绝热式热动力学的研究III:二级反应的热谱解析

本文建立了二级发应在绝热系统中的热动力学研究, 并用自制的绝热式自动量热计, 研究了几个放热反应体系的热动力学, 而且对吸热反应体系的热动力学研究进行了探索。     

绝热式热动力学的研究III:二级反应的热谱解析

本文建立了二级发应在绝热系统中的热动力学研究, 并用自制的绝热式自动量热计, 研究了几个放热反应体系的热动力学, 而且对吸热反应体系的热动力学研究进行了探索。     

敏感1000倍的量热计

敏感１０００倍的量热计ＩＢＭ的科学家们开发了一种新的量热计。这种量热计比原有的量热计对温度要敏感１０００倍，其检测温度变化的范围可达１０－５Ｋ，且价格相对低廉。这种量热计的基点在于一个镀有铝层的微型机械硅杠杆。由于硅和铝的热膨胀系数不同（双金属效应）...     

一种用于研究金属氢化反应的量热系统

将RD-1型量热计的样品管改装成能测量金属氢化反应热效应的量热系统,量热计常数经电能标定,峰高法和面积法所测结果的相对精度为0.5-1％。     

环己烯和2-甲基戊烯-1在几种Y型分子筛上的吸附量热研究

用SETARAM热流式量热计测定了环己烯和2-甲基戊烯-1于室温下在NaY、CaY、R_EY和HY等几种分子筛上的微分吸附热。我们又用Benson基团加合法计算得到了生成仲碳离子和叔碳离子时的吸附热。根据实验测得的于不同吸附量时环己烯和2-甲基戊烯-1的吸附热之差值, 对它们在上述几种Y型分子筛上的吸附机理进行了讨论。     

聚四氟乙烯等温稀释型量热计

过量焓是溶液的基本热力学性质,近廾年来不少学者对它进行了大量的研究,取得了引人注目的成绩。目前应用较多的为等温稀释型及流动型量热计。尽管后者具有速度快、试剂用量省等优点,但前者结构简单、操作方便和实验精度高,因此得到广泛的应用。传统的等温稀释型量热计的本体为玻璃杜瓦瓶,当活塞上下移动时常常引起破裂,另一方面由于使用汞封,使实验物料受到很大限制。为了克服这些缺点,我们用聚四氟乙烯作为量热计本体,取得满意的效     

教学中测定反应焓变量热计的改进

反应焓变的测定是普通化学、无机化学教学的常规实验。实验用量热计大致可分为两种类型：即保温杯型［２～５］和烧杯夹泡沫塑料绝热型［５～７］;采用的搅拌方法则有手握量热计摇动搅拌［１］、手握玻璃棒（或下端加环）上下移动或转动搅拌［２,３］、电动搅拌机搅拌或电磁搅拌器搅拌［５］。经过长期实践,已发现现有各种简易量热计存在如下问题：（１）搅拌过程中容易碰破量热计内壁或温度计;（２）手动搅拌不充分、不均匀,反应时间长,由此带来实验误差大;（３）烧杯夹泡沫塑料型量热计,在清洗过程中夹层容易进水,热容变化进而导…     

铁-镍-钒三元系固态合金的量热研究——双子、差示、高温量热计

本文介绍一种自制双子、差示、高温量热计,此仪器用于测量固态合金的生成焓和相变焓。最高工作温度可达1200℃。通过测定已知焓值的纯铁的相变焓,证明量热计可靠。用这台量热计测量了8种不同成份的Fe-Ni-V固态合金的生成焓,其中包含σ相和γ相。为该体系的热力学研究提供了必要的热化学数据。     

铁-镍-钒三元系固态合金的量热研究——双子、差示、高温量热计

本文介绍一种自制双子、差示、高温量热计, 此仪器用于测量固态合金的生成焓和相变焓。最高工作温度可达1200 ℃。通过测定已知焓值的纯铁的相变焓, 证明量热计可靠。用这台量热计测量了8种不同成份的Fe-Ni-V固态合金的生成焓, 其中包含σ相和γ相。为该体系的热力学研究提供了必要的热化学数据。     

RD-I型热导式自动量热计的研制

在文献[10]、[12]的基础上,研制了一种能在常温到150°C的较大温度范围内工作的“RD-Ⅰ型热导式自动量热计”。本文报导了仪器结构和工作原理。通过电能测定,证明仪器设计合理,工作正常。其性能完全符合Tian氏方程的要求。而且重现性好(相对精度为0.5%-1%左右),灵敏度高(对1卡以上的热效应能够准确地进行测量)。量热计通过光笔记录仪实现了测量记录的自动化。     

A compact differential isoperibol calorimeter with variable heat shields

The dynamic characteristics of an isoperibol solution calorimeter with electrical heating are discussed on a theoretical basis.The design requirements of a solution calorimeter are briefly reviewed. A calorimeter which satisfies these requirements was conducted and is described here. The dynamics of solutions heating by an electrical heater are mathematically developed and computer generated heating curves are compared to experimental curves.     

卟啉化合物的热化学研究——Ⅳ.精密转动氧弹燃烧热量计的建立与标定

A precision rotating-bomb combustion calorimeter in which thermistors were used as elements of temperature control and temperature measurement was constructed in our laboratory. The calorimeter was calibrated with benzoic acid of purity 99.999 percent. The energy equivalent of standard calorimeter system is 18.6376±0.0022 kJ.K~(-1). The precision of the experiment was 0.012% (shown in the form of 2s.d m) Detailed Washburn correction was made in microcomputer with programme designed by ourselves.     

卟啉化合物的热化学研究Ⅰ. 精密燃烧量热装置及标定

本文报道了一套用热敏电阻作测温元件的精密静弹燃烧量热装置。数据处理用电子计算机按自编程序完成。用中国计量科学院提供的量热基准苯甲酸标定了量热计的能当量, 其精密度(2s.d.m计)为0.01％。利用此仪器测得三羟甲基氨基甲烷的燃烧能为△_cu°(298.15 K)=-20030.3±6.0 Jg~(-1), 与文献值吻合, 证实了本装置的可靠性。     

A double twin isothermal microcalorimeter

The design and properties of a double twin heat conduction microcalorimeter are described. In this instrument two twin microcalorimeters are placed close together, one on top of the other. The size of the instrument is the same as that of a commercial single twin microcalorimeter and each of the twin parts has similar properties as one normal twin microcalorimeter. The cross-talk between the calorimeters can be made low; we measured <0.1% of the signal generated in one calorimeter in the other calorimeter. This figure is, however, dependent on how well the two sides of the instrument are thermally balanced. The paper also contains a general discussion of the use of a reference in reducing the effect of temperature changes in the heat sink.

The advantage with a double calorimeter is that one may easily perform two related calorimetric experiments at the same time and in close proximity to each other, e.g. both sorption isotherms and sorption enthalpies may be measured simultaneously, or the heat production rate of a biological process may be monitored at the same time as the CO₂ production is measured.     

A direct isoperibol aneroid calorimeter

An aneroid isoperibol calorimetric apparatus is described which is particularly suitable for measurement of the reaction heat among solids. Such an apparatus contains four calorimeters and allows to carry out differential measurements. Each calorimeter includes two small electric furnaces employed for heating the solid mixture until the reaction begins and for the successive electric calibrations, respectively. The temperature trend of each calorimeter is followed by 80 thermocouples in series. The instrument characteristics are briefly discussed. Examples of its employment in the alloy thermochemistry are given.     

A Low-temperature Automated Adiabatic Calorimeter Heat Capacities of High-purity Graphite and Polystyrene

A computerized adiabatic calorimeter for heat capacity measurements in the temperature range 80–400 K has been constructed. The sample cell of the calorimeter, which is about 50 cm³ in internal volume, is equipped with a platinum resistance thermometer and surrounded by an adiabatic shield and a guard shield. Two sets of 6-junction chromel-copel thermocouples are mounted between the cell and the shields to indicate the temperature differences between them. The adiabatic conditions of the cell are automatically controlled by two sets of temperature controller. The reliability of the calorimeter was verified through heat capacity measurements on the standard reference material α-Al₂O₃. The results agreed well with those of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS): within ±0.2% throughout the whole temperature region. The heat capacities of high-purity graphite and polystyrene were precisely measured in the interval 260–370 K by using the above-mentioned calorimeter. The results were tabulated and plotted and the thermal behavior of the two materials was discussed in detail. Polynomial expressions for calculation of the heat capacities of the two substances are presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A fully automated adiabatic calorimeter for heat capacity measurement between 80 and 400 K

A fully automated adiabatic calorimeter controlled on line by a computer used for heat capacity measurements in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K was constructed. The hardware of the calorimetric system consisted of a Data Acquisition/Switch Unit, 34970A Agilent, a 7 1/2 Digit Nano Volt /Micro Ohm Meter, 34420A Agilent, and a P4 computer. The software was developed according to modern controlling theory. The adiabatic calorimeter consisted mainly of a sample cell equipped with a miniature platinum resistance thermometer and an electric heater, two (inner and outer) adiabatic shields, two sets of six junction differential thermocouple piles and a high vacuum can. A Lake Shore 340 Temperature Controller and the two sets of differential thermocouples were used to control the adiabatic conditions between the cell and its surroundings. The reliability of the calorimeter was verified by measuring the heat capacities of synthetic sapphire (α-Al₂O₃), Standard Reference Material 720. The deviation of the data obtained by this calorimeter from those published by NIST was within ±0.1% in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K.     

A constant heat-flux calorimeter for measuring heat transfer data

A new isothermal calorimeter, designed especially for simultaneously measuring the heat of reaction and the heat transfer data in a reaction solution, is described. The system, called a Constant Heat-Flux Calorimeter, is similar to a differential scanning calorimeter in terms of direct calorimetric measurement of the energies of reaction, but differs from the conventional calorimeters described in the literature. With this device, one recorded output in a temperature control circuit is a linear function of change in energies of reaction, and second in a differential temperature control circuit is found to be proportional to a resistance to heat transfer in a solution. The performance of the calorimeter was evaluated on the basis of some results on heat transfer data of aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol and on solution polymerization of styrene at constant temperatures.