基于FPGA的数字反符合γ谱仪系统设计

本文设计了基于FPGA的数字反符合γ谱仪系统来降低天然本底和康普顿散射对低活度放射性测量的影响。该系统选用Φ145 mm×95 mm×80 mm的NaI （Tl）环形探测器与Φ75 mm×75 mm的NaI （Tl）主探测器构成反符合探测器,采用FPGA和高速ADC同步采样主探测器脉冲信号和反符合环形探测器输出信号。在FPGA中实现了核脉冲信号采集、缓存、反符合甄别、梯形成形等相关算法。在天然本底测量实验中,数字反符合γ谱仪系统的计数率为191.80 cps,本底抑制系数为2.69;对137Cs放射源的测量实验表明,在反符合探测器端面中心处,反符合测量峰总比为0.41,能量分辨率为6.99%;在反符合探测器侧面中间部位,反符合测量峰总比为0.30,能量分辨率为7.48%。实验结果表明,基于FPGA的数字反符合γ谱仪系统明显降低了天然环境本底和康普顿散射对测量的影响,适用于低活度放射性测量、现场就地放射性测量。     

航空复合材料及其基体树脂的太赫兹光谱特性研究

现如今各类航空复合材料大量应用在航空飞机制造领域,而不同基体树脂的复合材料具有不同的性能优势,其物理性能关系到复合材料的设计、使用与检测。为研究不同种类的航空玻璃纤维复合材料及其基体树脂在太赫兹频段的光谱特性与介电性能,利用太赫兹时域光谱技术(THz-TDS)在0.2~1.0 THz频段内研究了3类不同航空玻璃纤维复合材料及其基体树脂：环氧树脂3238A/玻璃纤维EW180A,氰酸酯树脂9915/玻璃纤维QW120A,双马来酰亚胺树脂QY8911/玻璃纤维ZW100A的光谱吸收和介电色散特性,计算得到了不同航空复合材料及其基体树脂的折射率ｎ、吸收系数α、介电常数实部ε′和介电常数虚部ε″,并结合改性添加剂进行了基体树脂的对比分析,以及结合增强体玻璃纤维进行了复合材料的对比分析,在此基础上,使用Debye模型对树脂体系中偶极子的弛豫过程进行了理论计算,并对实验结果进行了拟合分析。研究表明,对于ε″和α,均以QW120A/9915＜ZW100A/QY8911＜EW180A/3238A和9915＜QY8911＜3238A的顺序增大,这是由于在树脂体系中含有的极性官能团和分子越多,偶极子取向极化引起的弛豫运动则会越剧烈,介电耗损就越大;随着交变电场频率的增加,偶极子因弛豫运动落后于电场的变化,需要更多的能量克服材料内粘滞阻力,引起介电耗损增大,导致ε″和α随之增大,并且均未有明显的吸收峰;由于树脂体系中分子链结构和极性基团的含量不同,对于各类复合材料和浇注料,氰酸酯树脂的ε′和n均最小,介电性能最好也最稳定,双马来酰亚胺树脂和环氧树脂介电性能次之,稳定性稍差,顺序为QW120A/9915＞ZW100A/QY8911＞EW180A/3238A和9915＞QY8911＞3238A;在聚合物树脂内部,偶极子的极化行为由于弛豫运动而受阻尼影响,滞后于交变电场的周期性变化,导致取向极化的程度相对减弱,ε′和ｎ呈现反常的色散现象,即ε′和ｎ随频率的增大而降低,而对于复合材料,玻璃纤维作为无机非金属材料弱化了聚合物树脂中极化行为的影响,均未出现反常色散现象;由于混合型树脂体系中不同极性的基团发生极化响应的机制不同,导致实际介电耗损高于拟合结果,而ε′和ｎ并不受影响,因而在使用Debye方程进行拟合时,ε″和α的拟合结果稍有误差。首次报道了不同航空复合材料及其基体树脂在太赫兹频段的介电性能差异、光谱特性及其规律,给出了环氧、氰酸酯和双马来酰亚胺三种不同航空树脂及其玻璃纤维复合材料在太赫兹频段的基础参数,为太赫兹频段下固体电介质材料透波性能的研究补充了新的内容,为航空复合材料的太赫兹无损检测提供了重要参考,并且对航空复合材料性能改进、吸波复合材料、光电半导体材料、太赫兹超材料和高性能雷达罩等研究具有重要意义。     

EAST快速极紫外光谱仪绝对强度的原位标定

磁约束等离子体中杂质(特别是高Z杂质)的存在将大大增强等离子体辐射功率损失，破坏等离子体的约束性能。杂质行为的定量研究首先要求对杂质测量的光谱诊断系统进行绝对强度标定，获得灵敏度响应曲线。介绍了EAST托卡马克上的快速极紫外光谱仪系统绝对强度的原位标定方法。在波长范围20～150Å内，通过对比极紫外(EUV)波段连续轫致辐射强度的计算值和测量值得到光谱仪的绝对强度标定。在此过程中，首先由(523±1) nm范围内可见连续轫致辐射强度的绝对测量值计算出有效电荷数Z_eff，进而结合电子温度和密度分布计算EUV波段连续轫致辐射强度；EUV波段连续轫致辐射强度的测量值即为不同波长处探测器的连续本底计数扣除背景噪声计数值。对于较长波段范围130～280Å，通过对比等离子体中类锂杂质离子(Fe23+，Cr21+，Ar15+)和类钠杂质离子(Mo31+，Fe15+)发出的共振谱线对(跃迁分别为1s22s 2S_1/2-1s22p 2P_{1/2, 3/2}及2p63s 2S_1/2-2p63p 2P_{1/2, 3/2})强度比的理论和实验值进行相对强度标定。其中共振谱线对强度比的理论值由辐射碰撞模型计算得到，模型中处在各个能级的离子数主要由电子碰撞激发，去激发以及辐射衰变三个过程决定。两种方法相结合，实现了光谱仪20～280Å范围的绝对强度标定。考虑轫致辐射、电子温度及电子密度的测量误差，绝对标定误差约为30%。在绝对标定的基础上，我们对杂质特征谱线强度进行绝对测量，并将测量结果与杂质输运程序结合ADAS(Atomic Data and Analysis Structure)原子数据库计算得到的模拟值进行比较，进而估算等离子体中的杂质浓度。     

稀土尾矿砂放射性活度的测量与计算分析

准确测量并计算稀土尾矿砂的放射性活度浓度及其变化规律对制定相应的豁免标准和日后的处理处置具有重要的意义。根据选取的特征 射线,分析对比平衡与非平衡状态下铀系、钍系、锕系三个天然衰变系的总活度浓度,结合衰变链的一般动力学方程,计算总放射性活度与每个核素的放射性活度,并研究钍系各核素在平衡被不同程度破坏的情况下随时间的变化规律。结果显示,按照非平衡情况下计算得出的总α 和总β 放射性活度浓度比平衡情况下的更接近实际测量结果,此外,钍系核素在平衡被破坏后的放射性活度随时间变化情况与母体和228Ra 的初始放射性活度浓度有关,若228Ra 小于232Th,则总放射性活度在60 a再次平衡后达到最大值,为10 倍的母体活度;若228Ra 大于232Th,则总放射性活度在3.82 a 出现最大值,为4.57 倍母体活度与5.25 倍第一子体228Ra 的初始活度浓度之和。因此,可知稀土尾矿砂放射性活度已经遭到破坏,其总活度浓度应该采用非平衡情况下的几个特征核素的活度浓度共同计算得到,并且需计算分析其随时间变化出现的最大值,以此来确定是否超过相关法规标准。It is of great significance to measure and calculate rare earth tailing radioactivity for the development of appropriate standards and exemption disposal. The total activity concentration of the three natural decay series (uranium series, thorium series, actinium series) was analyzed under the equilibrium and disequilibrium state according to the selected characteristic  γ-rays. At the same time, we calculated the total activity concentration and the radioactivity for each radionuclide based on the general kinetic equations of decay chain and studied the trend of each radionuclide of thorium-series under different degrees of disequilibrium with time. The results demonstrated that the total radioactivity of and calculated in disequilibrium state was more closed to the actual measurement results compared to that in equilibrium state. In addition, the activity changes with time of thorium series in disequilibrium state are related to the initial activity concentration of the mother nuclide and 228Ra. If the activity concentration of 228Ra is less than that of 232Th, the total activity peak will be 10 times to maternal activity and appear after 60 a when the thorium series become balance again. If the activity concentration of 228Ra is greater than that of 232Th, the maximum total activity will appear in 3.82 a, and will be the sum of 4.57 times of the initial activity concentration of the mother nuclide and 5.25 times of the initial activity concentration of the first daughter 228Ra. Therefore, the rare earth tailings have been in disequilibrium state, and its total activity concentration should be determined based on the activity concentration of several  feature radionuclides. In addition, the maximum value of the activity concentration is profitable to judge whether the activity concentration is fit with relevant regulations and standards.     

12C+13C熔合截面测量中统计模型引入的系统误差研究(英文)

在本工作中,我们分别采用薄靶和厚靶实验技术,测量了12C+13C反应在质心系能量4~6 MeV的熔合截面。实验得到了12C+13C反应的在线γ产额和离线的24Na活度,利用TALYS统计模型给出的反应道分支比,导出了熔合反应的总截面。通过对比不同实验得到的总截面,定量研究了统计模型修正所带来的系统误差:在线γ分支比修正引入的系统误差为14%;由离线24Na活度测量得到总截面时,24Na分支比修正带来的系统误差也为14%。     

重离子冷却储存环CSRm双电子复合实验研究类锂36,40Ar15+离子同位素移动

配备电子冷却装置的重离子储存环为开展高电荷态离子的双电子复合（dielectronic recombination,DR）精密谱学研究提供了绝佳的实验平台。本工作在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环（HIRFL-CSRm）上开展了类锂36,40Ar15+离子的双电子复合实验,实验观测了电子-离子质心系能量范围为0~35 eV的双电子复合速率系数谱。通过外推法获得了36,40Ar15+离子2s_1/2→2p_1/2和2s_1/2→2p_3/2的跃迁能量。同时利用GRASP2K程序理论计算了36,40Ar15+离子2s_1/2→2p_1/2和2s_1/2→2p_3/2跃迁的质量移动因子和场移动因子,进而得到双电子复合谱的同位素移动值。36,40Ar15+离子2s_1/2→2p_1/2和2s_1/2→2p_3/2同位素移动分别为0.861 meV和0.868 meV。它们均小于目前CSRm上双电子复合实验的实验分辨为~10 meV,进而解释了实验测量的DR谱上未能观察到同位素移动的原因。然而,高电荷态离子的同位素移动场效应与原子序数Z5成正比,因此,在重离子加速器冷却储存环实验环（HIRFL-CSRe）以及未来大型加速器--强流重离子加速器装置（HIAF）上有望通过DR精密谱学方法研究高电荷态重离子甚至放射性离子的同位素移动,进而获得相关原子核的核电荷半径等信息。The cooler storage ring is equipped with an electron-cooler. It is an excellent experimental platform for dielectronic recombination (DR) experiment of highly-charged ions. In this paper, the dielectronic recombination experiments of lithium-like Ar15+ ions with mass number 36 and 40 are conducted at the HIRFL-CSRm(main ring of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou). The experimental electron-ion collision energy scale is from 0 eV to 35 eV. Extrapolation method is exploited to obtain the excitation energies of transitions 2s_1/2→2p_1/2 and 2s_1/2→2p_3/2 of the 36,40Ar15+ ions from experimental data. Meanwhile, GRASP2K program is utilized to calculate the mass shift factors and field shift factors of 36,40Ar15+ ions for 2s_1/2→2p_1/2 and 2s_1/2→2p_3/2 transitions to obtain isotope shifts in DR spectra. In theoretical calculation, isotope shifts of 36,40Ar15+ ions corresponding to 2s_1/2→2p_1/2 and 2s_1/2→2p_3/2 are 0.861 meV and 0.868 meV, respectively. They are both less than the experimental precision (~10 meV) of these dielectronic recombination experiments at the CSRm, which explains that isotope shifts cannot be distinguished from the experimental dielectronic recombination spectra. However, the field shift of highly-charged ions is proportional to Z5. In the future, the dielectronic recombination experiments of highly-charged heavy ions even radioactive ions will be conducted at the HIRFL-CSRe (experimental ring of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) and the future large accelerator facility--HIAF(High intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility) to measure isotope shifts to obtain the nuclear charge radius information.     

核废物桶分层γ扫描点源衰减校正方法北大核心CSCD

采用Matlab数据拟合方法及数值计算方法给出校正后的衰减距离。通过Monte-Carlo模拟密度为1.0 g/cm3的聚乙烯材料均匀填充的放射性废物桶,在7个不同的旋转圆周上每隔30°模拟一次探测器计数,得到137Cs点源在桶内7个不同旋转半径上旋转一周的探测器计数,以贡献率较大的部分区域计算给出校正后的平均衰减距离。实验结果显示,通过此方法得到的活度相对误差在0.6%~25.2%之间,相对于传统以桶半径为固定衰减距离计算的结果(相对误差11.8%~209.9%),误差得到明显降低。说明此方法对提高核废物桶中点源活度估计的准确度是有效的。     

低温燃烧合成法制备的氧化铝陶瓷粉体的发光特性

α-Al₂O₃∶C单晶具有优良的热释光特性,被用做热释光剂量计,但α-Al₂O₃∶C晶体剂量计的形状不易加工,生产成本高且碳在晶体中难以掺杂均匀。采用低温燃烧合成法以无水乙醇为溶剂,尿素为染料,硝酸铝为反应物制备少团簇、分散均匀的片状α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体。探讨不同点火温度和不同退火温度对其光致发光特性的影响,不同退火温度对热释光特性的影响以及热释光与辐射剂量(90Sr β)的关系。通过分析α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的光致发光光谱得出：α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的发射波长在395 nm附近,点火温度T≤800℃时,点火温度为500 ℃制备的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的光致发光强度最强;在相同点火温度T=500 ℃下,经不同温度退火制备α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体,点火温度为500 ℃制备的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体经1 000 ℃退火后光致发光强度最强。通过分析α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的热释光曲线得出：退火后的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体在200 ℃左右的热释光峰值占主导,900 ℃退火的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体在200 ℃附近的热释光峰值最强;通过峰高法对900 ℃高温退火处理后的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体位于200 ℃左右的热释光峰做剂量响应曲线,可以看出,在1～50 Gy剂量范围内具有良好的热释光剂量线性响应关系,在50～200 Gy剂量范围内出现超线性响应关系。与α-Al₂O₃∶C晶体(1～10 Gy)和多孔Al₂O₃∶C薄膜(1～10 Gy)相比,α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的线性剂量响应范围明显扩大。此研究可为提高氧化铝陶瓷粉体的热释光性能提供思路。     

基于相关子空间的双峰发射线光谱特征提取与分析

低分辨率天体光谱中呈现的双峰发射线轮廓可能反映着比较珍稀的物理现象,如双活动星系核（AGNs）、双超大质量黑洞（SMBH）、喷流云与窄线区的相互作用,也可能是光谱处理过程产生的低质量特征线。双峰发射线轮廓一般由2个或2个以上的波峰构成,对该特征进行提取并分析,可作为双AGN、星系对、双黑洞等稀有天体更有效的搜寻依据,从而有助于更深入地研究星系乃至宇宙的形成与演化。提出一种新的基于相关子空间的双峰发射线特征提取与分析方法,主要工作分为以下三部分：首先利用稀疏差异因子δ度量双峰发射线光谱中属性差异程度,利用KNN方法约束参与稀疏差异因子计算的光谱范围,在此基础上,针对LAMOST低分辨率光谱给出基于相关子空间的特征提取方法;其次,为了验证稀疏差异因子σ以及KNN的输入参数k对双峰发射线光谱的适应性,选择LAMOST双峰发射线光谱样本及普通星系光谱数据,红移范围z<0.3（确保Hα,Hβ,[OⅢ]λλ4 959, 5 007,[NⅡ]λλ6 548, 6 584,[SⅡ]λλ6 717, 6 731等发射线落在LAMOST波长覆盖范围）,获得训练集光谱总数332+332（正负样本）条,并借助人眼检查分析该方法中的两个参数：k和δ阈值α对结果的影响,实验表明,当k=18,α=0.6时,相关属性分布较密集且稀疏点较少,结果比较理想;最后,对332条双峰发射线光谱特征子空间所在的波长区间、双峰红/蓝移间隔、双峰线强比等进行了理论分析、测量及人眼认证的基础上,给出了基于相关子空间的双峰发射线特征表述。此外,从双峰特征子空间上不同的发射线激发机制（[OⅢ]/[NⅡ]/[SⅡ]等禁线、Hα、Hβ等氢线）及相关特征子空间上线强关系等角度,对样本中双峰轮廓进行了分析。     

大气压空气纳秒脉冲阵列式线-线SDBD等离子体的电学及发射光谱特性研究

提出了一种阵列式线-线沿面介质阻挡放电结构,利用双极性高压纳秒脉冲电源,在大气压空气中激励产生了相对大面积的放电等离子体。其中,高压电极、地电极均为圆柱形金属,放电反应器由20组相间排列的阵列式线型高压电极和套有介质管的阵列式线型地电极组成。利用电压探头、电流探头、示波器等测量了放电电压和放电总电流,并计算得出了放电的实际电流。利用光纤、光栅光谱仪、CCD等测量了波长范围在300～440 nm和766～778 nm的发射光谱,即氮分子第二正带N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g)包括Δν= +1, 0, -1, -2, -3、氮分子离子第一负带N+₂(B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g),N₂ (B3Π_g→A3Σ+_u)和O (3p5P→3s5S₂)的发射光谱。比较了氮分子第二正带N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g)的各个振动峰和各个活性物种的发射光谱强度,以及这些发射光谱强度随着脉冲峰值电压的变化。测量了N₂(C3Π_u→B3Π_g, 0-0)的二次、三次衍射光谱,与原始光谱在转动带、背景光谱等方面进行了比较,并计算了二次衍射和原始光谱之间的峰值比。利用氮分子第二正带N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g, Δν=+1, 0, -1, -2)和氮分子离子第一负带N+₂ (B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g, 0-0)模拟了等离子体的转动温度和振动温度,对模拟结果进行了比较,并研究了脉冲峰值电压对等离子体振动温度和转动温度的影响。通过测量放电的电压和计算得到的放电电流发现,当脉冲峰值电压为22 kV,脉冲重复频率为150 Hz时,阵列式线-线沿面介质阻挡放电的放电电流在正脉冲、负脉冲两个方向上均可达75 A左右。通过诊断放电等离子体的发射光谱发现,在测量的波长范围内,放电产生的活性物种主要有氮分子第二正带N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g)、氮分子离子第一负带N+₂(B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g),N₂ (B3Π_g→A3Σ+_u)和O (3p5P→3s5S₂)。在脉冲峰值电压22～36 kV的变化范围内,氮分子第二正带N₂(C3Π_u→B3Π_g, 0-0)的发射光谱强度始终保持最强,N₂ (B3Π_g→A3Σ+_u)次之,而氮分子离子第一负带N+₂(B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g)和O (3p5P→3s5S₂)的发射光谱强度较弱。同时,当脉冲峰值电压升高时,氮分子第二正带N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g)的所有振动峰,以及氮分子离子第一负带N+₂(B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g),N₂ (B3Π_g→A3Σ+_u)和O (3p5P→3s5S₂)的发射光谱强度均随之升高。通过比较氮分子第二正带N₂(C3Π_u→B3Π_g, 0-0)的原始、二次衍射、三次衍射光谱发现,二次、三次衍射光谱的转动带更清晰,但三次衍射光谱的背景更强,因此氮分子第二正带N₂(C3Π_u→B3Π_g)的二次衍射光谱更有利于模拟等离子体的转动温度。通过比较模拟得到的振动温度和转动温度发现,氮分子第二正带N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g, Δν=-2)在N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g)四个谱带Δν=+1, 0, -1, -2中最适于模拟等离子体振动温度,而利用氮分子离子第一负带N+₂ (B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g,0-0)模拟得到的等离子体转动温度要比N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g, Δν=-2)的模拟结果高约10～15 K。同时,当脉冲峰值电压升高时,由N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g, Δν=-2)和N+₂ (B2Σ+_u→X2Σ+_g, 0-0)模拟得到等离子体的转动温度均出现了略微上升的趋势,而利用N₂ (C3Π_u→B3Π_g, Δν=-2)模拟得出的振动温度则略微下降。     

The natural radioactivity in water by gross alpha and beta measurements

An alternative method for evaluating gross alpha and beta radioactivity in water was developed by performing alpha counting using a surface barrier detector and gamma- ray spectrometry using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. Several experiments were realized under controlled conditions in the laboratory with the aim of establishing adequate calibration of the systems utilized for performing activity concentration measurements in water samples of variable salinity. Groundwater samples collected at several spas in São Paulo and Minas Gerais States in Brazil were submitted to the developed technique in order to assure its applicability in waters characterized by different Total Dissolved Solids content. The values obtained were compatible with the previous knowledge of the radioactivity of the studied water sources, thus indicating the reliability and usefulness of the method for generating information on investigations focusing environmental aspects and/or the evaluation of the drinking water quality in terms of radiological aspects.     

Establishment of a method for measurement of gross alpha/beta activities in water from Vojvodina region

Very important part of environmental studies is the determination of the quality of drinking water, which often requires measuring of alpha and beta activity in analyzed water samples. The usual method for monitoring of low-level α and β radioactivity is to use gas-proportional detectors where ionization and proportional regions are used for α and β counting, respectively Simultaneous measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activities by liquid scintillation counting technique using Quantulus 1220 liquid scintillation counter (LSC) equipped with Pulse Shape Analyzer (PSA) is described. Water samples were prepared for measurements according to the ASTM D 7283-06 Standard Test Method. More than 50 samples of drinking water from Vojvodina region were measured. The data obtained can provide important information for the consumer regarding the preliminary dose exposure risk due to water intake.     

Continuous thoron gas measurement using single scintillation cell – Correction for 212Pb deposition

Scintillation cells are used in continuous mode for thoron estimation using gross alpha counts. Such methods give rise to overestimation resulting from buildup of background counts due to the deposition of Lead (²¹²Pb). Here, the background counts in the cell for a specific counting period owing to previously deposited ²¹²Pb has been estimated using a model to get a time dependent correction factor. This correction for ²¹²Pb deposition has been utilized to estimate the current thoron concentration of the sample. The concentration obtained by this method is validated using the scintillation cell by grab sampling method and a continuous thoron monitor, RAD7.     

基于约束优化的多光谱辐射真温反演算法

多光谱辐射测温是通过测量待测物某点的多个光谱辐射强度信息,通过普朗克公式反演获得真实温度。但是,通过普朗克公式获得的多光谱辐射测温方程组,是欠定方程组,即N个方程,N+1个未知数(N个未知的光谱发射率ε_λi和1个待求真温T)。目前,多采用事先假设一组发射率模型(发射率-波长或发射率-温度模型),假设模型与实际情况如果相符,则反演结果能够满足要求,如果假设模型与实际情况不符,则反演结果误差很大。但是,发射率模型受温度、表面状态、波长等诸多因素影响,难以事先确定发射率模型。因此受未知光谱发射率的制约一直是多光谱辐射测温理论面临的主要障碍,能否在无需任何光谱发射率假设模型的情况下,实现真温和光谱发射率的直接反演一直是多光谱辐射测温理论研究的热点和难点。通过对参考温度模型的分析表明,多光谱辐射测温反演过程的实质是寻找一组光谱发射率,使得每个通道方程解得的真温都相同,如不相同则继续寻找合适的光谱发射率,直到每个通道解得的真温都相等。为此,提出将多光谱辐射测温参考温度模型的求解过程转换为约束优化问题,即在光谱发射率0≤ε_λi≤1的约束条件下,通过梯度投影算法不断寻找光谱发射率,带入多光谱辐射测温参考温度模型方程组后,计算温度反演值的方差,直到每个光谱通道方程获得的温度值应该近似相等,此时各个光谱通道的温度反演值方差最小,这样就把多光谱辐射真温和发射率的反演问题转换为约束优化问题。约束优化算法是解决这一类问题的主要方法,但为了满足Ax≥b的约束条件,将0≤ε_λi≤1分解为ε_λi≥0和-ε_λi≥-1的两个约束条件,从而满足了约束优化问题Ax≥b的约束条件。这样就可以通过约束优化算法在无需任何光谱发射率假设模型的条件下,直接求解真温和光谱发射率。实验采用六种不同光谱发射率分布模式(随波长递增、递减、凸波动、凹波动、“M”型波动、“W”型波动)的材料为研究对象,以验证新算法对不同材料光谱发射率分布反演的适应性,利用Matlab的minRosen函数,选择光谱发射率的初始值均为0.5(取中间值,提高计算效率)。针对六种不同光谱发射率模型的仿真结果表明,新算法无需任何有关发射率的先验知识,对不同发射率模型反演结果均表现较好,在真温1 800 K的情况下,绝对误差均小于20 K,相对误差均小于1.2%,新算法具有无需考虑任何光谱发射率先验知识、反演精度较高及适合于各种发射率模型等优点,进一步完善了多光谱辐射测温理论,在高温测量领域具有良好的应用前景。     

Determination of gross alpha and beta activities in water samples by liquid scintillation counting

Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) has been proposed for the determination of the gross alpha and beta activities of aqueous samples because of its simplicity and low associated costs. In this paper, protocols for gross alpha and beta activities determination of the samples of waste water from the discharges of radiochemical laboratories and of the water samples from underground low-level waste repository monitoring wells are described. Lower limits of detection as low as 30 mBq L⁻¹ for gross alpha and 90 mBq L⁻¹ for gross beta activities are achieved for 10 000 s measurement of a sample produced by concentration of 1 L of the ground water.     

Alpha activity measurements in Anarak copper mine

Alpha radiations in the ground arises from the decay of naturally occurring uranium and thorium, which are widely distributed in soils and rocks. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports, the highest of alpha activity is found in locations near copper mines. In this study, the amounts of natural activity of alpha emitters for 31 samples of surface soil of Talmesi Anarak mine, located in center of Iran, are measured by Nuclear Track method. Having virtually zero background and exposure time, are advantages of this method. After sampling, all of the 31 samples were transferred to laboratory to place CR-39 detectors vertically in them. In next step, CR-39 detectors were etched in NaOH 6 M, aqueous solution at 70 °C for 4 h. Then, number of tracks per area unit was counted by an optical microscope. The amounts of alpha activity were calculated in all samples and range of minimum 1.40E + 04 to maximum 3.03E + 05 Bq/kg .And also the activity of Th-232 and U-238 are measured by alpha-track method. Moreover “equivalent uranium” (eU) and “equivalent thorium” (eTh) by Hp-Ge detector, were calculated.     

Tb3+掺杂锂铝硅酸盐玻璃的光致发光和辐照致发光

采用熔融-淬冷法制备了Tb3+掺杂锂铝硅酸盐闪烁玻璃,用紫外激发光谱、发射光谱及荧光寿命表征了光致发光性能,用X射线和阴极射线激发测试了辐射致发光性能。研究结果表明：低Tb3+掺杂浓度时,随着其浓度增大,Tb3+间的交叉弛豫增加导致了5D₃→7F_j跃迁的能量逐渐向5D₄→7F_j迁移转变,5D₃激发态的荧光寿命和发射强度均明显下降,5D₄-7F_j发射强度逐渐增大。较高Tb3+浓度时,其浓度继续增加会提升非辐射比例,是荧光寿命降低和荧光猝灭的最主要原因。比较光致发光和辐照致发光性能,发现随着激发源的能量上升,会增加激发态5D₃能级向5D₄能级的能量转移,同时,由于玻璃的密度低会导致辐照致发光效率随激发源的能量上升而下降。     

（n,xnγ）反应截面测量的实验本底改进研究

瞬发γ射线法测量（n,xnγ）反应截面实验中,在线的实验本底对测量结果影响显著,是影响测量结果的关键因素。为了达到降低在线实验本底一个量级的目标,通过蒙特卡罗模拟程序给出了屏蔽体和准直器的改进方案,最终选取的屏蔽方案:在原有屏蔽体上加厚30 cm（C₂H₄）n+9 cmPb,原屏蔽墙加厚54 cm重混凝土,再在屏蔽体和屏蔽墙上共同加厚2 cm厚的铅（Pb）;准直孔开孔形状在圆柱形、圆锥形和对称双锥形这三种方案中准直效果和能量单一性方面对称双锥形准直孔最好。在屏蔽体改造完成后,利用尺寸为φ5.08cm×5.08 cm型液体闪烁体探测器（BC501）测量了改造后距准直孔右方径向距离70 cm处透射出来的中子和γ射线的相对强度,在扣除无束流天然本底后,有束流的中子本底降低了7.75倍,γ本底降低了38.5倍,改造效果达到了测量要求。In the experiment of measuring (n,xnγ) reaction cross section with prompt γ ray method, the experiment background has a significant influence on the result and is the key factor. In order to achieve the goal of reducing a certain amount of the experiment background, the improvement scheme of shield and collimator was given through Monte Carlo method and the shielding scheme was finally selected: add 30 cm(C₂H₄)n+9 cm Pb on the original shield, 54 cm heavy concrete on the original shield wall and then 2 cm thick lead(Pb) on the shield and shield wall. The collimation effect and energy uniformity of symmetrical double cone collimation hole are the best among cylindrical, conical, and symmetrical double cone. After the completion of the transformation of shield, the relative intensities of the transmitted neutron and γ rays from the 70 cm in right radial of the transformed collimation hole were measured with ?5.08 cm×5.08 cm type liquid scintillator detector(BC501). After deducting the natural background of no beam current, the neutron background of the beam current is reduced by 7.75 times and the γ background is reduced by 38.5 times, which meets the requirement.