Multifractal analysis of streamflow records of the East River basin (Pearl River), China

Scaling behaviors of the long daily streamflow series of four hydrological stations (Longchuan (1952-2002), Heyuan (1951-2002), Lingxia (1953-2002) and Boluo (1953-2002)) in the mainstream East River, one of the tributaries of the Pearl River (Zhujiang River) basin, were analyzed using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). The research results indicated that streamflow series of the East River basin are characterized by anti-persistence. MF-DFA technique showed similar scaling properties in the streamflow series of the East River basin on shorter time scales, indicating universal scaling properties over the East River basin. Different intercept values of the fitted lines of log-log curve of F_q(s) versus s implied hydrological regulation of water reservoirs. Based on the numerical results, we suggested that regulation activities by water reservoirs could not impact the scaling properties of the streamflow series. The regulation activities by water reservoir only influenced the fluctuation magnitude. Therefore, we concluded that the streamflow variations were mainly the results of climate changes, and precipitation variations in particular. Strong dependence of generalized Hurst exponent h(q) on q demonstrated multifractal behavior of streamflow series of the East River basin, showing ‘universal’ multifractal behavior of river runoffs. The results of this study may provide valuable information for prediction and assessment of water resources under impacts of climatic changes and human activities in the East River basin.     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of stable isotopes in the Tarim River Basin

By using 233 isotope samples, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations of δ¹⁸O and δ²H in precipitation and surface water, and the contribution of different water sources in the rivers within the Tarim River Basin (TRB), which receives snow/glacier meltwater, groundwater, and rainfall. Our study revealed a similar seasonal pattern of precipitation δ¹⁸O and δ²H at both the north and south edges of the basin, indicating the dominant effect of westerly air masses in the summer and the combined influence of westerly and polar air masses during the winter, although the southern part showed more complex precipitation processes in the summer. River water in the basin has relatively large temporal variations in both δ¹⁸O and δ²H showing a distinct seasonal pattern with lower isotope values in May than in September. Higher d-excess values throughout the year in the Aksu river and the Tizinafu river suggest that water may be intensively recycled in the mountains of the TRB. Based on isotopic hydrograph separation, we found that groundwater is the main water source that discharges the entire basin although individual rivers vary.     

Use of isotopes to study floodplain wetland and river flow interaction in the White Volta River basin,Ghana

Floodplain wetlands influence the timing and magnitude of stream responses to rainfall. In managing and sustaining the level of water resource usage in any river catchment as well as when modelling hydrological processes, it is essential that the role of floodplain wetlands in stream flows is recognised and understood. Existing studies on hydrology within the Volta River basin have not adequately represented the variability of wetland hydrological processes and their contribution to the sustenance of river flow. In order to quantify the extent of floodwater storage within riparian wetlands and their contribution to subsequent river discharges, a series of complementary studies were conducted by utilising stable isotopes, physical monitoring of groundwater levels and numerical modelling. The water samples were collected near Pwalugu on the White Volta River and at three wetland sites adjacent to the river using the grab sampling technique. These were analysed for ¹⁸O and ²H. The analysis provided an estimate of the contribution of pre-event water to overall stream flow. In addition, the variation in the isotopic composition in the river and wetland water samples, respectively, revealed the pattern of flow and exchange of water between the wetlands and the main river system.     

Isotopic characteristics of meteoric waters in the Belgrade region

The stable isotope composition of hydrogen (delta(2)H) and oxygen (delta(18)O) in monthly precipitation and river water (Sava River and Danube) samples in the Belgrade area gathered between 1992 and 2005 are determined. The local meteoric water line delta(2)H=7.8 (+/-0.2) delta(18)O+7.3(+/-1.6) (r(2)=0.98, n=60, sigma=0.52) for the whole period of observation is close to the global meteoric water line. The amount-weighted mean delta(2)H and delta(18)O values of precipitation were-65+/-27 per thousand and-9.4+/-3.4 per thousand, respectively. Good correlation between delta(18)O values (r approximately >0.67) and ambient temperature and relative humidity was obtained. Stream-water data ranged from-94 to-60 per thousand for delta(2)H and from-11.0 to approximately 5.7 per thousand for delta(18)O with highly statistically significant difference (p>0.01) between the Sava River and the Danube. In addition, the isotopic compositions of local precipitation and adjacent river water at monitoring sites were compared. Obtained data will give an opportunity to improve the knowledge of mixing stream water and local groundwater, and assessment of potential groundwater risks and pressures in the Belgrade basin.     

Application of Entropy Method to Quantify Future Ecological Flow in the Yellow River Basin

Due to both anthropogenic and climate change impacts, precipitation and runoff in the Yellow River basin have decreased in the past 50 years, leading to more pressure in sustaining human beings and ecosystem needs. It is essential to evaluate the flow condition in the Yellow River basin and see whether it may satisfy its ecological flow in the future. Therefore, this study applied an entropy-based method to calculate the flow duration curves from both observed and simulated data to evaluate the impact of climate change on ecological flow in the Yellow River basin. The simulated FDCs from H08 and DBH models show good agreement with each other and fit observation well. Results show that the decadal FDC at each station is generally predicted to be higher or stay in the higher range under both RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, suggesting an increase in water amount in the future. It is found that the high flows increase much faster than the low flows, resulting in larger slopes than the references ones, which is due to the larger entropy and M values in the future. At most of the stations, the future values of Q95 and Q90 will safely exceed the threshold. It is found that at the Lanzhou, Wubao, Longmen, and Huayuankou stations, there will be no or little threat to future ecological flow. Still, at the Toudaoguai and Sanmanxia stations, the ecological requirement is not always satisfied. The water stress at the Tangnaihai station from the upper stream of the Yellow River may be threatened in the future.     

典型“高山-绿洲-荒漠”生态区植被净初级生产力时空变化特征分析

“高山-绿洲-荒漠”作为干旱区独特的自然景观,其内部迥异的生态系统极易在全球变化影响下产生不同波动,而植被净初级生产力（NPP）作为评价生态环境质量的重要指标,对整体认识区域变化有重要意义。遥感影像的产生为大尺度、长时间的区域NPP估算提供了可能,通过土地利用类型数据划分的不同植物覆被下的最大光能利用效率也提高了NPP估算的精度。因此选取具有典型“高山-绿洲-荒漠”生态系统的叶尔羌河流域作为研究区,使用多年遥感影像数据、气象数据,选用基于光能利用率的CASA模型对其进行模拟并对各生态区NPP状况进行分析,得出以下结论：(1) 叶尔羌河流域NPP年均值在2000年之后整体呈波动上升状态,约有85.9%的区域呈上升趋势,在绿洲区域的水域以及居住地处NPP出现下降状况。(2) 流域内NPP变化与降水量相关性较强,其空间分布特征与NPP和温度的相关性表现出相反状态。(3) 叶尔羌河流域NPP在各生态区上表现出“绿洲最高,荒漠绿洲过渡带次之,高山以及荒漠最低”的状况,生态环境相对绿洲、荒漠绿洲过渡带更为脆弱的区域（荒漠、高山）NPP波动性更强。研究结果将为区域生态环境保护修复、应对气候变化、实现人类与自然协调发展、促进多民族共同繁荣提供科学支撑。     

Sediment transport capacity of hyperconcentrated flow

As one of the most important components of river mechanics, sediment transport capacity of sediment-laden flows has attracted much attention from many researchers working on river mechanics and hydraulic engineering. Based on the time-averaged equation for a turbulent energy equilibrium in solid and liquid two-phase flow, an expression for the efficiency coefficient of suspended load movement was derived for the two-dimensional, steady, uniform, fully-developed turbulent flow. A new structural expression of sediment transport capacity was achieved. Using 115 runs of flume experimental data, which were obtained through two kinds of sediment transport experiments in the state of equilibrium, in combination with the basic rheological and sediment transporting characteristics of hyperconcentrated flow, the main parameters in the structural expression of sediment transport capacity were calibrated, and a new formula of sediment transport capacity for hyperconcentrated flow was developed. A large amount of field data from the Yellow River, Wuding River, and Yangtze River, etc. were adopted to verify the new formula and good agreement was obtained. These results above contribute to an improved theoretical system of river mechanics and a reliable tool for management of rivers carrying high concentration of sediments. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grand No. 10672024) and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education of China     

Spatiotemporal patterns of stable isotopes and hydrochemistry in springs and river flow of the upper Karkheh River Basin,Iran

Karst springs of the Zagros Mountains contribute a significant amount to agricultural and human water demands of western and south-western Iran. For an adequate management of available water resources in semi-arid and arid regions, sufficient hydrological monitoring is needed, and hydro-chemical and isotope hydrological data provide important additional information. About 350 water samples were collected from precipitation, river water, and karst springs of the upper part of the Karkheh River Basin (20,895 km²) located between 33°35^′ and 34°55^′ North and 46°22^′ and 49°10^′ East with elevations ranging from 928 to 3563 m above sea level. Sampling was conducted in monthly time resolution from August 2011 to July 2012. All samples were analysed for hydro-chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions) and stable isotopes (deuterium, oxygen-18). Isotope values of precipitation indicate a local meteoric water line (Zagros MWL δ²H=6.8 δ¹⁸O+10.1; R²=0.99) situated between the Mediterranean MWL and Global MWL. Spring and river water isotope values vary between?7.1 and?4.1 ‰, and?38 and?25 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and δ²H, respectively, responding to winter snowmelt and evaporation. This work implements stable isotopes and hydro-chemical information of springs and river water to understand hydrological and hydro-geological interrelations in karstic semi-arid areas and helps to improve the current water resources management practices of western Iran.     

多光谱遥感技术结合遗传算法对永定河土壤归一化水体指数的研究

永定河流域的土壤类型及含水量与植被覆盖指数是影响该流域水量的重要因素,利用传统取样法对该流域土壤类型及含水量进行调查,耗费人力的同时还会因仪器误差等客观因素造成实验精度下降。选择永定河流域(北京地区)为研究区,利用全站仪进行野外调查测定34块样地并取样,结合1978—2009年6期的TM影像数据对土壤信息进行提取,研究该地区的土壤含水量与各类多光谱遥感因子间的相关关系,利用遗传算法对土壤归一化水体指数(NDWI)的主要影响因子进行筛选,因NDWI是基于绿波段与近红外波段的归一化比值指数,一般用来提取影像中的水体信息,效果较好。为了更准确的筛选与土壤含水量相关的因子,利用遗传算法全局择优的特点,通过控制迭代次数加速收敛来筛选关键因子。进而利用多元回归的方法建立NDWI反演模型,分析出模型的内符合精度为0.987,并利用边缘树种进行外符合精度检验,得出：土壤中速效氮、磷、钾的含量与经度相关性不明显,却与纬度和土层成正相关关系,当模型计算的迭代次数Maxgen达到最优时,内符合精度为87.6%。通过遥感影像与野外调查相结合的方法得到的土壤NDWI与植被盖度、地形、气候等相关因子的模型而计算得出的NDWI值与单纯利用传统土壤取样法得到的值进行对比分析,得出平均相对误差E为-0.021%,外符合精度P达到87.54%。该模型的建立可为日后对永定河流域土壤水分及有机质的分析与研究提供较好的实践及理论依据。     

Isotopic characteristics of meteoric waters in the Belgrade region

Abstract

The stable isotope composition of hydrogen (δ²H) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) in monthly precipitation and river water (Sava River and Danube) samples in the Belgrade area gathered between 1992 and 2005 are determined. The local meteoric water line δ²H=7.8 (±0.2) δ¹⁸O+7.3(±1.6) (r ²=0.98, n=60, σ=0.52) for the whole period of observation is close to the global meteoric water line. The amount-weighted mean δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of precipitation were?65±27 ‰ and?9.4±3.4 ‰, respectively. Good correlation between δ¹⁸O values (r>rsim0.67) and ambient temperature and relative humidity was obtained. Stream-water data ranged from?94 to?60 ‰ for δ²H and from?11.0 to ～5.7 ‰ for δ¹⁸O with highly statistically significant difference (p>0.01) between the Sava River and the Danube. In addition, the isotopic compositions of local precipitation and adjacent river water at monitoring sites were compared. Obtained data will give an opportunity to improve the knowledge of mixing stream water and local groundwater, and assessment of potential groundwater risks and pressures in the Belgrade basin.     

Two-Step Measurement of Water–Energy–Food Symbiotic Coordination and Identification of Key Influencing Factors in the Yangtze River Basin

With the intensification of people’s production and life behaviors, the systemic risks of water, energy and food in the Yangtze River Basin have become increasingly prominent, which has become a bottleneck for sustainable development of social, economic and ecological in the basin. Therefore, studying the symbiotic coordination between water, energy and food is of great significance to promoting regional sustainable development. First, from the perspective of water–energy–food symbiosis, with the water–energy–food ecosystem conceptual model as the nexus, the two-step measurement model of the symbiotic index and the symbiotic level index is used to study the water–energy–food symbiosis of the Yangtze River. Then, we use the BP-DEMATEL-GTCW model to identify the key influencing factors that affect the symbiotic security of the water–energy–food ecosystem. In this research, it is found that the average value of the symbiotic degree of the water–energy–food ecosystem of the 11 provinces or municipalities in the Yangtze River Basin only reached the risk grade. It can also be seen from the identification results of key influencing factors that energy microsystem-related indicators have a greater impact on the symbiotic development of the entire WEF ecosystem. Therefore, special attention needs to be paid to increasing energy sources and reducing expenditure. Relevant departments need to effectively develop primary energy production and expand energy-saving investment through multiple channels to expand energy self-sufficiency and ultimately promote the coordinated and effective development of water, energy and food in the Yangtze River Basin.     

含砂水对离心泵叶轮磨损的实验研究

黄河、长江流域的河水中泥砂含量较高,严重影响了这些地区输水水泵的使用寿命．本文利用固液两相流水泵实验台和一般的清水离心泵,在不同流量、不同砂粒粒径、不同含砂浓度条件下进行了磨损实验,弄清了上述参数对水泵叶轮磨损部位和程度的影响,为今后进一步探讨叶轮磨损机理和叶型改进提供了有益的实验资料。     

Gordon Research Conference: Isotopes in Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14–19February 2010, Galveston,TX, USA

The natural flow properties of the Yangtze River have been changed completely following the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. The dam's operation has affected the resources and environment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, changing the hydrological conditions and ecological environment of the Dongting Lake. During three different dispatching periods of the reservoir, we took triplicate samples of the river and lake water. All the samples were analysed for δ²H and δ¹⁸O to determine the relationship between the lake and the Yangtze River (and other rivers), and to evaluate objectively the influence of the dam's operation on the lake. During the period of water-supply dispatch, the Four Rivers and Miluo River are the main recharge sources of the lake. During the flood-storage dispatching period, the Dongting Lake is recharged largely by the Three Outlets and the Four Rivers, whereas during the period of water-storage dispatch, most of the lake's water originates from the Miluo, Xiang, Zi, and Yuan rivers. Although the Yangtze River only contributes significantly to the lake's recharge through the Three Outlets during the flood-storage dispatching period, the lake discharges large amounts of water into the Yangtze River during all three periods. Through the operation of the reservoir, it should be ensured that the water level of the Dongting Lake is not too low during the dry season, nor too high during the wet season, thus preventing the lake region from future flood and drought disasters.     

艾比湖流域地表水二维荧光峰值与水质指标关系初探

随着技术的进步与发展，国内外学者早已利用不同的技术手段对水质指标的评价与估算开展了大量研究，但是利用二维荧光峰值估算水质指标的方法尚不多见。以艾比湖流域地表水为研究对象，利用多元统计分析和逐步回归分析方法，对二维荧光峰值和水质指标建立估算模型以初步探究二者的相互关系。结果表明：(1)艾比湖流域不同河流的水质状况不同，博尔塔拉河(简称博河)的TN含量最高，水库及水渠的TP含量最高。(2)同一水样点有三个荧光峰(Peak1，Peak2和Peak3)且强度逐渐减弱，不同河流的荧光峰强度不同，其中博河、水库及水渠的荧光峰强度变幅最大。(3)经过荧光峰值与水质指标的相关分析发现Peak1与BOD₅，Peak2与BOD₅，Peak2与COD，Peak2与DO具有较好的相关性，相关系数分别为：0.479，0.371，0.655和0.618。将单荧光峰值和水质指标建立估算模型，经验证四组估算模型的精度较差，单峰值建模无法达到监测要求。因此，在单荧光峰值建模的基础上，将每个水样的三组荧光峰值和水质指标进行综合建模，建立多元回归方程，经模型验证得出三组荧光峰值与DO的综合模型效果最好，R=0.756, RMSE=1.001。因此二维荧光峰值与水质指标DO的综合估算模型是可行的，对干旱区水质指标监测具有一定的参考意义，为艾比湖流域水资源的开发、利用及保护提供科学依据。     

光度法对不同土地利用类型河流在不同水期氮磷分布特性及定量源解析研究

氮和磷是水环境生物生长和繁殖必须的营养成分,影响水体初级生产力的水平,且水体富营养化水平与氮磷形态密切相关,随着水体环境的改变,沉积物会向水体释放氮磷,造成二次污染。同时,对外源氮磷污染来源的贡献进行定量识别,可有效管理和控制水体氮磷污染负荷。毗河和石亭江是沱江的重要支流,影响着长江母亲河的水质。采用钼锑抗分光光度法和连续提取法研究在枯水期和丰水期毗河和石亭江水体和表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及各形态氮磷的分布特性,对比不同土地利用类型河流氮磷行为特性及释放风险,并采用Multiple Linear Regression of the Absolute Principal Component Scores(APCS-MLR)受体模型进行氮磷污染源的识别和量化。研究结果表明：(1)研究区水体和表层沉积物中氮磷均处于不同程度的污染水平,水体枯水期TP的主要贡献者是颗粒态无机磷(PIP)和颗粒态有机磷(POP),而丰水期却是颗粒态无机磷(PIP)和溶解态无机磷(DIP),两水期水体中TN的主要贡献者是硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)和有机氮(ON)...     

Isotopic fingerprint of the middle Olt River basin,Romania

One of the most important tributaries of the Danube River in Romania, the Olt River, was characterized in its middle catchment in terms of the isotopic composition using continuous flow–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF–IRMS). Throughout a period of 10 months, from November 2010 to August 2011, water samples from the Olt River and its more important tributaries were collected in order to investigate the seasonal and spatial isotope patterns of the basin waters. The results revealed a significant difference between the Olt River and its tributaries, by the fact that the Olt River waters show smaller seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition and are more depleted in ¹⁸O and ²H. The waters present an overall enrichment in heavy isotopes during the warm seasons.     

The Piracicaba River basin: isotope hydrology of a tropical river basin under anthropogenic stress

The stable isotope content of samples of precipitation and of the river water throughout the Piracicaba basin in Brazil was measured over a two-year period. The isotope values of precipitation follow a consistent pattern of relatively depleted values of both deuterium and oxygen 18 during the rainy summers and enriched ones during the dry winters, with all values aligned slightly above the Global Meteoric Water Line. The isotopic composition of the river water throughout the basin shows a remarkable spatial coherence and much smaller scatter of data than those of the precipitation. The isotope composition of river water is close to that of the precipitation in the rainy season, however, with a consistent lower d-excess value by 1/1000-2/1000. This is attributed to evaporative water loss in the basin, in part an expression of the recycling of water due to the anthropogenic activity in the region. The more divergent values are recorded during high-water stages in the rivers. In many cases, the floods during the beginning of the rainy season are characterized by an enrichment of the heavy isotopes and lower d-excess values when compared to the precipitation, with the opposite situation later in the rainy season. This is interpreted as resulting from the watershed/riverflow interaction pattern, and it thus suggests that the isotope composition can monitor the hydrologic situation in the basin and its changes.     

[15N]Methacetin-und [15N]Ammoniumtest zur Leberfunktionsprüfung im Kindesalter

The stable isotope content of samples of precipitation and of the river water throughout the Piracicaba basin in Brazil was measured over a two-year period. The isotope values of precipitation follow a consistent pattern of relatively depleted values of both deuterium and oxygen 18 during the rainy summers and enriched ones during the dry winters, with all values aligned slightly above the Global Meteoric Water Line. The isotopic composition of the river water throughout the basin shows a remarkable spatial coherence and much smaller scatter of data than those of the precipitation. The isotope composition of river water is close to that of the precipitation in the rainy season, however, with a consistent lower d-excess value by 1‰–2‰. This is attributed to evaporative water loss in the basin, in part an expression of the recycling of water due to the anthropogenic activity in the region. The more divergent values are recorded during high-water stages in the rivers. In many cases, the floods during the beginning of the rainy season are characterized by an enrichment of the heavy isotopes and lower d-excess values when compared to the precipitation, with the opposite situation later in the rainy season. This is interpreted as resulting from the watershed/riverflow interaction pattern, and it thus suggests that the isotope composition can monitor the hydrologic situation in the basin and its changes.     

基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的西藏羊卓雍错流域地表覆被变化研究

利用1998年—2007年SPOT-VGT NDVI植被指数,分析了羊卓雍错流域NDVI时空变化特征及其与主要气候因子(气温,降水)的相关关系。结果表明：时间上,流域平均NDVI年内季节变化明显,变化幅度在0.12～0.31之间,5月份开始较快上升,最高值出现在9月份。1998—2007年10年间,羊卓雍错流域NDVI的多年平均值为0.19,总体上呈缓慢上升的趋势,表明流域的生态环境有改善的趋势。从空间分布看,NDVI高值区与水源、海拔高度和植被类型有很大关系,在水源附近区域NDVI值相对较高,草甸型草场NDVI值最高。气温和降水是影响流域植被的重要气候因子,在植被生长季节月平均NDVI与上月平均气温和降水的线性相关系数分别为0.7和0.71,近年来流域的暖湿化气候变化趋势有利于流域生态环境的改善。     

ICP-MS在水库水源地重金属污染健康风险评价中的应用

对辽河流域水库饮用水源地水样中重金属元素(Cr, As, Cd, Cu, Zn和Pb)浓度进行了调查研究,并采用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型对水库中重金属污染做了初步的健康风险评价。结果表明,辽河流域5个水库中6种重金属元素Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Cd和Pb的平均浓度分别为3.36, 1.03, 2.70, 1.23, 0.02, 0.03 μg·L-1,均未超过国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749—2006)。健康风险评价结果表明,研究区域的金属致癌风险较高,致癌重金属的健康风险大小依次为Cr>As>Cd。其中,水库中Cr元素致癌风险最高,成人和儿童分别为4.50×10-5~7.53×10-5和6.29×10-5~1.05×10-4 a-1。非致癌重金属引起的健康风险值为10-13~10-10 a-1,均在国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)所规定的可接受范围内,健康风险大小为Cu>Zn>Pb。重金属总健康风险成人为1.07×10-4~1.72×10-4 a-1,儿童为1.49×10-4~2.40×10-4 a-1,均超过ICRP推荐的5×10-5 a-1。辽河流域饮用水源地致癌重金属的风险明显高于非致癌重金属。