Bifurcating periodic solution for a class of first-order nonlinear delay differential equation after Hopf bifurcation

In this paper, we predict the accurate bifurcating periodic solution for a general class of first-order nonlinear delay differential equation with reflectional symmetry by constructing an approximate technique, named residue harmonic balance. This technique combines the features of the homotopy concept with harmonic balance which leads to easy computation and gives accurate prediction on the periodic solution to the desired accuracy. The zeroth-order solution using just one Fourier term is applied by solving a set of nonlinear algebraic equations containing the delay term. The unbalanced residues due to Fourier truncation are considered iteratively by solving linear equations to improve the accuracy and increase the number of Fourier terms of the solutions successively. It is shown that the solutions are valid for a wide range of variation of the parameters by two examples. The second-order approximations of the periodic solutions are found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained by direct numerical integration. Moreover, the residue harmonic balance method works not only in determining the amplitude but also the frequency of the bifurcating periodic solution. The method can be easily extended to other delay differential equations.     

Fractional derivative and time delay damper characteristics in Duffing–van der Pol oscillators

In this paper, we investigate the damping characteristics of two Duffing–van der Pol oscillators having damping terms described by fractional derivative and time delay respectively. The residue harmonic balance method is presented to find periodic solutions. No small parameter is assumed. Highly accurate limited cycle frequency and amplitude are captured. The results agree well with the numerical solutions for a wide range of parameters. Based on the obtained solutions, the damping effects of these two oscillators are investigated. When the system parameters are identical, the steady state responses and their stability are qualitatively different. The initial approximations are obtained by solving a few harmonic balance equations. They are improved iteratively by solving linear equations of increasing dimension. The second-order solutions accurately exhibit the dynamical phenomena when taking the fractional derivative and time delay as bifurcation parameters respectively. When damping is described by time delay, the stable steady state response is more complex because time delay takes past history into account implicitly. Numerical examples taking time delay and fractional derivative are respectively given for feature extraction and convergence study.     

On the determination of approximate periodic solutions of some non-linear ODE

We propose a numerical-symbolic method for the approximation of periodic solutions of a type of non-linear ODE. The efficiency of our method is contrasted with the harmonic balance method and with another one which combines the differential transformation method with Padé approximants on a non trivial example: the relativistic oscillator. It is shown that our method is computationally more reliable.     

On limit cycle approximations in the van der Pol oscillator

This paper applies bifurcation analysis to the well-known van der Pol oscillator to obtain approximations of its periodic solutions in the nearly sinusoidal regime. A frequency domain method based on harmonic balance approximations is used for small values of the bifurcation parameter. Moreover, a comparison with some other frequency domain approaches is also given. Finally, a total harmonic distortion is computed using the information provided by the frequency domain approach.     

Forward residue harmonic balance for autonomous and non-autonomous systems with fractional derivative damping

Both the autonomous and non-autonomous systems with fractional derivative damping are investigated by the harmonic balance method in which the residue resulting from the truncated Fourier series is reduced iteratively. The first approximation using a few Fourier terms is obtained by solving a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. The unbalanced residues due to Fourier truncation are considered iteratively by solving linear algebraic equations to improve the accuracy and increase the number of Fourier terms of the solutions successively. Multiple solutions, representing the occurrences of jump phenomena, supercritical pitchfork bifurcation and symmetry breaking phenomena are predicted analytically. The interactions of the excitation frequency, the fractional order, amplitude, phase angle and the frequency amplitude response are examined. The forward residue harmonic balance method is presented to obtain the analytical approximations to the angular frequency and limit cycle for fractional order van der Pol oscillator. Numerical results reveal that the method is very effective for obtaining approximate solutions of nonlinear systems having fractional order derivatives.     

The iterative homotopy harmonic balance method for conservative Helmholtz-Duffing oscillators

An approach that the iterative homotopy harmonic balance method which incorporates salient features of both the parameter-expansion and the harmonic balance is presented to solve conservative Helmholtz-Duffing oscillators. Since the behaviors of the solutions in the positive and negative directions are quite different, the asymmetric equation is separated into two auxiliary equations. The auxiliary equations are solved by proposed method. The results show it works very well for the whole range of initial amplitudes in a variety of cases, and the excellent agreement of the approximate periods and periodic solutions with exact ones have been demonstrated and discussed. And, the proposed method is very simple in its principle and has great potential to be applied to other nonlinear oscillators.     

On Gaussian decay estimates of solutions to some linear elliptic equations and their applications

In this paper we establish pointwise decay estimates of solutions to some linear elliptic equations by using the Nash–Moser iteration arguments and the ODE method. As applications we obtain sharp Gaussian decay estimates for solutions to nonlinear elliptic equations that are related with self-similar solutions to nonlinear heat equations and standing wave solutions to nonlinear Schrödinger equations with harmonic potential.     

The Describing Function Matrix

The Describing Function method (or method of harmonic balance)is a means of finding approximations to periodic solutions ofnon-linear O.D.E.'s by replacing the nonlinear terms by a pseudo-linearrepresentation of their effect on a single harmonic. This papergeneralizes that representation to a matrix which gives theeffect of the nonlinear terms on any desired finite number ofharmonics; contrary to what has been the case in previous generalizationsof this kind, there is an algorithm for calculation of the matrix.Bounds on the error of a solution of given order are obtainedusing a contraction mapping theorem, and the paper also studiesthe problem of when such a finite order approximation methodis capable of predicting a specific periodic solution of a particularsystem of O.D.E.'s. A number of examples show how the methodis applied to autonomous systems, both critical and non-critical,and demonstrate that discontinuities and memory in the nonlinearterms do not preclude either the finding of solutions or thetesting of their validity.     

On Analytic Periodic Solutions to Nonlinear Differential Equations With Delay (Advance)

We study a system of the reaction–diffusion type, where diffusion coefficients depend in an arbitrary way on spatial variables and concentrations, while reactions are expressed as homogeneous functions whose coefficients depend in a special way on spatial variables. We prove that the system has a family of exact solutions that are expressed through solutions to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) with homogeneous functions in right-hand sides. For a special case of theODE systemwe construct a general solution represented by Jacobi higher transcendental functions. We also prove that these periodic solutions are analytic functions that can be expressed near each point on the period by convergent power series.     

长水波近似方程组的新精确解

依据齐次平衡法的思想 ,首先提出了求非线性发展方程精确解的新思路 ,这种方法通过改变待定函数的次序 ,优势是使求解的复杂计算得到简化 .应用本文的思路 ,可得到某些非线性偏微分方程的新解 .其次我们给出了长水波近似方程组的一些新精确解 ,其中包括椭圆周期解 ,我们推广了有关长波近似方程的已有结果 .     

Nonlinear dynamics of high-dimensional models of in-plane and out-of-plane vibration in an axially moving viscoelastic beam

Nonlinear dynamics of high-dimensional models of an axially moving viscoelastic beam with in-plane and out-of-plane vibration with combined parametric and forcing excitations are investigated by the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method in this paper. Governing equations of transverse in-plane and out-of-plane and longitudinal vibration are obtained basing on the Hamilton's principle. The Galerkin method is used to separate time variable and spatial variable to obtain a set of multi-order differential equations. The IHB method with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to solve periodic response of high-dimensional models of the beam for which convergent mode is reached. Stability of the steady-state periodic solutions is analyzed using the multivariable Floquet theory. Particular attention is paid to in-plane and out-of-plane vibration on convergent mode of the beam with combined parametric and forcing excitations. Multiple solutions are observed, and jump phenomena between in-plane and out-of-plane vibration with different transverse cross sections are discovered.     

Elliptic harmonic balance method for two degree-of-freedom self-excited oscillators

Elliptic harmonic balance (EHB) method as an analytical method is widely used for strongly non-linear oscillators with a single degree-of-freedom (DOF). The oscillation equations are expressed by elliptic functions, and then the expressions are expanded as harmonics of elliptic type while only the first harmonic is retained. To the best of our knowledge, however, it seems that the EHB method has not been found applications in two or multiple DOFs systems. One possible reason is that the EHB method may cause a difficult problem that the number of equations obtained by harmonic balancing is not equal to that of unknowns. To this end, in the present paper, the EHB method is therefore extended to study a class of strongly self-excited oscillators with two DOFs. Prior to harmonic balancing, an additional equation is established to tackle the aforementioned problem. Illustrative examples show that solutions of limit cycles obtained by the proposed method are in good agreement with the numerical solutions.     

Newton–harmonic balancing approach for accurate solutions to nonlinear cubic–quintic Duffing oscillators

This paper presents a new approach for solving accurate approximate analytical higher-order solutions for strong nonlinear Duffing oscillators with cubic–quintic nonlinear restoring force. The system is conservative and with odd nonlinearity. The new approach couples Newton’s method with harmonic balancing. Unlike the classical harmonic balance method, accurate analytical approximate solutions are possible because linearization of the governing differential equation by Newton’s method is conducted prior to harmonic balancing. The approach yields simple linear algebraic equations instead of nonlinear algebraic equations without analytical solution. Using the approach, accurate higher-order approximate analytical expressions for period and periodic solution are established. These approximate solutions are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation. In addition, it is not restricted to the presence of a small parameter such as in the classical perturbation method. Illustrative examples are presented to verify accuracy and explicitness of the approximate solutions. The effect of strong quintic nonlinearity on accuracy as compared to cubic nonlinearity is also discussed.     

On Quasi-Periodic Solutions of Differential Equations with Piecewise Constant Argument

We study the existence of quasi-periodic solutions to differential equations with piecewise constant argument (EPCA, for short). It is shown that EPCA with periodic perturbations possess a quasi-periodic solution and no periodic solution. The appearance of quasi-periodic rather than periodic solutions is due to the piecewise constant argument. This new phenomenon illustrates a crucial difference between ODE and EPCA. The results are extended to nonlinear equations.     

Relationship between the homotopy analysis method and harmonic balance method

This paper presents a study of the relationship between the homotopy analysis method (HAM) and harmonic balance (HB) method. The HAM is employed to obtain periodic solutions of conservative oscillators and limit cycles of self-excited systems, respectively. Different from the usual procedures in the existing literature, the HAM is modified by retaining a given number of harmonics in higher-order approximations. It is proved that as long as the solution given by the modified HAM is convergent, it converges to one HB solution. The Duffing equation, the van der Pol equation and the flutter equation of a two-dimensional airfoil are taken as illustrations to validate the attained results.     

Solving an inverse problem for Maxwell’s equations numerically with Laguerre functions

An inverse problem is solved by an optimization method using Laguerre functions. Numerical simulations are carried out for one-dimensional Maxwell’s equations in the wave and diffusion approximations. The spatial distributions of permittivity and conductivity in a medium are determined from a known solution at a certain point. A Laguerre harmonics function is minimized. The minimization is performed by the conjugate gradient method. The results of determining permittivity and conductivity are presented. The influence of the shape and spectrum of a source of electromagnetic waves on the solution accuracy of the inverse problem is investigated. The solutions with broadband and harmonic sources of electromagnetic waves are compared in accuracy.     

非线性演化方程的孤立波解

用齐次平衡原则和辅助微分方程方法得到了6个重要的n次非线性演化方程的孤立波解.辅助微分方程方法的主要思想是借助简单的可解微分方程的解去构造复杂的非线性演化方程的行进波解.这里简单的可解微分方程称为辅助微分方程.本文使用的辅助方程有双曲正割幂型解或双曲正切幂型解.     

Generalization of the simplest equation method for nonlinear non-autonomous differential equations

It is known that the simplest equation method is applied for finding exact solutions of autonomous nonlinear differential equations. In this paper we extend this method for finding exact solutions of non-autonomous nonlinear differential equations (DEs). We applied the generalized approach to look for exact special solutions of three Painlevé equations. As ODE of lower order than Painlevé equations the Riccati equation is taken. The obtained exact special solutions are expressed in terms of the special functions defined by linear ODEs of the second order.     

夹层椭圆形板的1/3亚谐解

研究了夹层椭圆形板的非线性强迫振动问题。在以5个位移分量表示的夹层椭圆板的运动方程的基础上,导出了相应的非线性动力方程。提出一类强非线性动力系统的叠加-叠代谐波平衡法。将描述动力系统的二阶常微分方程,化为基本解为未知函数的基本微分方程和派生解为未知函数的增量微分方程。通过叠加-叠代谐波平衡法得出了椭圆板的1/3亚谐解。同时,对叠加-叠代谐波平衡法和数值积分法的精度进行了比较。并且讨论了1/3亚谐解的渐近稳定性。