两亲嵌段共聚物溶液自组装新进展

综述了两亲嵌段共聚物在溶液中自组装的新进展，重点介绍了两亲嵌段共聚物自组装聚集体中棒状、蠕虫状、囊泡、洋葱和实心洋葱等几种新形态的特点和形成机理；另外对两亲嵌段共聚物溶液自组装在光电、药物释放、靶向以及作为基因工程载体方面的应用前景及两亲嵌段共聚物聚集体的制备方法作了详细的评述。     

聚苯乙烯-b-聚氧乙烯-b-聚苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物的自组装

小分子表面活性剂、磷脂、接枝及嵌段共聚物等两亲分子在选择性介质中能够自组装形成特定的分子聚集体 [1,2 ] .嵌段共聚物自组装的某些行为具有生物膜模拟性 ,如最近发现的嵌段共聚物自组装囊泡 [3～ 5] .诸多因素影响着嵌段共聚物在稀溶液中的自组装行为 [6] .对于 ABA型三嵌     

嵌段共聚物调控纳米粒子自组装的研究进展

嵌段共聚物和纳米粒子复合纳米材料具有优异的性能,在生物医药、光电材料、催化材料等领域具有很大的应用价值,已成为备受关注的研究热点.利用嵌段共聚物自组装能够形成特定形态的纳米结构聚集体,将纳米粒子选择性的分布和定位于嵌段共聚物聚集体中,可以改善纳米粒子的性能及其应用.本文综述了近年来实验上利用自组装制备嵌段共聚物-纳米粒子复合纳米材料的方法,并总结分析了影响纳米粒子在嵌段共聚物聚集体中的分布和定位的各种因素,包括纳米粒子的大小、形状及其表面化学.最后总结了嵌段共聚物-纳米粒子的自组装在理论模拟方面的研究.     

双刚性共轭嵌段共聚物体系的自组装

棒杆-棒杆(rod-rod)共轭嵌段共聚物体系是近几年发展起来的一类新型共轭聚合物材料,由于其特有的电学活性以及通过自组装实现纳米尺度结构可控等特性正逐渐成为人们研究的热点.构筑单元的刚性棒状结构使得rod-rod共轭嵌段共聚物体系倾向于自组装形成囊泡或层状结构等低曲率聚集体.本文总结了近年来关于rod-rod共轭嵌段共聚物体系自组装行为的研究,分别介绍了溶液中以及薄膜状态下双刚性共轭嵌段共聚物体系的自组装行为,在此基础上进一步讨论了rod-rod共轭嵌段共聚物薄膜结构与性能的关系.     

嵌段共聚物自组装的研究进展

自组装是分子间通过非共价键相互作用自发组合形成的一类结构明确、稳定,同时具有某种特定功能或性能的分子聚集体或超分子结构的现象.嵌段共聚物不仅可以在本体中自组装,还能在溶液中自组装.本文综述了嵌段共聚物在溶液中自组装的规律及其主要影响因素,包括嵌段共聚物链段长度、选择性溶剂的性质、嵌段共聚物的浓度、溶液的pH值等;并介绍...     

两亲性/双疏性嵌段共聚物共混体系的自组装行为研究

采用耗散粒子动力学方法,研究了两亲性嵌段共聚物和双疏性嵌段共聚物共混体系的自组装行为,探讨了双疏性嵌段共聚物的浓度以及双疏性嵌段共聚物的嵌段体积分数对聚集体结构的影响.结果表明,随着双疏性嵌段共聚物浓度的增加,聚集体发生自囊泡到棒状胶束再到同心圆多舱胶束的转变,且当浓度较高时,同心圆多舱胶束的同心圆层数量与浓度密切相关.当双疏性嵌段共聚物中的嵌段体积分数降低时,球形胶束由同心圆结构转变为非同心圆结构.此外,利用Minkowski泛函方法表征了多舱胶束的形成过程,发现这是一个先形成大尺度球形结构、再形成小尺度内核结构的分级组装过程.     

嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中自组装过程的计算机模拟

嵌段共聚物由于各嵌段性质不同,在选择性溶剂中能够自发地组装形成众多形态结构各异的纳米结构,如纳米级的球状、棒状、环状、片层状、囊泡及复合胶束等。这些胶束结构在药物传输、催化、电子信息等众多领域都有潜在的应用价值。通过计算机模拟可以在线监控嵌段共聚物的组装过程、揭示其组装机理,明确各种因素对组装结构的影响规律,为实验研究提供思路和理论支持,因此越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要综述了通过计算机模拟对嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中自组装研究的一些最新进展,详细讨论了影响嵌段共聚物自组装过程和胶束形貌的各种因素,并对这个领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

基于嵌段共聚物的纳米材料

嵌段共聚物由于具有自组装的特性，在制备纳米材料方面已引起研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了基于嵌段共聚物自组装制备纳米材料的研究进展，包括嵌段共聚物直接用作纳米材料、嵌段共聚物用作模板制备纳米材料、嵌段共聚物纳米复合材料等，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

嵌段共聚物自组装的研究进展

嵌段共聚物自组装在光学、电子、信息、化学及生物领域有着广泛的应用前景.本文从实验观测、理论研究和计算机模拟三个方面概述了嵌段共聚物自组装领域的研究进展.在实验观测方面,着重介绍了嵌段共聚物在体相及膜中的自组装及外场调控作用方面的研究进展;理论方面则分别介绍了强分相理论、弱分相理论、自洽场理论、动态密度泛函方法和元胞动力学等在嵌段共聚物自组装领域的应用;计算机模拟方面就 Monte Carlo 模拟、耗散粒子动力学等方法在该领域的应用作了详细的阐述.     

环形两嵌段共聚物在软受限条件下自组装行为的Monte Carlo模拟

本文采用Monte Carlo模拟方法考察了环形两嵌段共聚物在软受限条件下的自组装行为。模拟结果表明通过调节嵌段比例,AB环形两嵌段共聚物能够在软受限条件下形成A、B呈交替排列层状相的蛹状粒子,A嵌段呈条带状环绕B相区的椭球粒子以及A嵌段呈块状六角堆积排布的补丁状粒子等多种有序结构。通过考察嵌段间的不相容性和嵌段的疏水性对体系聚集体形貌结构和自组装过程的影响,模拟结果给出了补丁状粒子这一具有特殊有序结构粒子的形成条件,即嵌段的疏水性较弱或不同种嵌段间的不相容性较强的体系中,少组分嵌段A易于在多组分嵌段B形成的连续相中形成具有块状微相结构的补丁状粒子。上述模拟结果能够为人们对环形两嵌段共聚物在纳米材料领域的潜在应用提供理论依据和新思路,使人们对环形两嵌段共聚物在三维软受限中的自组装行为有更进一步的了解。     

Block copolymers in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Two new approaches: Copolymer aggregates as reductants and stabilizers and simultaneous formation of copolymer aggregates and gold nanoparticles

In this article, innovative applications of amphiphilic triblock and pentablock copolymers in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles are reported. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles is performed using two methods. In the first method, micellar aggregates of block copolymers and AuCl₄^? ions directly react in water; the nanoparticles obtained by this method are variable in size and are associated with copolymer aggregates. In the second method, two processes take place simultaneously: the aggregation of block copolymers and the reduction of Au (III) by the copolymers to form nanoparticles. In contrast with the first method, in this case, the nanoparticles obtained are located inside the copolymer aggregates. In both methods of synthesis, the block copolymers act simultaneously as reducing and stabilizing agents. To understand the role of copolymer aggregates in the synthesis of nanoparticles, molecular simulation methods are used. The gold nanoparticles, copolymer aggregates, and nanocomposite systems are characterized using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 3069–3079     

The dramatic effect of architecture on the self-assembly of block copolymers at interfaces

Dramatic morphological changes are observed in the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film assemblies of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-(styrene-r-benzocyclobutene) block copolymer (PEG-b-(S-r-BCB)) after intramolecular cross-linking of the S-r-BCB block to form a linear-nanoparticle structure. To isolate architectural effects and allow direct comparison, the linear block copolymer precursor and the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer resulting from selective intramolecular cross-linking of the BCB units were designed to have exactly the same molecular weight and chemical composition but different architecture. It was found that the effect of architecture is pronounced with these macromolecular isomers, which self-assemble into dramatically different surface aggregates. The linear block copolymer forms disklike surface assemblies over the range of compression states, while the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer exhibits long (>10 microm) wormlike aggregates whose length increases as a function of increasing cross-linking density. It is shown that the driving force behind the morphological change is a combination of the altered molecular geometry and the restricted degree of stretching of the nanoparticle block because of the intramolecular cross-linking. A modified approach to interpret the pi-A isotherm, which includes presence of the block copolymer aggregates, is also presented, while the surface rheological properties of the block copolymers at the air-water interface provide in-situ evidence of the aggregates' presence at the air-water interface.     

Preparation and characterization of nanoaggregates of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polymethacrylate and poly-L-lysine

Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polymethacrylate (PEO-b-PMA), one of the double-hydrophilic block copolymers, has proved to the form nanoaggregates with poly-L-lysine (PLS). This was confirmed by turbidimetry, zeta-potential measurements, and dynamic light scattering. The nanoaggregate formation is induced by electrostatic charge neutralization of the PMA block with PLS. The properties of the aggregates are affected by PLS concentration as well PEO-b-PMA concentration. The aggregates have potential applications in biomedical science.     

Poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) copolymers: Synthesis and pH/thermo‐responsive behavior in aqueous solutions

The synthesis and self‐assembly properties in aqueous solutions of novel amphiphilic block copolymers composed of one hydrophilic, pH and temperature responsive poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) block and one weakly hydrophobic, water insoluble, potentially thermoresponsive poly(hydroxy propyl methacrylate) (PHPMA) block, are reported. The block copolymers were prepared by RAFT polymerization and were molecularly characterized by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies. The PDMAEMA‐b‐PHPMA amphiphilic block copolymers self‐assemble in different nanostructured aggregates when inserted in aqueous media. The effects of different solubilization protocols, as well as the effects of solution temperature and pH on the structure of the aggregates, are studied by light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. Experimental results indicate that there is a number of solution preparation and physicochemical parameters that allow the control and manipulation of the structure and thermoresponsive properties of PDMAEMA‐b‐PHPMA aggregates in aqueous media. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 1962–1977     

Crew‐cut aggregates from self‐assembly of blends of polystyrene‐b‐poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers and homopolystyrene in solution

The formation and morphological characteristics of crew‐cut aggregates from blends of polystyrene‐b‐poly(acrylic acid) diblock copolymer and polystyrene homopolymer in solution were studied by static light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The crew‐cut aggregates, consisting of a polystyrene core and a poly(acrylic acid) corona, were prepared by direct dissolution of the polymer blends in a selective solvent mixture consisting of 93 wt % dimethylformamide and 7 wt % water. It is found that the aggregation behavior depends strongly on the relative volume fractions of the block copolymer and homopolymer in the blends. This is a result of the difference in solubility between the copolymer and the homopolymer in solution which, in turn, influences their miscibility and mutual solubility and consequently the morphology of the formed crew‐cut aggregates. Specifically, when the homopolymer fraction is low, it is mainly dissolved in the cores of the crew‐cut aggregates formed by the block copolymer. When the homopolymer fraction exceeds its solubility limit in the copolymer micelles, aggregates of another type are formed which contain a major fraction of the homopolymer. These aggregates are usually much larger than the primary micelles and have an internal structure due to the formation of reverse micelles from the dissolved block copolymer chains. The importance of thermodynamic vs. kinetic aspects during the formation of the crew‐cut aggregates is also discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1469–1484, 1999     

Intelligent crew-cut aggregates formed by thermosensitive block copolymers and their multiple morphologies

The thermosensitive block copolymer poly(2-cinnamoylethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PCEMA-b-PNIPAAm) can form crew-cut aggregates with multiple morphologies under various micellization conditions. Spherical, rod-like, vesicular, lamellar aggregates, and large compound micelles were obtained from the block copolymers. The effects of different conditions, such as the copolymer composition, the nature of the common solvent, the initial copolymer concentrations, and the water content on the morphologies of the aggregates were studied in detail. The thermosensitive property of the aggregates was investigated through measuring the change of the dimension of the aggregates with changing the external temperature.     

Switching the inside and the outside of aggregates of water-soluble block copolymers with double thermoresponsivity

Water-soluble block copolymers were prepared from the nonionic monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and the zwitterionic monomer 3-[N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl]ammoniopropane sulfonate (SPP) by sequential free radical polymerization via the RAFT process. Such block copolymers with two hydrophilic blocks exhibit double thermoresponsive behavior in water: the poly-NIPA block shows a lower critical solution temperature, whereas the poly-SPP block exhibits an upper critical solution temperature. Appropriate design of the block lengths leads to block copolymers which stay in solution in the full temperature range between 0 and 100 degrees C. Both blocks of these polymers dissolve in water at intermediate temperatures, whereas at high temperatures, the poly-NIPA block forms colloidal hydrophobic associates that are kept in solution by the poly-SPP block, and at low temperatures, the poly-SPP block forms colloidal polar aggregates that are kept in solution by the poly-NIPA block. In this way, colloidal aggregates which switch reversibly can be prepared in water, and without any additive, their "inside" to the "outside", and vice versa. The aggregates provide microdomains and surfaces of different character, which can be controlled by a simple thermal stimulus.     

Solubilization of hydrocarbons and resulting aggregate shape transitions in aqueous solutions of Pluronic (PEO–PPO–PEO) block copolymers

Pluronic^® block copolymers are commercially available symmetric triblock copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, as the hydrophilic end blocks and poly(propylene oxide), PPO, as the hydrophobic middle block. In this paper, the solubilization of hydrocarbons by aggregates of Pluronic^® block copolymers in water is examined in the framework of a simple molecular theory of solubilization. The aggregates have an inner core region made up of PPO and the solubilizate and an outer corona region made up of PEO and water. Expressions for the standard state free energy change associated with solubilization of hydrocarbons by aggregates having spherical, cylindrical, and lamellar shapes are presented. These free energy contributions account for the mixing of the core block with the solubilizate, the consequent changes in the state of deformation of the core block, the changes in the state of dilution and deformation of the corona block, the formation of the core-solvent interface, and the backfolding of the triblock copolymer which ensures that the two end blocks are in contact with the solvent. Utilizing these free energy expressions, we predict the core size, the corona thickness, and the aggregation number of the micelle and also the volume fraction of the hydrocarbon solubilized in the core, for seven aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon solubilizates incorporated within numerous Pluronic^® compounds. The calculated results show that a growth in aggregate size occurs both because of the incorporation of the hydrocarbon and also the increase in the intrinsic number of block copolymer molecules per aggregate. More interestingly, solubilization is shown to induce a transition in aggregate shapes from spheres to cylinders and then to lamellae. The shape transition is found to be critically controlled by the free energy of mixing of the solubilizate with the core forming PPO block.     

Behavior of a styrene oxide-ethylene oxide diblock copolymer/surfactant system: a thermodynamic and spectroscopy study

Co-micellization of the diblock copolymer oxyphenylethylene/oxyethylene (S(17)E(65)) with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was investigated in aqueous solution using light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and density measurements. Upon the addition of the surfactant, changes in the physicochemical properties of the micellized block copolymer take place due to interactions between the surfactant and the copolymer. Mixed micelles of copolymer and surfactant are formed and the size of the mixed aggregates changes in dependence of the amount of SDS. At a certain limiting concentration of SDS, only small rich-surfactant-copolymer aggregates and free surfactant micelles are observed in solution, as confirmed by the thermodynamic data obtained by ITC and transfer volumes. Thus, it seems that the presence of surfactant can be a tool to control the size and properties of block copolymer aggregates in solution.     

Self‐assembly of oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) in polar media and solubilization of an oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) homooligomer inside the assembly

Rod–coil amphiphilic diblock copolymers, consisting of oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) (OPV) as a rod and hydrophobic block and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a coil and hydrophilic block, were synthesized by a convergent method. The aggregation behavior of the block copolymers in a selective solvent (tetrahydrofuran/H₂O) was probed with the absorption and emission of the OPV block. With increasing H₂O concentration, the absorption maximum was blueshifted, the emission from the molecularly dissolved OPV decreased, and that from the aggregated OPV increased. This indicated that the OPV blocks formed H‐type aggregates in which the OPV blocks aligned in a parallel orientation with one another. The transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the block copolymers with PEO weight fractions of 41 and 62 wt % formed cylindrical aggregates with a diameter of 6–8 nm and a length of several hundreds nanometers, whereas the block copolymer with 79 wt % PEO formed distorted spherical aggregates with an average diameter of 13 nm. Furthermore, the solubilization of an OPV homooligomer with the block copolymer was studied. When the total polymer concentration was less than 0.1 wt %, the block copolymer solubilized OPV with a 50 mol % concentration. The structure of the aggregates was a cylinder with a relatively large diameter distribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1569–1578, 2005