CO_(2)加氢制甲酸理论研究及高效铁基催化剂设计北大核心CSCD

CO_(2)加氢制甲酸由于需同时活化惰性氢气及CO_(2)而富有挑战性,同时此过程原子经济性100%,具有很好的理论和现实研究价值,但文献中报道的活性较好的催化剂均为贵金属催化剂.为了开发活性更高的用于CO_(2)加氢制甲酸的铁基催化剂,我们采用理论计算方法研究了12种不同种类的PNP-Fe(PNP=2,6-(二-叔丁基-磷甲基)吡啶)化合物催化CO_(2)加氢制甲酸的过程.理论研究结果表明,CO_(2)加氢制甲酸反应过程包括H2活化及CO_(2)插入金属氢键两个步骤,H_(2)活化过程是整个反应的速控步骤.催化剂吡啶环上进行P原子取代可以显著降低H_(2)活化能垒.基于以上发现,我们设计了一种新颖的高效铁基催化剂,使用此催化剂催化CO_(2)加氢制甲酸反应,速控步骤能垒只有85.6 kJ/mol,催化活性与贵金属的比较接近.我们研究的12种铁基催化剂速控步骤能垒范围为85.6~126.4 kJ/mol,显示了配体良好的调控催化活性能力.     

A novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation

On the basis that endothermic aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons for H2 produc- tion and exothermic liquid phase hydrogenation of organic compounds are carried out under extremely close conditions of temperature and pressure over the same type of catalyst, a novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation has been proposed, in which hydrogen produced from aqueous-phase re- forming of oxygenated hydrocarbons is in situ used for liquid phase hydrogenation of organic com- pounds. The usage of active hydrogen generated from aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hy- drocarbons for liquid catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds could lead to increasing the se- lectivity to H2 in the aqueous-phase reforming due to the prompt removal of hydrogen on the active centers of the catalyst. Meanwhile, this novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation might be a po- tential method to improve the selectivity to the desired product in liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds. On the other hand, for this novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation, some special facilities for H2 generation, storage and transportation in traditional liquid phase hydrogenation industry process are yet not needed. Thus, it would simplify the working process of liquid phase hy- drogenation and increase the energy usage and hydrogen productivity.     

CO2／H2和（CO／CO2）＋H2低压合成甲醇催化过程的本质

通过在Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＯ２＋Ｈ２，ＣＯ＋Ｈ２和（ＣＯ／ＣＯ２）＋Ｈ２催化反应动力学研究对合成甲醇动力学和反应机理进行了细致分析，提出合成甲醇的反应机理，解释了在（ＣＯ／ＣＯ２）＋Ｈ２合成甲醇过程中少量ＣＯ２的作用及合成甲醇的直接碳源。     

Energy-efficient syngas production through catalytic oxy-methane reforming reactions

The considerable recent interest in the conversion of stranded methane into transportable liquids as well as fuel cell technology has provided a renewed impetus to the development of efficient processes for the generation of syngas. The production of syngas (CO/H2), a very versatile intermediate, can be the most expensive step in the conversion of methane to value-added liquid fuels. The catalytic oxy reforming of methane, which is an energy-efficient process that can produce syngas at extremely high space-time yields, is discussed in this Review. As long-term catalyst performance is crucial for the wide-scale commercialization of this process, catalyst-related studies are abundant. Correspondingly, herein, emphasis is placed on discussing the different issues related to the development of catalysts for oxy reforming. Important aspects of related processes such as catalytic oxy-steam, oxy-CO2, and oxy-steam-CO2 processes will also be discussed.     

流化床中 CH4/C3H8 自热重整制合成气

 在流化床反应器中, 考察了 Ni/SiO2 催化剂上 CH4 或 CH4-C3H8 临氧 CO2 重整 (自热重整) 制合成气反应性能. 结果表明, 在 CH4-C3H8 混合气自热重整反应中, Ni 粒径较小催化剂的活性和抗积炭性能较高, CH4 和 CO2 转化率分别达 75.5% 和 72.6%. C3H8 比 CH4 更易解离及被氧化, 部分 C3H8 解离出来的中间产物 CHx 物种可与吸附 H 结合为 CH4, 因而降低了 CH4 的表观转化率; CHx 也可与吸附的 CO2 物种反应生成 H2 与 CO, 从而促进了 CO2 的转化.     

高分散Ru/FeOx催化剂在二氧化碳选择加氢反应中的应用及其催化活性的调控

由于化石能源的大量开采和利用造成CO2过度排放,从而导致严重的温室效应和气候环境问题,给人类生存带来极大威胁.CO2选择加氢反应可以将CO2催化加氢生成高附加值的CO产物.与其他的CO2转化反应策略相比,该过程中H2的消耗更少,成为可有效处理及转化CO2的手段之一.同时,应尽可能抑制CO2深度加氢以及甲烷的产生,研制及设计具有高CO选择性的新型高效催化剂及其构效关系的分析仍十分重要.据报道,负载型贵金属基催化剂的使用有利于H2分子的活化,具有优异的催化活性,因而广泛应用于多种催化反应中.然而,贵金属催化剂实现工业应用的最大挑战是资源的限制及其高额的成本.近年来,由贵金属制备的负载型亚纳米团簇受到广泛关注,主要包括如Au,Pt,Pd,Ru等贵金属,可有效应用于多相催化反应.人们还致力于提高负载型亚纳米团簇的分散度,促进催化剂活性位点的有效暴露,有利于大幅度提高催化剂的有效利用率.本文采用共沉淀法成功制备了超高分散的负载型Ru基催化剂,通过CO2选择加氢-程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和质谱联用技术测试了催化剂性能,发现CO2加氢反应生成CO选择性达100%.采用XRD,BET和TEM等方法对催化剂结构进行表征,并结合H2-TPR,H2-TPD和XPS等表征结果深入探讨了催化剂构效关系,并提出了针对该催化剂体系较为合理的反应模型.在CO2选择加氢反应的催化性能测试中,2.50%Ru/FeOx催化剂对目标产物CO选择性仅为41%; 随着Ru负载量降低至0.25%和0.1%时,CO选择性明显提高至80%; 当进一步降低Ru含量至0.01%时,CO选择性接近100%,且表现出优异的反应速率.在360 oC时,0.01%Ru/FeOx催化剂的相对反应速率为7.71 molCO2molRu-1 min-1,是2.50%Ru/FeOx催化剂相对反应速率的154倍.H2-TPR结果表明,贵金属Ru可以明显促进载体FeOx的还原,并产生丰富的氧空位,进而促进CO2的吸附、活化.而且CO2选择加氢TPSR结果显示,目标产物CO的起始生成温度总是滞后于原料H2的初始活化温度,与H2-TPR结果及文献报道的CO2选择加氢反应机理一致.通过H2-TPD深入理解H2在催化剂表面的活化和氢溢流现象,以及Hads与不同催化剂之间的相互作用力,0.01%Ru/FeOx催化剂相对较高的H2脱附峰温度表明,该样品中Ru与Hads具有极强的相互作用力,相对抑制了Hads与COads深入加氢生成CH4,从而提高了CO选择性,而2.50%Ru/FeOx催化剂的情况则与此相反.本文提出了从Hads吸附作用力强弱来考虑CO2选择加氢反应选择性的新思路,同时为设计CO2选择加氢制高附加值CO的高催化反应速率、高CO选择性的高分散Ru基催化剂提供了一种经济简易的催化剂设计思路.     

Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from CO Hydrogenation： a Thermodynamic Analysis of the Influence of Water Gas Shift Reaction

Three reactions involved in dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from CO hydrogenation: methanol synthesis reaction (MSR), methanol dehydration reaction (MDR) and water gas shift reaction (WGSR) are studied by thermodynamic calculation. For demonstrating this process in detail, three models, MSR,MSR MDR, MSR MDR WGSR, are used. Their basic characteristics can be obtained by varying widely the ratios of H2 to CO in the feed (no CO2). Through thermodynamic analysis a chemical synergic effect obviously exists in the second and third models. By comparison between two models it is found that WGSR plays a special role in dimethyl ether synthesis. It is possible for the two models to shift one to the other by regulating CO2 concentration in feed. For Model 2, the selectivity for DME in oxygenates (DME methanol) does not change with the ratio of H2 to CO.     

CO2 hydrogenation on a metal hydride surface

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO(2) at the surface of a metal hydride and the corresponding surface segregation were investigated. The surface processes on Mg(2)NiH(4) were analyzed by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) combined with thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and mass spectrometry (MS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). CO(2) hydrogenation on the hydride surface during hydrogen desorption was analyzed by catalytic activity measurement with a flow reactor, a gas chromatograph (GC) and MS. We conclude that for the CO(2) methanation reaction, the dissociation of H(2) molecules at the surface is not the rate controlling step but the dissociative adsorption of CO(2) molecules on the hydride surface.     

Fe—Silicalite—2催化剂表面CO2加氢反应性能的研究

研究了Ｆｅ／Ｓｉｌｉｃａｌｉｔｅ－２催化剂ＣＯ２加氢低碳烯烃反应性能，利用ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ，ＣＯ２／Ｈ２－ＴＰＳＲ和ＣＯ／Ｈ２－ＴＰＳＲ表征手段，考察了铁含量及ＭｎＯ助剂对Ｆｅ／Ｓｉｌｉｃａｌｉｔｅ－２催化剂ＣＯ２吸附脱附及加氢反应性能的影响，表明随铁含量增加可提高催化剂对ＣＯ２的吸附能力，有利于提高ＣＯ２加氢反应的转化率。     

Activity and Selectivity in CO Hydrogenation with Silica-supported Ru-Co Bimetallic Cluster-derived Catalysts

The catalytic performance of bimetallic Ru-Co catalysts prepared from a series of H3Ru3Co(CO)12. RuCo2(CO)11 and HRuCo3(CO)12 in CO hydrogenation was investigated, and it was found that the Ru-Co bimetallic carbonyl cluster-derived catalysts showed a high activity for products, particularly higher oxygenates, compared with the catalysts prepared from impregnation or co-impregnation of monometallic clusters such as [HRu3(CO)11] and Co4(CO)12. The selectivity for oxygenates in CO hydrogenation highly increased with the molar ratio of Co/Ru in the Ru-Co bimetallic cluster to CO/H2 in feed gas. Raising reaction temperature led to an intensive increase of CO conversion and a considerable decrease of selectivity for oxygenates. In situ FT-IR studies revealed that the band at 1584 cm-1 on Ru-Co bimetallic cluster-derived catalysts at 453 K under syngas (CO/H2 = 0. 5) has a good linear relationship to rates of oxygenate formation, which is likely associated with an intermediate to produce oxygenates in CO hydro     

ZnO纳米线负载Pd1单原子催化剂催化若干反应性能的考察

将孤立的Pd原子分散到ZnO纳米线(NWs)上作为单原子催化剂(SACs),并考察了它们在若干反应中的催化性能.Pd1/ZnO SAC对甲醇蒸汽重整制氢反应表现出高的活性、稳定性和CO2选择性.该催化剂体系对CO和H2的氧化也具有高活性,但在富氢物料中CO优先氧化反应中的催化剂性能较差,这主要是由于在ZnO负载的Pd1原子上H2氧化的强竞争反应所致.常压下在Pd1/ZnO SAC上就可发生逆水汽变换反应.该系列催化反应测试结果清楚地表明,选择合适金属与载体对开发分子催化转化用单原子催化剂至关重要.     

Study of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over Cu-V/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

The effect of vanadium addition to Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst used in the hydrogenation of CO2 to produce methanol was studied. It was found that the catalytic performance of the Cu-based catalyst improved after V addition. The influence of reaction temperature, space velocity and the molar ratio of H2 to CO2 on the performance of 12%Cu-6%V/γ-Al2Oa catalyst were also studied. The results indicated that the best conditions for reaction were as follows: 240 ℃, 3600 h-1 and a molar ratio of H2 to CO2 the dispersion of the supported CuO species, which resulted in the enhanced catalytic performance of Cu-V/γ-Al2O3 binary catalyst.     

一种改进的脱水方式对费托合成铁基催化剂结构性质与催化性能的影响

研究了一种改进的脱水方式对费托(F-T)合成铁基催化剂结构性质与催化性能的影响.在n(H2)/n(CO)=0.67,WHSV=1000 h-1,p=1.5 MPa和t=250 ℃的条件下对催化剂进行了浆态床F-T合成反应性能评价实验,并采用低温N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、原子发射光谱、X射线光电子能谱、氨程序升温脱附、穆斯堡尔谱和高分辨透射电镜等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,水处理和二次干燥得到的催化剂比表面积增加,颗粒减小,铁氧化物的分散程度增大,其表面的SiO2/Fe比例明显减小;该催化剂F-T合成反应活性有所增加;表面酸性有所增强,导致烃产物选择性向低碳数方向偏移.     

置换反应制备Pd-Fe双金属催化剂及其催化加氢性能

以Fe(CO)5为前体采用超声法合成纳米Fe胶体粒子,通过Fe胶体与PdCl2发生金属置换反应制备出活性炭负载Pd-Fe双金属催化剂。研究了表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对制备负载型催化剂的影响。采用XRD、H2程序升温还原（H2-TPR）、TEM、EDX等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,以苯乙炔加氢反应为探针反应考察了Fe含量对于催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明加氢催化活性较差的金属组分Fe在合适的比例下可以促进Pd基催化剂的加氢催化活性和选择性,然而,过多的Fe也会降低其催化活性。     

Verbenachalcone的另法全合成

用一种新的简便方法对Verbenachalcone进行全合成, 针对目标物的结构特征, 将其切为2个合成片段, 即化合物4和6, 然后再将2个片段连接. 从对羟基苯甲醛(2)开始经过溴代、乙酰化、Ullmann反应、甲氧甲基化、羟醛缩合、脱保护和催化加氢等7步反应完成了标题化合物的全合成, 总收率为39.1%, 合成的关键步骤是3-溴-4-羟基苯甲醛(3)和香兰素进行的Ullmann反应. 关键中间体与最终产物的化学结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和ESI-MS等表征确认.     

氮掺杂石墨烯负载单原子Zr催化CO2加氢的密度泛函理论研究

基于密度泛函理论计算,研究了H2和CO2在氮掺杂石墨烯负载单原子Zr催化剂(Zr Nx-Gr)上的吸附和CO2催化加氢反应. H2和CO2在Zr N3-Gr上单独吸附的吸附能分别为-0.49和-2.17 e V,在H2和CO2共吸附状态下,吸附能为-2.24 e V,均高于在Zr N4-Gr表面的吸附能,表明Zr N3-Gr表面更利于CO2加氢反应的发生.在Zr N3-Gr表面, CO2在共吸附后保持了其单独吸附时的特性,削弱了H2分子的吸附. CO2在Zr Nx-Gr表面催化加氢反应起始于H2和CO2的共吸附构型,沿反式HCOOH路径形成甲酸盐(HCOO*)中间体,然后HCOO*基团吸附H原子形成反式甲酸,在Zr N3-Gr和Zr N4-Gr表面该路径的反应能垒分别为1.85和2.48 e V.另一路径为产生CO与H2O的反应,在Zr N3-Gr和Zr N4-Gr表面的反应能垒分别为1.86和1.73 e V,表明Zr N3-Gr更利于CO2加氢生成甲酸反应的发生,而Zr N4-Gr表面更利于CO的产生.     

Zeolite-catalyzed hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and ethene

Ab initio molecular orbital theory and density functional theory calculations have been used to study the three-stage zeolite-catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol and the hydrogenation of C2H 4 to ethane, with the aim of designing an effective zeolite catalyst for these reactions. Both Br?nsted acid (XH) and alkali metal (XM) sites in model zeolites (-X-Al-XH- or -X-Al-XM-) have been examined. It is found that appropriately designed zeolites can provide excellent catalysis for these reactions, particularly for the hydrogenation of CO2, HCO2H and CH2O, with uncatalyzed barriers of more than 300 kJ mol(-1) being reduced to as little as 17 kJ mol(-1) (in the case of CH2O). The reaction barrier depends on the acidity of the XH moiety or the nature of the metal cation M in the XM moiety, and the basicity of the adjacent X group in the catalyst. For a catalyst based on alkali metal zeolites (XM), the catalytic activity is relatively insensitive to the nature of X in the XM group. As a result, the catalytic activity for these types of zeolites increases as X becomes more basic. We propose that alkali metal zeolites with Ge and N incorporated into the framework could be very effective catalysts for hydrogenation processes.     

Reforming of oxygenates for H2 production: correlating reactivity of ethylene glycol and ethanol on Pt(111) and Ni/Pt(111) with surface d-band center

The dehydrogenation and decarbonylation of ethylene glycol and ethanol were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) on Pt(111) and Ni/Pt(111) bimetallic surfaces, as probe reactions for the reforming of oxygenates for the production of H2 for fuel cells. Ethylene glycol reacted via dehydrogenation to form CO and H2, corresponding to the desired reforming reaction, and via total decomposition to produce C(ad), O(ad), and H2. Ethanol reacted by three reaction pathways, dehydrogenation, decarbonylation, and total decomposition, producing CO, H2, CH4, C(ad), and O(ad). Surfaces prepared by deposition of a monolayer of Ni on Pt(111) at 300 K, designated Ni-Pt-Pt(111), displayed increased reforming activity compared to Pt(111), subsurface monolayer Pt-Ni-Pt(111), and thick Ni/Pt(111). Reforming activity was correlated with the d-band center of the surfaces and displayed a linear trend for both ethylene glycol and ethanol, with activity increasing as the surface d-band center moved closer to the Fermi level. This trend was opposite to that previously observed for hydrogenation reactions, where increased activity occurred on subsurface monolayers as the d-band center shifted away from the Fermi level. Extrapolation of the correlation between activity and the surface d-band center of bimetallic systems may provide useful predictions for the selection and rational design of bimetallic catalysts for the reforming of oxygenates.     

压缩CO2中Co-N-C催化3-硝基苯乙烯选择性加氢反应动力学及相行为

对于苯环上含有各种可还原基团(如–C=C,–CN,–C≡C)的硝基芳烃,通过选择性加氢来制备芳香胺类化合物依然充满挑战.负载型纳米催化剂通常存在过度加氢的缺陷,虽然通过覆盖部分金属位点等方法可改善其选择性,但多是以牺牲催化活性为代价.得益于较高的原子利用率以及孤立的活性位结构,单原子催化剂在硝基芳烃选择性加氢反应中崭露头角.例如Pt1/FeOx单原子催化剂在3-硝基苯乙烯加氢反应中对目标产物的选择性高于99％,且转化频率(TOF)是Pt纳米催化剂的20倍以上.然而,已报道的单原子催化体系中,活性组分多为Pt族贵金属,且以有机溶剂为反应介质,不符合绿色化学理念.本文以环境友好型溶剂——压缩CO2为反应介质,以氮掺杂碳负载非贵金属Co单原子(Co-N-C)为催化剂,实现了3-硝基苯乙烯的选择性加氢,且反应体系中无任何有机溶剂和助剂.在温和(60 oC,3 MPa H2(RT),总压8.1 MPa)的反应条件下,3-硝基苯乙烯可完全转化,目标产物3-乙烯基苯胺的选择性达到>99％,且产物可通过简单卸压直接分离.Co-N-C单原子催化剂表现出较高的稳定性,循环使用4次以后活性并无明显降低.HAADF-STEM表征发现反应后的催化剂中,Co仍然呈单原子分散.研究发现,通过改变CO2压力(即CO2相行为)可调变H2在其中的溶解度以及在加氢反应中的反应级数,进而调变反应速率.通常认为,催化活性会随CO2压力增大呈线性增加,而本文中转化率却随CO2压力增加呈现"倒V型"曲线关系,即当体系总压为8.1 MPa(PCO2=5.0 MPa)时,转化率达到最大值(100％),而升高或降低CO2压力均会显著降低催化活性.为解释"倒V型"曲线的成因,通过含可视窗的高压釜研究了3-硝基苯乙烯/CO2/H2三元体系的相行为.发现当总压为13.4 MPa时,体系为均匀的一相(即3-硝基苯乙烯完全溶解在CO2中);而当总压为8.1 MPa时,却形成了气-液两相.用激光笔照射高压釜上部的气相时,出现了明显的丁达尔现象,说明其中溶解有少量的3-硝基苯乙烯,呈胶体分散;底部为CO2膨胀的3-硝基苯乙烯液相,且该膨胀行为通过硝基苯-CO2二元相行为研究得到证实(即在一定CO2压力下,6 mL硝基苯可被CO2膨胀至充满整个高压釜(容积为29.3 mL)).动力学研究发现,在不含CO2以及总压为11.2 MPa时,H2的反应级数为～0.5;而当总压为8.1 MPa(CO2压力为5.0 MPa)时,H2的级数降为0,说明该压力下H2的溶解度显著增加.通过Peng-Robinson方程计算了不同CO2压力下H2的溶解度,发现H2溶解度与CO2压力也呈"倒V型"曲线关系,且最高点对应的CO2压力与上述转化率-PCO2曲线一致.因此,当总压为8.1 MPa,CO2分压为5.0 MPa时形成了CO2膨胀的3-硝基苯乙烯液体,溶解入该膨胀液体的CO2促进了H2的溶解,进而使H2的反应级数降为0,从而促进了加氢反应的进行.综上,本文以压缩CO2为溶剂,以非贵金属基Co-N-C为催化剂,发展了一种3-硝基苯乙烯绿色选择性加氢途径.同时发现,改变CO2压力可调变反应体系的相行为及反应动力学行为,进而调变催化性能.该研究结果可为调变压缩CO2介质中进行的其它催化转化反应性能提供借鉴.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.