Catalytic Disproportionation of the Superoxide Intermediate from Electrochemical O2 Reduction in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB) was found to be an efficient catalyst for rapid superoxide (O₂^?) disproportionation. The kinetics for the catalytic disproportionation reaction is much faster than the reaction between O₂^? and propylene carbonate. Therefore, the negative impact of the reaction between the electrolyte and O₂^? produced by the O₂ reduction is minimized. The cathodic current for O₂ reduction can be doubled in the presence of TPFPB. The high reduction current resulted from the pseudo two‐electron O₂‐reduction reaction due to the replenishment of O₂ at the electrode surface. This discovery could lead to a new avenue for the development of high‐capacity, high‐rate, rechargeable Li–air batteries.     

Acetic Acid-Assisted Copper Methanesulfonate Catalyst for Chemoselective Conversion of Aldehydes to Acylals

A new catalytic system has been discovered by combining copper methanesulfonate with acetic acid for chemoselective conversion of aldehydes to acylals in high yields at ambient temperature under solvent‐free conditions. The efficiency of this system might result from the “double activation” of Brønsted–Lewis acid catalysis on aldehydes.     

偏硼酸钙改性al-mcm-41催化剂的表征及催化性能

al-mcm-41分子筛;偏硼酸钙;催化性能;乙氧基化     

Cu交换度对贫燃条件下 Cu-Al-MCM-41上NO选择性催化还原的影响

利用程序升温反应技术考察了cu交换度对Cu-Al-MCM-41上NO选择性还原反应性能的影响,同时结合XRD,N2吸附等温线,NMR,ICP-AES,TPD和TPR等技术对催化剂的结构特征和化学吸附性能进行了表征．结果表明,经Cu离子交换的Al-MCM-41并未改变载体的结构特征,仍保持长程有序的中孔结构．影响Cu-Al-MCM-41催化剂选择性还原活性的主要因素是Cu交换度,而不是Cu含量,前者决定了活性中心(主要是Cu^2 )的浓度．当Cu交换度低于100％时,随着Cu交换度的增加,NO最大转化率增加．当交换度超过100％后,催化剂的还原活性下降,此时出现的CuO起完全氧化的催化作用而非选择性还原的催化作用．在n(Si)／n(Al)=10,Cu交换度接近100％的Cu-Al-MCM-41上360℃时可获得79％的NO最大转化率．     

Testing the veracity of claims of Lewis acid catalysis

Are reactions employing Lewis acids really catalysed by those Lewis acids, or by “hidden Brønsted acids”, i.e. Brønsted acids generated in situ by hydrolysis? Testing of a series of reactions using Sc(III), Fe(III), In(III) and Y(III) by addition of 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylpyridine reveal that all are likely to follow the latter pathway. A reaction claimed to be catalysed by CBr₄ through halogen bonding is also likely to be Brønsted acid catalysed.     

Pt/NbPWO双功能催化剂的制备及氢解碱木质素制备芳香单体

木质素是一种天然芳香族聚合物,约占木质纤维素的30%,是唯一通过裂解C―O醚键和C―C键生产芳香族化学品或液体燃料的可再生芳香族资源。迄今为止,对木质素氢解制备有价值化合物的研究主要集中在相对不稳定的C―O键的裂解上,这限制了木质素氢解的效率。采用水热法和湿浸渍法制备了多功能Pt/NbPWO催化剂。通过破坏碱木质素中的C―O键和C―C键,可以得到产率为18.02%的芳香族单体。该反应不仅可以断裂木质素聚合物中醚键,同时也可以断裂部分关键的C―C键。其氢解机理可能是丰富的Brønsted酸和Lewis酸位点参与了C―C的活化。此外,重点分析载体和Pt物种在Pt/NbPWO催化剂中的协同作用。     

Pt/NbPWO双功能催化剂的制备及氢解碱木质素制备芳香单体

Lignin is a natural aromatic polymer that accounts for nearly 30% of lignocellulose and is considered the only renewable aromatic (re)source for producing aromatic chemicals or liquid fuels via the cleavage of C―O ether bonds and C―C bonds. Thus far, the majority of investigations involving the production of valuable compounds via lignin hydrogenolysis have focused on the cleavage of relatively labile C―O bonds only, which restricts the efficiency of hydrogenolysis. Therefore, in this work, a bifunctional Pt/NbPWO catalyst was synthesized using hydrothermal and wet impregnation methods. It was found that aromatic monomers with a yield of 18.02% could be obtained by breaking the C―O and C―C bonds in alkali lignin. This reaction was applicable to breaking the key C―C bonds when the C―O ether bonds were broken in lignin polymers. The hydrogenolysis mechanism most likely involves the abundant Brønsted acid and Lewis acid sites on the catalyst that facilitate C―C bond activation. Additionally, the synergy between the support and Pt species in the Pt/NbPWO catalyst was primarily emphasized.     

Catalytic Hydration of Aromatic Alkynes to Ketones over H-MFI Zeolites

The hydration of alkyne represents the most straightforward and simplest route toward the synthesis of ketone. Herein, Brønsted acidic zeolites are explored as potential catalysts for the liquid-phase phenylacetylene hydration. The topology structure and Si/Al ratio are disclosed to be key factors controlling the catalytic activity of zeolites. Typically, H-MFI zeolite with a Si/Al molar ratio of 13 exhibits the highest catalytic activity, with turnover frequency of 6.0 h^-1 at 363 K. Besides, H-MFI zeolite shows good catalytic stability and recyclability in the reaction of phenylacetylene hydration, and the substrate scope can be simply extended to other soluble aromatic alkynes. The reaction mechanism of phenylacetylene hydration is investigated by means of kinetic and spectroscopic analyses. The Markovnikov electrophilic addition of phenylacetylene by hydrated protons is established as the rate-determining step, followed by deprotonation and enol isomerization to derive acetophenone product.     

Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Heterocyclic Vicinal Fluoroamines by Using Asymmetric Protonation: Method Development and Mechanistic Study

A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of heterocyclic vicinal fluoroamines is reported. A chiral Brønsted acid promotes aza-Michael addition to fluoroalkenyl heterocycles to give a prochiral enamine intermediate that undergoes asymmetric protonation upon rearomatization. The reaction accommodates a range of azaheterocycles and nucleophiles, generating the C−F stereocentre in high enantioselectivity, and is also amenable to stereogenic C−CF₃ bonds. Extensive DFT calculations provided evidence for stereocontrolled proton transfer from catalyst to substrate as the rate-determining step, and showed the importance of steric interactions from the catalyst's alkyl groups in enforcing the high enantioselectivity. Crystal structure data show the dominance of noncovalent interactions in the core structure conformation, enabling modulation of the conformational landscape. Ramachandran-type analysis of conformer distribution and Protein Data Bank mining indicated that benzylic fluorination by this approach has the potential to improve the potency of several marketed drugs.     

Influence of the ZSM-5 Support Acidity on the Catalytic Performance of Pd/ZSM-5 in Lean Methane Oxidation

Although zeolites are characterized by their special acidic properties, there is still no clear consensus on the effect of zeolite support acidity on the catalytic activity of supported Pd catalyst in methane oxidation. Herein, a series of Pd/H-ZSM-5 and Pd/Silicalite-1 catalysts was prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and used in lean methane oxidation. The effect of ZSM-5 support acidity on the catalytic performance of Pd/ZSM-5 was investigated. The results indicate that with the decrease of Si/Al ratio(x), viz., the increase of acid sites in H-ZSM-5(x), the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) increases substantially; the activity of various catalysts in the lean methane oxidation decreases in the order of Pd/H-ZSM-5(28)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(48)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(88)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(204)>Pd/Silicalite-1. Furthermore, various characterization measures reveal that the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) in lean methane oxidation is mainly related to the Lewis acid sites in the H-ZSM-5 support, whereas less relevant to the Brønsted acid sites. The abundant Lewis acid sites in H-ZSM-5 are capable to enhance the interaction between the Pd species and H-ZSM-5 support, which can inhibit the agglomeration of Pd particles and improve the dispersion of Pd species, and thus boost the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5 in methane oxidation.     

Catalytic Disproportionation of Formic Acid to Methanol by using Recyclable Silylformates

A novel strategy to prepare methanol from formic acid without an external reductant is presented. The overall process described herein consists of the disproportionation of silyl formates to methoxysilanes, catalyzed by ruthenium complexes, and the production of methanol by simple hydrolysis. Aqueous solutions of MeOH (>1 mL, >70 % yield) were prepared in this manner. The sustainability of the reaction has been established by recycling of the silicon‐containing by‐products with inexpensive, readily available, and environmentally benign reagents.     

Benzo[7,8]indolizinoquinoline scaffolds based on Mg(ClO4)2-promoted regiospecific imide reduction and π-cyclization of N-acyliminium species. Analogues of the topo-1 poison rosettacin and 22-hydroxyacuminatine alkaloids

A general five-step synthesis of a short library of benzo[7,8]indolizinoquinolinine analogues of the topoisomerase-1 (topo-1) poison rosettacin and 22-hydroxyacuminatine alkaloids from DMAD and ortho-ketoanilines is reported. This consists on successively, the tandem aza-Michael addition/cyclodehydration, the hydrolysis of the resulting diesters into corresponding o-dicarboxylic acids, and the tandem intermolecular amidation/cyclodehydration into N-substituted imides. The regioselective reduction of one imide carbonyl into corresponding α-hydroxy lactams promoted by a Lewis acid Mg(ClO₄)₂ was followed ultimately with TFA-promoted π-cationic cyclization via stable N-acyliminiums species as an important key step.     

松脂的催化歧化反应产物的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用气相色谱-质谱技术对松脂的催化歧化新工艺的反应产物进行分析,共分离出45个峰,鉴定出其中的38个化合物,并发现松脂歧化产物中歧化松节油的主要成分为对伞花烃,含量为16.26%;歧化松香的主要成分为脱氢枞酸和氢化树脂酸,其含量分别为41.58%和21.43%。在此基础上对松脂歧化反应过程进行了初步探讨,认为松脂原料中的酸性物质发生分子间氢转移反应,萜烯烃的存在促进了脱氢反应的进行;在树脂酸提供的酸性环境下松脂原料中中性油的主要成分双环单萜烯发生开环异构形成单环单萜烯,单环单萜烯再进行催化脱氢转化为对伞花烃。分析结果表明,直接以松脂为原料进行催化歧化反应可同时获得特级歧化松香和高含量的对伞花烃。     

介孔分子筛Al-MCM-41制备及催化合成二芳基乙烷

以硅酸钠为硅源、硫酸铝为铝源、CTAB为模板剂,采用水热法合成了骨架负载型固体酸Al-MCM-41介孔分子筛催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外(IR)方法对其进行了表征,同时研究了该催化剂在二芳基乙烷合成反应中的催化性能. 考察了各种反应因素的影响,确定其最佳合成条件为:原料m(苯乙烯)∶m(二甲苯)=1∶7.5,催化剂用量为1%(总投料质量分数),反应时间为3 h,反应温度为140 ℃,产率可达87.1%,比传统催化剂浓硫酸提高了17%. 研究结果表明,该催化剂是替代液体酸合成二芳基乙烷的理想固体酸催化剂.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic Chloroamines and Aziridines by Enantioselective Protonation of Catalytically Generated Enamines**

We report a method for the synthesis of chiral vicinal chloroamines via asymmetric protonation of catalytically generated prochiral chloroenamines using chiral Brønsted acids. The process is highly enantioselective, with the origin of asymmetry and catalyst substituent effects elucidated by DFT calculations. We show the utility of the method as an approach to the synthesis of a broad range of heterocycle-substituted aziridines by treatment of the chloroamines with base in a one-pot process, as well as the utility of the process to allow access to vicinal diamines.     

Enantioconvergent Substitution Reactions of Racemic Electrophiles by Organocatalysis

Over the past decades, the development of enantioselective catalysis using organocatalysts has evolved into an active research field and a number of enantioselective transformations have been established. However, despite their being a highly desirable process for the synthesis of organic molecules in an enantioenriched form, the enantioconvergent substitution reactions of racemic electrophiles using organocatalysts still present several challenges. Although intrinsic difficulties in the catalytic stereocontrol abound due to the initial chiral information of racemic electrophiles, in recent years, mechanistically diverse enantioconvergent processes have been intensively investigated in organocatalysis. This Minireview focuses on recent achievements in the development of enantioconvergent substitution reactions of racemic electrophiles using organocatalysts. The contents are classified on the basis of the mechanistic types of enantioconvergent processes.     

Co-MCM-41催化H2O2氧化4-甲基吡啶生成4-吡啶甲酸的反应条件及机理

研究了乙酸溶剂中无引发剂条件下,Co掺杂MCM-41催化过氧化氢（30%）氧化4-甲基吡啶的反应,催化剂表现出高底物转化率和产物吡啶甲酸选择性以及良好的再生性。 探讨了不同溶剂、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量等对H2O2氧化4-甲基吡啶反应的影响,确定较优反应条件为m（4-甲基吡啶)∶m（催化剂)=10∶1,V（4-甲基吡啶)∶V（冰醋酸)=1∶10,温度363 K,时间6 h。 该条件下4-甲基吡啶的转化率为96.5%,4-吡啶甲酸的选择性为91.4%。 探讨了可能的反应机理。     

Probing the surface acidity of modified γ-alumina with1H and15N high-resolution solid state NMR spectroscopy

¹H MAS NMR and¹⁵N NMR studies of adsorbed N₂ and N₂O molecules were used to characterize Br?nsted and Lewis acidic sites of unmodified γ-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ modified with NaOH. Changes in the concentrations of surface hydroxyls with the increase in the number of more “basic” OH groups for NaOH/γ-Al₂O₃ have been found by¹H MAS NMR experiments. Two different types of Lewis acidic sites in γ-Al₂O₃ have been revealed using¹⁵N NMR studies. The strongest sites are poisoned even at small NaOH concentrations (ca. 0.05 wt.%). Not only the number of electron-accepting sites but also their strength are supposed to decrease for modified γ-alumina.     

失活TS-1高效催化环己烯水合生成环己醇的研究

环己醇是一种重要的化工中间原料,目前工业上主要是以ZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂,通过环己烯水合反应一步法制备.钛硅分子筛TS-1是工业环己酮液相氨肟化过程中的高效催化剂,其失活后显示出典型Br?nsted酸性质,基于此,本工作发展了失活TS-1作为催化剂催化环己烯水合反应的方法,详细考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂含量及环己烯和水的质量比等参数对反应的影响.研究表明,失活TS-1是高效催化剂,在优化的反应条件下可得到11.0%的环己醇收率和99.8%的环己醇选择性,显示出高活性、高选择性和高稳定性的特点.通过酸洗改性与K⁺交换实验以及结合UV-Vis(固体紫外漫反射可见光谱)、FT-IR(傅里叶变换红外光谱)、²⁹Si MAS NMR(固体魔角硅核磁)和NH₃-TPD(氨气程序升温-脱附)等表征技术,进一步研究发现,失活TS-1中含有两种Br?nsted酸中心,而催化环己烯水合反应的高效活性中心为与钛羟基相邻的硅羟基(Si-OH(Ti)).该Br?nsted酸中心的结构完全不同于ZSM-5分子筛中的骨架桥式Br?nsted...     

高钛Ti-MCM-41分子筛的合成、表征与催化氧化性能考察

以硅酸钠、三氯化钛为原料,在Si/Ti物质的量的比为2～60的范围内合成出了Ti-MCM-41分子筛。采用XRD,FTIR,UV-Raman,TEM,低温N₂吸附等对合成的Ti-MCM-41进行了表征;并以环己烯的氧化为探针反应,对其催化氧化性能进行了考察。结果表明：合成的Ti-MCM-41介孔分子筛在n_Si/n_Ti=4时,仍然保持了MCM-41的介孔结构,而当Si/Ti物质的量的比为2时,介孔结构消失;在制备过程中对pH值的适时调节,使硅酸钠和三氯化钛得到充分的水解和混合,制备出了高钛Ti-MCM-41分子筛,同时又避免了混合凝胶在水热反应过程中pH值升高的问题。实验发现,随着分子筛中钛含量的增加,环己烯在H₂O₂体系中的氧化转化率增大,最高约为83%,氧化环己烷的收率先增大后减小,最大约为37%;1,2-环己二醇的收率逐渐增大,最大约为57%。