Analysis on the Development of Digital Economy in Guangdong Province Based on Improved Entropy Method and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

The lack of adequate indicators in the research of digital economy may lead to the shortage of data support on decision making for governments. To solve this problem, first we establish a digital economy indicator evaluation system by dividing the digital economy into four types: “basic type”, “technology type”, “integration type” and “service type” and select 5 indicators for each type. On this basis, the weight of each indicator is calculated to find the deficiencies in the development of some digital economic fields by the improved entropy method. By drawing on the empowerment idea of Analytic Hierarchy Process, the improved entropy method firstly compares the difference coefficient of indicators in pairs and maps the comparison results to the scales 1–9. Then, the judgment matrix is constructed based on the information entropy, which can solve as much as possible the problem that the difference among the weight of each indicator is too large in traditional entropy method. The results indicate that: the development of digital economy in Guangdong Province was relatively balanced from 2015 to 2018 and will be better in the future while the development of rural e-commerce in Guangdong Province is relatively backward, and there is an obvious digital gap between urban and rural areas. Next we extract two new variables respectively to replace the 20 indicators we select through principal component analysis and factor analysis methods in multivariate statistical analysis, which can retain the original information to the greatest extent and provide convenience for further research in the future. Finally, we and provide constructive comments of digital economy in Guangdong Province from 2015 to 2018.     

基于核主成分分析的硬件木马检测方法研究

针对旁路信号样本在高维空间中的分布,提出了一种基于核主成分分析的硬件木马检测方法,该方法能够找出旁路信号样本分布中的非线性规律,将高维的旁路信号映射到低维子空间同时更精确地反映旁路信号样本的分布特性,从而发现由木马引起的非线性特征差异。针对AES加密电路植入约占电路3%的组合型木马并进行检测,实验结果表明,该方法能够有效分辨基准电路与含木马电路之间旁路信号的非线性特征差异,实现木马的检测,并取得比K-L变换更好的检测效果。     

Multi-focus image fusion based on robust principal component analysis and pulse-coupled neural network

Multi-focus image fusion combines multiple source images with different focus points into one image, so that the resulting image appears all in-focus. In order to improve the accuracy of focused region detection and fusion quality, a novel multi-focus image fusion scheme based on robust principal component analysis (RPCA) and pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) is proposed. In this method, registered source images are decomposed into principal component matrices and sparse matrices with RPCA decomposition. The local sparse features computed from the sparse matrix construct a composite feature space to represent the important information from the source images, which become inputs to PCNN to motivate the PCNN neurons. The focused regions of the source images are detected by the firing maps of PCNN and are integrated to construct the final, fused image. Experimental results demonstrate that the superiority of the proposed scheme over existing methods and highlight the expediency and suitability of the proposed method.     

Field Theoretical Approach for Signal Detection in Nearly Continuous Positive Spectra I: Matricial Data

Renormalization group techniques are widely used in modern physics to describe the relevant low energy aspects of systems involving a large number of degrees of freedom. Those techniques are thus expected to be a powerful tool to address open issues in data analysis when datasets are highly correlated. Signal detection and recognition for a covariance matrix having a nearly continuous spectra is currently one of these opened issues. First, investigations in this direction have been proposed in recent investigations from an analogy between coarse-graining and principal component analysis (PCA), regarding separation of sampling noise modes as a UV cut-off for small eigenvalues of the covariance matrix. The field theoretical framework proposed in this paper is a synthesis of these complementary point of views, aiming to be a general and operational framework, both for theoretical investigations and for experimental detection. Our investigations focus on signal detection. They exhibit numerical investigations in favor of a connection between symmetry breaking and the existence of an intrinsic detection threshold.     

Raman Spectroscopy–Based Multivariate Statistical Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of K562 Cell Apoptosis Induced by Adriamycin

Based on the combination of Raman spectroscopy with principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, the molecular mechanism of K562 cell apoptosis induced by Adriamycin in physiological conditions is presented. The obtained results reveal that DNA of K562 cells treated with Adriamycin is lowered greatly, indicating that the damage of the DNA of K562 cells is indeed the main molecular mechanism of K562 cell apoptosis induced by Adriamycin. Specially, by combining principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, the statistical difference between Raman spectra of different cell types can be revealed effectively. Importantly, this kind of Raman spectroscopy–based multivariate statistical analysis will supply a useful tool for the molecular mechanism detection of cell behavior in physiological conditions.     

A comparison of noise models in a hybrid reference spectrum and principal components analysis algorithm for Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy exploits the Raman scattering effect to analyze chemical compounds with the use of laser light. Raman spectra are most commonly analyzed using the ordinary least squares (LS) method. However, LS is known to be sensitive to variability in the spectra of the analyte and background materials. In a previous paper, we addressed this problem by proposing a novel algorithm that models expected variations in the analyte as well as background signals. The method was called the hybrid LS and principal component analysis (HLP) algorithm and used an unweighted Gaussian distribution to model the noise in the measured spectra. In this paper, we show that the noise in fact follows a Poisson distribution and improve the noise model of our hybrid algorithm accordingly. We also approximate the Poisson noise model by a weighted Gaussian noise model, which enables the use of a more efficient solver algorithm. To reflect the generalization of the noise model, we from hereon call the method the hybrid reference spectrum and principal components analysis (HRP) algorithm. We compare the performance of LS and HRP with the unweighted Gaussian (HRP‐G), Poisson (HRP‐P), and weighted Gaussian (HRP‐WG) noise models. Our experiments use both simulated data and experimental data acquired from a serial dilution of Raman‐enhanced gold‐silica nanoparticles placed on an excised pig colon. When the only signal variability was zero‐mean random noise (as examined using simulated data), HRP‐P consistently outperformed HRP‐G and HRP‐WG, with the latter coming in as a close second. Note that in this scenario, LS and HRP‐G were equivalent. In the presence of random noise as well as variations in the mean component spectra, the three HRP algorithms significantly outperformed LS, but performed similarly among themselves. This indicates that, in the presence of significant variations in the mean component spectra, modeling such variations is more important than optimizing the noise model. It also suggests that for real data, HRP‐WG provides a desirable trade‐off between noise model accuracy and computational speed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于可见光-近红外光谱的煤岩识别方法实验研究

以淮南矿区谢桥矿和潘二矿的煤和岩石样本为研究对象,通过地物光谱仪采集样本反射率光谱曲线,同时检测样本氧化物含量、水分、灰分及挥发分含量,将样本的反射率光谱曲线和样本成分含量分别作为自变量,样本类别“煤”和“岩石”两种矿物类型作为因变量,建立煤和岩石识别模型对煤和岩石进行二分类。该研究主要采用三种模型,分别为主成分分析结合支持向量机(PCA-SVM)、主成分分析结合BP神经网络(PCA-BP)模型和核主成分分析结合支持向量机(KPCA-SVM)模型。结果表明,基于可见光近红外光谱的三个模型中,核主成分分析结合支持向量机模型的识别精度最高,建模平均精度为95.5%,验证平均精度约为90.56%;基于样本成分的三个模型中,核主成分分析结合支持向量机模型的识别精度最高,建模平均精度为98.5%,验证平均精度约为95%。     

基于改进核主元分析的TE故障诊断

PCA、KPCA作为常用的多变量统计监控算法,一般适用于定常过程。针对实际工业过程的时变、非线性特性,提出一种基于分块的改进KPCA算法。该方法通过采用随时间更新的核矩阵代替固定核矩阵用于主元模型的建立,使非线性监控模型能够在线更新,从而提高KPCA的检测正确率。与KPCA方法相比,该方法的运算复杂度明显降低。将该方法应用于TE(Tennessee Eastman)过程,仿真结果显示,该方法具有较好的监测性能,且所需时间大大减小,说明了本算法的有效性。     

Multivariate data analysis for Raman spectroscopic imaging

This article reviews the analytic techniques for Raman spectroscopic imaging with emphasis on chemometrics. Key information included in Raman spectra is often distributed broadly throughout the dataset. It is possible to condense the information into a very compact matrix representation by a chemometric technique of factor analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) or self‐modeling curve resolution (SMCR). PCA yields two matrices called scores and loadings which complementarily represent the entire features broadly distributed in the dataset. This concept can be further extended to other forms of data transformation schemes, including bilinear data decomposition based on SMCR analysis. SMCR offers a firmer model which is chemically or physically interpretable. The information derived from these techniques readily brings useful insight into building a mechanistic model for understanding complex phenomena studied by Raman spectroscopy. Illustrative examples are given for applications of both PCA and SMCR to Raman imaging of pharmaceutical tablets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于因子分析方法的相位同步脑电源的时-空动力学分析

头皮脑电时间序列的相关性是大脑皮层源的相位同步性的一种体现,因此对相位同步源进行定位,同时找到源对应的时间序列在脑成像研究领域具有重要意义.基于Rössler 模型提出仿真相位同步偶极子源的时间序列的方法,利用时间序列进行同心四层球头模型正演,获得仿真头皮脑电数据.提出了基于最大似然因子分析的相位同步脑电源的时-空动力学分析方法,对仿真和真实头皮脑电数据进行了验证,并与主成分分析法进行对比.仿真实验结果表明:最大似然因子分析法估计的时间序列与仿真源的时间序列具有更高的相关系数,同时估计源与仿真源 关键词： 脑电图 相位同步 因子分析 主成分分析     

Identification of Raman spectra through a case‐based reasoning system: application to artistic pigments

This paper presents a methodology conceived as a support system to identify unknown materials by means of the automatic recognition of their Raman spectra. Initially, the design and implementation of the system were framed in an artistic context where the Raman spectra analyzed belong to artistic pigments. The analysis of the pigmentation used in an artwork constitutes one of the most important contributions in its global study. This paper proposes a methodology to systematically identify Raman spectra, following the way analysts usually work in their laboratory but avoiding their assessment and subjectivity. It is a three‐phase methodology that automates the spectral comparison, which is based on one of the most powerful paradigms inmachine learning: the case‐based reasoning (CBR) systems. A CBR system is able to solve a problem by using specific knowledge of previous experiences (well‐known spectral library of patterns) and finding the most similar past cases (patterns), reusing and adapting them to the new problem situation (unknown spectrum). The system results in a global signal processing methodology that includes different phases such as reducing the Raman spectral expression by means of the principal component analysis, the definition of similarity measures to objectively quantify the spectral similarity and providing a final value obtained by a fuzzy logic system that will help the analyst to take a decision. The major benefit of a Raman spectral identification system lies in offering a decision‐support tool to those who are not experts or under difficult situations with respect to Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FTIR结合主成分分析对棕榈科植物鉴别研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合主成分分析(PCA)对棕榈科植物2个亚科4个族的植物叶片进行了光谱研究。结果显示,棕榈科同族不同种和同科不同族的植物在红外光谱上表现出差异。用二阶导数光谱进行主成分分析,显示可以将样品进行正确分类。研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱在鉴别分类植物方面具有应用潜力。     

基于混合概率核主成分二次相关红外目标检测

在主成分特征提取基础上,提出了一种把子空间二次综合判别函数（Subspace Quadratic Dynthetic Discriminant Function,SSQSDF）作为相关滤波器的红外目标检测算法.该算法把混合概率核主成分分析推广到混合概率模型,在核空间对样本进行特征提取,获取目标样本的低维主特征向量.对训练和待检测样本向主特征向量投影获得它们的低维特征分量,并把获取的特征量作为SSQSDF的样本参量.最后,SSQSDF滤波器输出大于给定阈值所对应的检测区域,将其作为检测目标.实验证明,该算法能较强抑制目标背景噪音,提高目标检测准确度,具有一定的可行性和有效性.     

Near‐infrared surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NIR‐SERS) studies on oxyheamoglobin (OxyHb) of liver cancer based on PVA‐Ag nanofilm

A near‐infrared surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NIR‐SERS) method was employed for oxyheamoglobin (OxyHb) detection to develop a simple blood test for liver cancer detection. Polyvinyl alcohol protected silver nanofilm (PVA‐Ag nanofilm) used as the NIR‐SERS active substrate to enhance the Raman scattering signals of OxyHb. High quality NIR‐SERS spectrum from OxyHb adsorbed on PVA‐Ag nanofilm can be obtained within 16 s using a portable Raman spectrometer. NIR‐SERS measurements were performed on OxyHb samples of healthy volunteers (control subjects, n = 30), patients (n = 40) with confirmed liver cancer (stage I, II and III) and the liver cancer patients after surgery (n = 30). Meanwhile, the tentative assignments of the Raman bands in the measured NIR‐SERS spectra were performed, and the results suggested cancer specific changes on molecule level, including a decrease in the relative concentrations and the percentage of aromatic amino acids of OxyHb, changes of the vibration modes of the C_aH_m group and pyrrole ring of OxyHb of liver cancer patients. In this paper, principal component analysis (PCA) combined with independent sample T test analysis of the measured NIR‐SERS spectra separated the spectral features of the two groups into two distinct clusters with the sensitivity of 95.0% and the specificity of 85.7%. Meanwhile, the recovery situations of the liver cancer patients after surgery were also assessed using the method of discriminant analysis‐predicting group membership based on PCA. The results show that 26.7% surgeried liver cancer patients were distinguished as the normal subjects and 63.3% were distinguished into the cancer. Our study demonstrated great potentials for developing NIR‐SERS OxyHb analysis into a novel clinical tool for non‐invasive detection of liver cancers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hybrid spatial-spectral denoising method for infrared hyperspectral images using 2DPCA

The traditional noise reduction methods for 3-D infrared hyperspectral images typically operate independently in either the spatial or spectral domain, and such methods overlook the relationship between the two domains. To address this issue, we propose a hybrid spatial-spectral method in this paper to link both domains. First, principal component analysis and bivariate wavelet shrinkage are performed in the 2-D spatial domain. Second, 2-D principal component analysis transformation is conducted in the 1-D spectral domain to separate the basic components from detail ones. The energy distribution of noise is unaffected by orthogonal transformation; therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of each component is used as a criterion to determine whether a component should be protected from over-denoising or denoised with certain 1-D denoising methods. This study implements the 1-D wavelet shrinking threshold method based on Stein’s unbiased risk estimator, and the quantitative results on publicly available datasets demonstrate that our method can improve denoising performance more effectively than other state-of-the-art methods can.     

荧光光谱成像技术结合聚类分析及主成分分析的藻类鉴别研究

为探讨快速、实时藻类检测方法,实验通过荧光光谱成像技术结合模式识别方法对不同藻类进行鉴别研究。发现藻类样本存在着显著的荧光特性,通过采集40个藻类样品的荧光光谱图像,对图像进行去噪、二值化处理,确定有效像素后,根据光谱立方体绘制每个样本的光谱曲线,将所得400～720 nm区段范围内的光谱数据作鉴别分析,再利用系统聚类分析及主成分分析两种不同的模式识别法对光谱数据进行处理。系统聚类分析结果表明： 采用欧氏距离法及平均加权法计算样本间的聚类距离,在距离L=2.452以上水平处可将样本正确分类,准确率为100%;主成分分析结果表明： 通过对原始光谱数据进行一阶微分、二阶微分、多元散射校正、变量标准化等预处理后,再对数据进行主成分分析,其中二阶微分预处理后鉴别效果最佳,八种藻类样品在主成分特征空间中独立分布。因此,利用荧光光谱成像技术结合聚类分析法及主成分分析法对藻类进行鉴别是可行的,操作简便、快速、无损。     

Preliminary application of turn-by-turn data analysis to the SSRF storage ring

There is growing interest in utilizing the beam position monitor turn-by-turn（TBT） data to debug accelerators. TBT data can be used to determine the linear optics,coupled optics and nonlinear behaviors of the storage ring lattice. This is not only a useful complement to other methods of determining the linear optics such as LOCO,but also provides a possibility to uncover more hidden phenomena. In this paper,a preliminary application of a β function measurement to the SSRF storage ring is presented.     

高光谱成像的水稻螟虫蛀入检测方法

为了控制水稻螟虫预警和喷洒农药用量,实现对水稻螟虫虫害的无损检测,提出了基于主成分分析特征波段检测方法和基于迭代阈值的最优波段检测方法,确定了水稻茎秆螟虫检测的特征波段和最优波段,提取出单波段和组合波段的图像来分割虫孔,从而实现水稻螟虫的精准的无损检测。首先通过高光谱得到的120个样品反射率信息分析确定了光谱区域为450～1 000 nm。基于主成分分析特征波段检测方法,对高光谱图像进行主成分分析,通过前五个主成分图像比较确定第三主成分图像为最佳,然后根据第三主成分图像中各个波段的贡献率来选取特征波长（668.8和750 nm）,最后结合全局阈值分割和图像掩膜等图像处理方法实现对虫孔区域的判别。而利用基于迭代阈值的最优波段检测方法,在可见光波段450～750 nm范围和近红外波段750～1 000 nm范围内应用混合距离挑选最佳的单波段,通过单波段来确定组合波段,对单波段和组合波段进行迭代阈值分割,其中753.5 nm波长分割效果最好,故确定753.5 nm为最优波长,然后提取该波长的图像采用一种基于迭代阈值虫孔提取方法和形态学处理,最后能对水稻茎秆虫孔区域进行判别来实现水稻茎秆虫害是否存在。对60个虫害水稻茎秆和60个正常水稻茎秆进行检测,应用基于主成分分析特征波段检测方法在668.8和750 nm波长处检测率分别为95.8%和93.3%,而应用基于迭代阈值的最优波长检测方法在753.5 nm波长处检测率高达96.7%。说明利用基于迭代阈值的最优波长检测方法对水稻螟虫的检测更加精确,也说明所获取的特征波段和最优波段为以后水稻螟虫虫害的多光谱成像技术提供了理论参考。     

基于概率神经网络的荧光光谱法识别高甘油三脂血清

针对因正常和高甘油三脂血清荧光光谱混叠致使其识别率不高的问题,首先测量了正常和高甘油三脂血清样品在260,370,580 nm激发光下产生的荧光光谱,并以荧光强度作为样品的初始特征;其次,采用主成分分析法对初始特征进行分析和提取,获得了样品的特征向量;最后,构建了4层概率神经网络,并对正常和高甘油三脂血清样品进行了识别。对采用不同荧光光谱进行血清样品识别的效果进行了对比,结果表明,采用260 nm和370 nm荧光光谱识别正常和高甘油三脂血清的正确率分别为100%和95%。实验验证了研究方案的可行性和效果,对发展荧光光谱技术在识别高甘油三脂血症中的应用具有重要的意义和价值。     

有监督主成分回归法在近红外光谱定量分析中的应用研究

介绍了运用有监督主成分回归法建立近红外光谱定量分析模型的原理和方法.利用该方法先进行近红外光谱定量分析建模的波长信息选择,达到降低光谱数据维数的目的,然后建立数学模型,并用其分析预测集样品.文中以66个小麦样品为实验材料,随机选择其中40个样品建立小麦样品中蛋白质含量的近红外光谱定量分析模型,首先优选出4个波长点:4 632,4 636,5 994,5 997 cm-1,利用这4个波长点处光谱信息建立主成分回归模型预测26个样品的蛋白质含量,其结果与凯氏定氮法分析结果的相关系数为0.991,平均相对误差为1.5%.该方法从大量光谱数据中筛选出最重要的部分波长信息,实现了"少而精"的波长点选择,对建立抗共线性信息干扰的光谱定量分析模型,同时对指导专用近红外分析仪器设计中波长点的选择等方面都有一定的意义.