高粘度流体中上升气泡的直接数值模拟

本文将基于Front Tracking方法求解气液两相界面迁移特性的直接数值模拟方法扩展到中低Re数情形 (1．89≤Re≤55．6),针对无边界以及垂直壁面附近高粘度流体中单个气泡(1．2 mm≤D≤6 mm)的上升过程进行模拟,研究气泡运动的机理以及气泡与壁面的相互作用。数值模拟准确再现了气泡的上升过程和变形,不同Re数下气泡的上升速度计算结果同经验关联式非常吻合,验证了该方法在中低Re数范围内的有效性。壁面附近流场的不对称引发壁面对气泡的升力是导致气泡逐渐偏离垂直壁面的原因,计算得到的壁面作用力系数同实验结果的对比也确定了本文参数范围内计算壁面对气泡作用力的模型。     

静止水中单个上升气泡的直接数值模拟

本文发展了基于Front Tracking的直接数值模拟方法研究气液两相界面的迁移特性,该方法对气液两相采用半隐式的分步法直接求解N-S方程,耦合Front Tracking Method获得两相界面的三维变形。针对无边界以及垂直壁面附近静止水中的单个气泡上升过程进行模拟,研究气泡运动的机理以及气泡与壁面的相互作用。数值模拟准确再现了气泡的上升过程和变形,不同Re数下气泡的上升速度计算结果同经验关联式非常吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。随后分析了气泡周围流场的结构,发现壁面对气泡周围流场的抑制是壁面对气泡作用力的主要原因,将导致气泡逐渐偏离垂直壁面。     

有倾角的竖直壁面附近气泡与自由面相互作用研究

本文采用边界元方法, 研究了具有倾角的竖直壁面附近气泡与自由面的相互耦合作用. 首先基于不可压缩势流理论, 建立了边界元气泡动力学模型, 并针对无限壁面附近的气泡和自由面作用问题, 采用镜像法模拟了倾斜壁面的作用. 然后, 基于本文所建立的数值模型, 分别计算了不同倾角的壁面对气泡和自由面水冢形态的影响, 发现倾斜角度会导致自由面的边界条件不连续, 从而对其运动产生明显的非线性影响. 最后, 分别分析了无浮力和有浮力情况下倾斜角度对其影响规律. 关键词： 水下爆炸 气泡动力学 倾斜壁面 自由面     

气泡碰壁受力模型和反弹规律

对Mo=10-8~10-12及Re=5~750范围内的上升气泡与壁面垂直碰撞问题进行了理论求解，研究了不同控制参数下气泡碰壁反弹的规律.气泡上升和碰撞过程的运动方程考虑了浮力、液体阻力、附加质量力和与壁面碰撞时引起的薄膜诱导力.气泡碰壁过程气泡界面与壁面形成的液膜厚度变化规律由Stokes-Reynolds方程计算得到.膜内气泡变形引起的流体压强采用Young-Laplace方程求解.结果表明，基于SRYL方程的薄膜诱导力模型可以很好地预测不同Reynolds数下气泡0到多次的反弹轨迹，计算结果与实验结果吻合良好.气泡在碰壁反弹过程中会形成丰富的薄膜形状，如酒窝状变形，丘疹状变形和涟漪状变形.气泡界面变形会引起膜内压强的变化，压强的分布规律与气泡界面形状有着重要的关系.气泡在与壁面碰撞的过程中，薄膜诱导力会起主导作用，且随着Reynolds数的增加薄膜诱导力最大量级增大.气泡碰撞壁面时，反弹次数与Reynolds数有着直接的联系，不同Morton数下的气泡均在相同Reynolds数附近发生气泡反弹次数的变化.      

倾斜上升管内气液两相弹状流壁面传质特性研究

采用VOF模型对倾角为45°、80°、85°三种情况下倾斜上升管内弹状流的壁面传质特性进行了研究.传质特性通过其与壁面切应力的类比关系来体现.数值模拟结果表明,低混合物流速时,上管壁面切应力在液膜区有明显波动,而下管壁面切应力分布则比较光滑.随着混合流速的增大,液膜区上下壁面切应力分布趋于一致.管子下壁面切应力平均值大于管子上壁面,在Taylor气泡运动速度较低时较为突出.随着Taylor气泡速度的增大,管子上下壁面的切应力平均值趋于相同.相同的混合流速下倾斜角度越大,上下管壁的切应力分布越趋于近似.下降液膜区的壁面切应力平均值大于Taylor气泡尾迹区域.根据Chilton-Colburn的类比关系,壁面切应力的规律完全适用于壁面传质系数.     

基于边界元法的近平板圆孔气泡动力学行为研究

研究了带有圆孔的平板附近气泡动力学特性. 基于不可压缩势流理论, 建立了平板圆形破口附近气泡运动数值模型, 并针对气泡初始位置距离破口很近而导致计算结果发散的数值缺陷, 采用气泡壁和壁面融合的方法, 将流场分离为两个半无限域问题进行求解, 实现了在不同无量纲参数范围内的数值模拟, 数值结果与实验结果符合良好. 通过对圆孔附近气泡运动特性的研究发现, 圆孔对气泡的影响基本与壁面相反, 在膨胀阶段对气泡产生腔吸作用, 收缩阶段产生排斥, 在特定的工况下会产生对射流现象. 最后分析了气泡壁与壁面融合, 流场分离后的气泡动态特性以及各工况参数对其影响规律. 关键词： 气泡 边界元 射流 圆孔     

竖直微槽的倾角对相变换热影响的研究

本文对带有倾斜角的矩形毛细微槽竖直板的相变传热及两相流特性进行了实验研究.通过对比各种倾斜角度的微槽板的相变换热强度,得到了相变换热强度与微槽倾角有很大关联和最佳倾斜角度为 10°的实验结果,用薄膜理论和气泡对液体润湿特性的影响对实验结果进行了分析.     

近壁面气泡的运动规律研究

基于势流假设,建立气泡与壁面耦合数值模型,运用边界积分法求解,并开发三维计算程序,计算值与实验值符合很好.从气泡与壁面相互作用的基本现象入手,基于开发的程序系统地研究了刚性壁面附近气泡的动力学特性,其中包括水平壁面及倾斜壁面,研究壁面的Bjerknes效应与各特征参数之间的关系,并将各种工况的计算结果与基于Kelvin-impulse理论的Blake准则进行对比分析讨论,得出偏射流方向及壁面压力与气泡的特征参数有密切的关系,同时给出了Blake准则的适用范围.旨在为相关的近壁面气泡动态特性研究提供参考. 关键词： 气泡 壁面 边界积分 Bjerknes效应     

超声场下刚性界面附近溃灭空化气泡的速度分析

为了揭示刚性界面附近气泡空化参数与微射流的相互关系, 从两气泡控制方程出发, 利用镜像原理, 建立了考虑刚性壁面作用的空化泡动力学模型. 数值对比了刚性界面与自由界面下气泡的运动特性, 并分析了气泡初始半径、气泡到固壁面的距离、声压幅值和超声频率对气泡溃灭的影响. 在此基础上, 建立了气泡溃灭速度和微射流的相互关系. 结果表明: 刚性界面对气泡振动主要起到抑制作用; 气泡溃灭的剧烈程度随气泡初始半径和超声频率的增加而降低, 随着气泡到固壁面距离的增加而增加; 声压幅值存在最优值, 固壁面附近的气泡在该最优值下气泡溃灭最为剧烈; 通过研究气泡溃灭速度和微射流的关系发现, 调节气泡溃灭速度可以达到间接控制微射流的目的.     

倾斜壁面中Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性演化数值分析

基于FTM（Front Tracking Method）对倾斜壁面下的二维不混溶、不可压缩流体的Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性进行数值模拟.研究壁面倾角,速度梯度层厚度以及理查德森数对K-H不稳定性发展的影响.研究表明,壁面倾角越大,K-H不稳定性发展越快,卷起的液体越多;倾斜壁面下速度梯度层厚度的增加对界面卷起表现出抑制作用.理查德森数重力项越大,界面卷起越缓慢,而理查德森数表面张力项对界面卷起高度的影响较小.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.