,可在不显著放大低频白噪声的前提下实现设定的波束宽度。采用32元球阵的仿真结果表明,对于语音测试场景,类正则化波束形成器的最高PESQ得分相比于传统的超指向性波束形成器与延迟求和波束形成器分别提高了约0.5和0.4,平均词错率分别减少了约9.5%和8.1%。主观测试实验也表明类正则化波束形成器在方向性噪声和扩散场噪声环境下都可以获得更好的主观听觉感受。利用实验数据对算法性能进行测试,实验结果同样验证了该方法在实际声学环境中的有效性。      

Maximization of the directivity ratio with the desired audible gain level for broadband design of near field loudspeaker arrays

This paper mainly addresses design methods for near field loudspeaker arrays. These methods have been studied recently since they can be used to realize a personal audio space without the use of headphones. From a practical view point, they can also be used to form a directional sound beam within a short distance from the sources especially using a linear loudspeaker array. In this regard, we re-analyzed the previous near field beamforming methods in order to obtain a comprehensive near field beamforming formulation. Broadband directivity control is proposed for multi-objective optimization, which maximizes the directivity with the desired gain, where both the directivity and the gain are commonly used array performance measures. This method of control aims to form a directive sound beam within a short distance while widening the frequency range of the beamforming. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that broadband directivity control achieves higher directivity and gain over our whole frequency range of interest compared with previous beamforming methods.     

FPGA-based implementation of steerable parametric loudspeaker using fractional delay filter

Parametric loudspeaker enables high directivity sound along the radiation direction to be generated by the nonlinear effects of ultrasonic waves in air. Based on the theory of phased array, the beams of parametric loudspeakers can be steered to other directions. In this paper, the Fractional Delay (FD) filter is introduced to generate any arbitrary delay to accurately control the steering angle of the beam. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a better choice for the system of steerable parametric loudspeaker due to its strong capability of parallel and real-time processing. The algorithms have been realized easily and quickly by combining the tools of Matlab simulink and DSP Builder. Finally, the validity of the system is verified through comparing the theoretical simulations with the experimental results.     

Sound localization of stereo reproduction with parametric loudspeakers

A parametric loudspeaker radiates an audible signal by the interaction of the primary wave that is amplitude modulated and is known as a super-directivity loudspeaker. The parametric loudspeaker is one of the prominent applications of nonlinear acoustics. So far, the applications have been limited monaural reproduction sound system for public address in museum, station, street etc. In this paper, we investigated sound localization of stereo reproduction using two parametric loudspeakers in comparison with that using two ordinary dynamic loudspeakers. In subjective tests, the binaural information ILD (Interaural Level Difference) or ITD (Interaural Time Delay) was focused on. To investigate the characteristics of sound localization in a wide listening area, three typical listening positions were picked up. Signals were 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz pure tones and pink noise. The used parametric loudspeaker was an equilateral hexagon. The subjective test led to the results that when the parametric loudspeakers were used, the listeners at the three typical listening positions perceived the correct sound localization of not only pure tone but also pink noise and when the ordinary dynamic loudspeakers were used, except for the case of pure tone with ITD, the tendency was almost similar to those using the parametric loudspeakers. The second subjective tests were conducted in order to investigate in details the difference between parametric loudspeakers and ordinary dynamic loudspeakers by increasing the number of subjects. In the case of ITD and 500 Hz using the ordinary dynamic loudspeakers, three types of sound localization were categorized, in which the reversed type was major and the normal and the other types were minor. The ILDs which were measured with a dummy head and were calculated with several formulas were almost the same and indicated the reasons of the reversed typed sound localization and a serious influence of the crosstalk. It was found that in the case of pure tone with ITD, the contradiction between the binaural information ILD and ITD is remarkable, because the directivity of the ordinary dynamic loudspeakers was so dull that the crosstalk components had a serious influence on sound localization. It was determined the parametric loudspeaker could transmit correct binaural information to the listener, because the directivity of the parametric loudspeakers was so sharp that it suppressed the cross talk components.     

Influence of loudspeaker directivity and measurement geometry on direct acoustic levels over façades for acoustic insulation tests with the International Standard ISO 140-5

The International Standard ISO 140-5 on field measurements of airborne sound insulation of façades establishes that the directivity of the measurement loudspeaker should be such that the variation in the local direct sound pressure level (ΔSPL) on the sample is ΔSPL < 5 dB (or ΔSPL < 10 dB for large façades). This condition is usually not very easy to accomplish nor is it easy to verify whether the loudspeaker produces such a uniform level. Direct sound pressure levels on the ISO standard façade essentially depend on the distance and directivity of the loudspeaker used. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the test geometry for measuring sound insulation and explains how the loudspeaker directivity, combined with distance, affects the acoustic level distribution on the façade.The first sections of the paper are focused on analysing the measurement geometry and its influence on the direct acoustic level variations on the façade. The most favourable and least favourable positions to minimise these direct acoustic level differences are found, and the angles covered by the façade in the reference system of the loudspeaker are also determined. Then, the maximum dimensions of the façade that meet the conditions of the ISO 140-5 standard are obtained for the ideal omnidirectional sound source and the piston radiating in an infinite baffle, which is chosen as the typical radiation pattern for loudspeakers.Finally, a complete study of the behaviour of different loudspeaker radiation models (such as those usually utilised in the ISO 140-5 measurements) is performed, comparing their radiation maps on the façade for searching their maximum dimensions and the most appropriate radiation configurations.     

An analytical model for a dodecahedron loudspeaker applied to the design of omni-directional loudspeaker arrays

The dodecahedron (12 sided) loudspeaker is used extensively for acoustic measurements as an approximation to an omni-directional sound source, for example in building acoustics and automotive applications. In many instances its use is favoured above other omni-directional source approximations e.g. open pipe because of its greater power. However, analysis by other authors has shown that the radiation deviates from omni-directional above a certain frequency. In this paper an analytical model of the sound pressure field generated by a dodecahedron loudspeaker is constructed. The sound pressure field generated by the model is then compared with measured data and good agreement is demonstrated. Having established and validated the model, it is adapted to form alternative spherical loudspeaker arrays based on Platonic and Archimedean solid geometry and also a number of spherical packing routines. The aim of the analysis is to determine the optimal geometry for an omni-directional source using pistonic loudspeakers.The analysis shows that constructive interference of the pressure field across the spherical baffle surface and not individual loudspeaker pistonic radiation characteristics is the most significant factor with respect to deviations from omni-directional radiation for a complete spherical array. Consequently, loudspeaker elements which physically occupy the spherical baffle surface to their maximum extent provide the most extended frequency range of omni-directional operation. The most optimal spherical array distribution is shown to be the dodecahedron.     

Spherical harmonic analysis of the sound radiation from omnidirectional loudspeaker arrays

Omnidirectional sound sources are widely used in room acoustics. These devices are made up of loudspeakers mounted on a spherical or polyhedral cabinet, where the dodecahedral shape prevails. Although such electroacoustic sources have been made readily available to acousticians by many manufacturers, an in-depth investigation of their vibroacoustic behavior has not been provided yet. In order to fulfill this lack, this paper presents a theoretical study of the sound radiation from omnidirectional loudspeaker arrays, which is carried out by using a mathematical model based on the spherical harmonic analysis. Eight different loudspeaker arrangements on the sphere are considered: the well-known five Platonic solid layouts and three extremal system layouts. The latter possess useful properties for spherical loudspeaker arrays used as directivity controlled sound sources, so that these layouts are included here in order to investigate whether or not they could be of interest as omnidirectional sources as well. It is shown through a comparative analysis that the dodecahedral array leads to the lowest error in producing an omnidirectional sound field and to the highest acoustic power, which corroborates the prevalence of such a layout. In addition, if a source with less than 12 loudspeakers is required, it is shown that tetrahedra or hexahedra can be used alternatively, whereas the extremal system layouts are not interesting choices for omnidirectional loudspeaker arrays.     

Interior and exterior sound field control using two dimensional higher-order variable-directivity sources

Spatial sound reproduction systems aim to produce a desired sound field over a volume of space. At high frequencies, the number of loudspeakers required is prohibitive. This paper shows that the use of loudspeakers with up to Nth order directivity allows reproduction over N times the bandwidth and produces a significantly attenuated exterior sound field. If the constraint on exterior cancellation of the field is removed, reproduction is possible over approximately 2N times the bandwidth. The use of higher order loudspeakers thus allows a significant reduction in the number of loudspeaker units, at the expense of increased complexity in each unit. For completeness, results are included for the generation of an exterior field with or without cancellation of the interior field.     

Study of vertical sound image control with parametric loudspeakers

A parametric loudspeaker utilizes nonlinearity of a medium and is known as a super-directive loudspeaker. In this paper, the sound localization in the vertical direction using the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers is confirmed by listening tests and physical measurements. The differences in levels between the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers are varied as a parameter. The direction of sound localization in the vertical plane can be controlled not only when the acoustical axis is set to the right ear but also when it is set to at 5 deg to the right of the right ear. The effect of the level difference between the upper and lower loudspeakers is weaker than the differences observed when using ordinary loudspeakers. We obtained interesting characteristics of the left-right sound localization in the horizontal plane with the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers in the vertical plane. It is found that by setting the parametric loudspeaker at the right ear (that is, the horizontal angle of a listener to it is only 3 deg to the right), the direction of sound localization in the horizontal plane moved approximately 10 deg to the right. Moreover, by setting the parametric loudspeaker 5 deg to the right, the direction of sound localization moves approximately 20 deg to the right. The ILD (Interaural Level Difference) using a dummy head is calculated from the measured left and right sound signals. It is determined that ILDs of the parametric loudspeaker are larger than those of the ordinary loudspeaker. A simple geometrical acoustic model is introduced and analyzed. The analysis helps to explain the measured characteristics.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the electromechanical behavior of a compact spherical loudspeaker array for directivity control

Sound directivity control is made possible by a compact array of independent loudspeakers operating at the same frequency range. The drivers are usually distributed over a sphere-like frame according to a Platonic solid geometry to obtain a highly symmetrical configuration. The radiation pattern of spherical loudspeaker arrays has been predicted from the surface velocity pattern by approximating the drivers membranes as rigid vibrating spherical caps, although a rigorous assessment of this model has not been provided so far. Many aspects concerning compact array electromechanics remain unclear, such as the effects on the acoustical performance of the drivers interaction inside the array cavity, or the fact that voltages rather than velocities are controlled in practice. This work presents a detailed investigation of the electromechanical behavior of spherical loudspeaker arrays. Simulation results are shown to agree with laser vibrometer measurements and experimental sound power data obtained for a 12-driver spherical array prototype at low frequencies, whereas the non-rigid body motion and the first cavity eigenfrequency yield a discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results at high frequencies. Finally, although the internal acoustic coupling affects the drivers vibration in the low-frequency range, it does not play an important role on the radiated sound power.