Derivative spectrum chromatographic method for the determination of trimethoprim in honey samples using an on-line solid-phase extraction technique

A simple, selective and rapid analytical method for determination of trimethoprim (TMP) in honey samples was developed and validated. This method is based on a SPE technique followed by HPLC with photodiode array detection. After dilution and filtration, aliquots of 500 μL honey samples were directly injected to an on-line SPE HPLC system. TMP was extracted on an RP SPE column, and separated on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography column during HPLC analysis. At the first detection step, the noise level of the photodiode array data was reduced with two-dimensional equalizer filtering, and then the smoothed data were subjected to derivative spectrum chromatography. On the second-derivative chromatogram at 254 nm, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification of TMP in a honey sample were 5 and 10 ng/g, respectively. The proposed method showed high accuracy (60-103%) with adequate sensitivity for TMP monitoring in honey samples.     

Adaptation of an existing algorithm for automated continuum correction in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry using a photodiode array detector

The use of a photodiode array as a multichannel detector for off-line continuum correction in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)is demonstrated. The photodiode array allows concurrent data acquisition of all reference wavelengths necessary for the calculation of the background. An existing background correction algorithm that selects reference channels by a statistical criterion is modified for use with the photodiode array. The influence of several parameters on the performance of the algorithm is investigated with spectra derived from the photodiode array and from a conventional photomultiplier based system. It is shown that with either system background correction can be performed completely automated and sample adapted.     

Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction followed by RP‐HPLC for the simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis

An optimized microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) method and an efficient HPLC analysis method were developed for fast extraction and simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis. The open vessel MAE process was optimized by using a central composite experimental design. The optimal conditions identified were microwave power 600 W, temperature 52°C, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 7 min. The results showed that MAE is a more rapid extraction method with higher yield and lower solvent consumption. The HPLC–photodiode array detection analysis method was validated to have good linearity, precision, reproduction and accuracy. Compared with conventional extraction and analysis methods, MAE–HPLC–photodiode array detection is a faster, convenient and appropriate method for determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruits of C. sinensis.     

Aligning retention time shifts in HPLC three‐dimensional spectra by icoshift approach combined with data arrangement methods and the release of a graphical user interface

High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection has been extensively applied in many fields and the peaks among the analyzed samples can be shifted due to the variations of instrumental and experimental conditions. In multivariate analysis, retention time alignment is an important pretreatment step. Hence, the shifted peaks in high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection three‐dimensional spectra should be aligned for further analysis. Being motivated by this purpose, the interval correlated shifting method combined with the proposed data arrangement methods are recommended and employed on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection data as a demonstration. We validate the alignment performance of the proposed method through comparison the consistency of the retention time before and after alignment. The obtained results demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of successful aligning the employed data. Additionally, the interval correlated shifting method combined with the data arrangement modes is implemented in an easy‐to‐use graphical user interface environment and so can be operated easily by users not familiar with programming languages.     

Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and nonylphenol carboxylic acids in surface water

Various liquid chromatographic methods used in the analysis of mycotoxins (zearalenone, trichothecenes and fumonisins) produced by Fusarium species were compared in this work. The results demonstrate the suitability of modern clean-up procedures employing multifunctional MycoSep and immunoaffinity columns although these methods are more expensive than conventional methodologies for clean-up. HPLC with both fluorescence and photodiode array detection is a suitable technique for the analysis of toxic secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium species; different derivatisation strategies have been studied to improve the sensitivity of the technique because of the low concentration of these metabolites in contaminated food. The utility of the proposed methodology was assessed in cereal cultures of various Fusarium strains.     

Application of Heart-Cutting 2D-LC for the Determination of Peak Purity for a Chiral Pharmaceutical Compound by HPLC

As an alterative to photodiode array or mass spectral analysis, a heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography technique (2D-LC) can be utilized to assess peak purity. In this work, the strengths of the heart-cutting 2D-LC technique are presented by highlighting a case study where a co-eluting impurity present at 0.8 % was non-detectable using traditional methods. However, when fractions taken across the main peak were re-assayed using an orthogonal method, this peak was readily observed. With modern switching valves and up-to-date chromatography software, implementing this technique into a validation protocol for assessing peak purity is simple and can be accomplished through only minor modifications to existing HPLC equipment.     

Identification of microcystin-RR and [Dha7]microcystin-RR in commercial standards by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Three different commercial standards of microcystin-RR were assessed for purity by the liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) technique. Although the liquid chromatograms with photodiode array detector for each standard looked virtually identical, the analysis of corresponding mass spectra revealed that only one of them contained microcystin-RR per purity assay. The second standard was a mixture of microcystin-RR, and its demethyl variant identified as [Dha7]microcystin-RR, and the third one contained [Dha7]microcystin-RR only. We strongly recommend applying LC coupled with MS for purity assay of microcystin standards.     

Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and a hydrolytic technique for the detection and structure elucidation of a novel synthetic vardenafil designer drug added illegally to a "natural" herbal dietary supplement

An herbal dietary supplement, marketed as a natural product for the enhancement of sexual function, was purchased covertly over the internet. The product was analyzed by LC-MS and found to contain a compound related to synthetic phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors. Based on LC with photodiode array and mass spectral detection, along with collision-induced dissociation-mass spectral analysis, the structure of the compound was tentatively identified as a designer drug of vardenafil in which the N-ethylpiperazine ring had been replaced by a piperidine ring. This structure was unambiguously confirmed by acid hydrolysis of both the unknown ("piperidenafil") and vardenafil and comparison of their hydrolysis products by LC-MS and GC-MS. The hydrolytic technique proved to be a useful tool for the structure elucidation of piperidenafil and may be a useful technique for the structure elucidation of other erectile dysfunction designer drugs in the future. The dosage level of piperidenafil in the herbal product was 41 mg per capsule when calculated as the free base.     

Determination of sulfonamide residues in eggs by liquid chromatography

A method was developed for determining residual sulfonamide antibacterials such as sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), and sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) in eggs using liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. The spiked and blank samples were cleaned up by using an Ultrafree-MC/PL centrifugal ultrafiltration unit. A Mightysil RP-4 GP column and a mobile phase of 28% (v/v) ethanol-H2O with a photodiode array detector were used for the determination. Average recoveries from eggs spiked with each drug at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 ppm were > or = 80.9%, with relative standard deviations between 1.3 and 4.7%. The limits of quantitation were 0.060 ppm for SMZ, 0.045 for SMM, 0.044 for SDM, and 0.093 for SQ. The analysis of one sample required < 30 min and < 5 mL ethanol as solvent.     

Lineare Silizium-Photodioden-Matrizen mit parallelem Datenausgang als Strahlungsempfänger in der optischen Emissionsspektroskopie—I. Messanordnung und Analysen mit Funkenstrahlungsquelle

A linear silicon photodiode array has been used which consists of 5 photodiodes each having a separate output. Because of the dimensions of a single photodiode, i.e. 3mm long and 20 μm wide, they are capable of replacing the exit slits of a spectrometer. The read out system having 3 channels is described in detail. In each channel a FET operational amplifier with a low input bias current served as a current-to-voltage converter.The signal-to-noise ratios of systems using the photodiode array and of a photomultiplier (EMI 9789 QB) respectively are compared. The dynamic range of the photodiode is linear and extends over 5 $\text{1}\text{2}$ decades referred to the noise level. As an analytical example copper was determined in aluminium alloys using medium voltage spark excitation in an argon atmosphere. The limit of detection was c = 4.8 × 10^?3%, the relative standard deviation as a measure of the precision was s_rel = 0.014 for concentrations above 0.08%.In part II the application of recently produced photodiode arrays on the analysis of powders with a glow discharge will be described.     

Spectrophotometric flow-injection techniques for the multicomponent monitoring of process streams

An overview of simultaneous determinations in flow-injection analysis (FIA) is presented and the advantages of photodiode array detection are discussed. The application of multivariate calibration procedures to nonselective data is outlined and examples of its use in FIA are reviewed. The role of flow-injection techniques in process analysis and the potential of FIA-photodiode array-multivariate calibration systems for on-line multideterminations are also considered.     

Spatial resolution enhancement for linear photodiode array atomic spectrometry

The theory and experimental data are presented for a spatial resolution enhancement technique for use with a linear self-scanning photodiode array. The technique utilizes the photodioidc geometry and the intensity profile of the image to determine image positions to sub-diode accuracy. The theory can be used to deduce an unknown image profile by translating the image across two photodiodes.     

Some theoretical and practical considerations to the application of linear photodiode arrays for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Expressions are developed and used to predict the performance of a linear photodiode array when used with a conventional dispersive spectrometer for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectrometry in the 200 to 450 nm region. The photon flux from the ICP and the relative standard deviation (RSD) at high concentrations are used in the equations to calculate the degradation of performance to be expected at and above the detection limit for integration times up to 10 s. Significant degradation is predicted only below 230 nm, and this degradation is less than a factor of 10 at 200 nm for an ICP with an RSD of 0.2 %. One-second integration times are possible with noiser ICPs or at longer wavelengths without significant performance degradation by the photodiode array.     

A flexible trilinear decomposition algorithm for three-way calibration based on the trilinear component model and a theoretical extension of the algorithm to the multilinear component model

There is a great deal of interest in decompositions of multilinear component models in the field of multi-way calibration, especially the three-way case. A flexible novel trilinear decomposition algorithm of the trilinear component model as a modification of an alternating least squares algorithm for three-way calibration is proposed. The proposed algorithm (constrained alternating trilinear decomposition, CATLD) is based on an alternating approximate least-squares scheme, in which two extra terms are added to each loss function, making it more efficient and flexible. The analysis of simulated three-way data arrays shows that it converges fast, is insensitive to initialization, and is insensitive to the overestimated number of components used in the decomposition. The analysis of real excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence and real high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection (HPLC–DAD) data arrays confirms the results of the simulation studies, and shows that the proposed algorithm is favorable not only for EEMs but also for HPLC–DAD data. The three-way calibration method based on the CATLD algorithm is very efficient and flexible for direct quantitative analysis of multiple analytes of interest in complex systems, even in the presence of uncalibrated interferents and varying background interferents. Additionally, a theoretical extension of the proposed algorithm to the multilinear component model (constrained alternating multilinear decomposition, CAMLD) is developed.     

Separating DDTs in edible animal fats using matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction with activated carbon filter, Toyobo-KF

A technique is presented for the economical, routine, and quantitative analysis of contamination by dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) [pp'-DDT, pp'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene, and pp'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloreothane in beef tallow and chicken fat samples, based on their separation using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction with Toyobo-KF, an activated carbon fiber. Toyobo-KF is a newly applied MSPD sorbent, and it is followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array detector. The resulting analytical performance parameters [recoveries of spiked DDTs (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 microg/g) > or = 81%, with relative standard deviations of < or = 8% (n = 5), and quantitation limits < or = 0.03 microg/g], with minimal handling and cost-efficiency, indicate that the present MSPD-HPLC method may be a useful tool for routine monitoring of DDT contamination in meat.     

Two‐way and three‐way approaches to ultra high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array dataset for the quantitative resolution of a two‐component mixture containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole

Two‐way and three‐way calibration models were applied to ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array data with coeluted peaks in the same wavelength and time regions for the simultaneous quantitation of ciprofloxacin and ornidazole in tablets. The chromatographic data cube (tensor) was obtained by recording chromatographic spectra of the standard and sample solutions containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole with sulfadiazine as an internal standard as a function of time and wavelength. Parallel factor analysis and trilinear partial least squares were used as three‐way calibrations for the decomposition of the tensor, whereas three‐way unfolded partial least squares was applied as a two‐way calibration to the unfolded dataset obtained from the data array of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The validity and ability of two‐way and three‐way analysis methods were tested by analyzing validation samples: synthetic mixture, interday and intraday samples, and standard addition samples. Results obtained from two‐way and three‐way calibrations were compared to those provided by traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography. The proposed methods, parallel factor analysis, trilinear partial least squares, unfolded partial least squares, and traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography were successfully applied to the quantitative estimation of the solid dosage form containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole.     

Malondialdehyde tagging improves the analysis of arginine oligomers and arginine-containing dendrimers by HPLC-MS

The selective modification of arginine residues by malondialdehyde (MDA) was used to improve the mass spectrometric analysis of arginine oligomers (Arg(x), x = 4, 6, 7, 8, 9) and an arginine-containing dendrimeric peptide. MDA tagging significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the arginine side-chain and resulted in improved retention in RP HPLC of the oligoarginines using formic acid as mobile phase additive. This avoided the use of TFA to generate sufficient retention, as TFA was shown to lead to a dramatically reduced sensitivity (up to ten-fold for Arg(8) and Arg(9)) as a result of the strong signal suppression by ion pairing with multiple basic residues. MDA modification of Arg oligomers not only resulted in improved detection sensitivity for most of the peptides studied (e. g., more than six-fold for Arg(7)), but also greatly enhanced the quality of MS/MS spectra, in line with previous results for other peptides. Furthermore, MDA modification helped to identify major side products in a sample of a dendrimeric peptide, a class of peptides that is typically difficult to analyze by MS.     

High-performance liquid chromatography for the characterization of carotenoids in the new sweet orange (Earlygold) grown in Florida, USA

High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection was developed for the separation and identification of carotenoids from a new sweet orange, Earlygold. Carotenoid pigments were extracted using hexane-acetone-ethanol and saponified using 10% methanolic potassium hydroxide. More than 25 carotenoid pigments were separated within 40 min using a ternary gradient (acetonitrile-methanol, methyl tert-butyl ether and water) elution on a C30 reversed-phase column. The carotenoid pattern of Earlygold was generally similar to the early season Hamlin but with some quantitative differences, especially with violaxanthin. Major carotenoids including violaxanthin, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, antheraxanthin, luteoxanthin, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, and alpha-carotene were identified based on on-line spectral data obtained by a photodiode array detector, and comparison to the spectra of the standards and reported values. A numerical notation, the ratio of the peak heights between absorption bands, was also calculated to compare to the literature values.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for routine residue monitoring of seven sulfonamides in milk

A simplified method for routine monitoring of 7 residual sulfonamides (SAs) (sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfadimidine (SDD), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), and sulfaquinoxaline (SQ)) in milk using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array detector is described. The spiked and blank samples were cleaned up by using an Ultrafree-MC/PL centrifugal ultrafiltration unit. For determination/identification, a Mightysil RP-4 GP column and a mobile phase of 25% (v/v) ethanol in water with a photodiode array detector were used. Average recoveries from milk samples spiked with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 microg mL(-1) of each drug were >82%. The inter- and intra-assay variabilities were 2.0-3.1%. The practical detection limits for 7 SAs were 0.005-0.02 microg mL(-1). The total time and amount of solvent required for the analysis of one sample were <40 min and <6 mL of ethanol, respectively. No toxic solvents were used.