花生壳吸附水中苯酚的热力学与动力学研究

利用废弃的花生壳对水中苯酚进行吸附试验,考察了吸附的最佳条件、吸附热力学和动力学特征.采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线对平衡数据进行了线性拟合,结果表明,花生壳对苯酚的吸附平衡符合Freundlich等温方程.在298K下,吸附焓变△H=-5.12kJ ·moL^-1,自由能变△G=-4.41 kJ·moL^-1,熵变△S=-2.38J·mo1-1·K-1.表明：该吸附过程为自发进行的放热过程,其动力学行为更好的符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型.     

Au/Ag合金溶胶与HCuCl4反应过程的紫外光谱研究

采用柠檬酸根为保护剂,通过水合肼还原的方法,在水相中合成了Au/Ag合金纳米粒子,UV-Vis光谱中只观察到一个位于单金属Ag和Au之间的等离子体共振峰,并且合金溶胶的最大吸收峰随着溶胶中Au的物质的量分数变化呈线性变化.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了不同组分的溶胶与HCuCl4溶液的反应过程.结果显示,溶胶的紫外-可见吸收峰随着HCuCl4的加入量的改变而呈规律性变化,其中有一紫外吸收峰随着HCuCl4的加入而呈线性变化的区间,分析后认为这一过程为合金的去合金过程.     

紫外-可见光谱法分析难溶性黄药重金属配合物

提出可用于难溶性黄药重金属配合物检测的紫外光谱方法。实验首先考察了在黄药溶液中加入不同重金属离子后紫外-可见光谱的变化,发现Pb2+、Cu2+会与黄药生成难溶性配合物,而Fe2+,Zn2+,Mn2+对黄药溶液的紫外吸收影响很小。接下来实验比较了不同孔径的滤膜对难溶性配合物的去除效果,发现采用0.22 μm滤膜可以有效的将黄原酸铜或黄原酸铅与滤液分离。进一步的,实验研究了硫化钠与难溶性配合物反应的情况,结果表明S2-可以定量的将配合物中的黄原酸根置换到溶液中。研究得出可以通过加入硫化钠后滤液中黄药浓度的上升值得到原水样中难溶性黄药重金属配合物的含量。最后研究将该方法应用于郴州三十六湾三家铅锌选矿厂废水的分析中,其结果验证了该方法的可行性。     

阳离子激光染料吸附入聚合物/表面活性剂的薄膜

利用静电吸附技术将阳离子激光染料罗丹明6G(R6G)成功组装到预组装在石英衬底上聚电解质/表面活性剂的复合膜中. 聚丙烯胺盐酸盐(PAH)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)分别作为阳离子和阴离子表面活性剂. 紫外可见吸收光谱表征揭示水溶液中仅形成H-型的R6G聚合物,而PAH/SDS/R6G薄膜同时存在H和J型两种R6G聚合物. R6G吸附动力学表明PAH/SDS/R6G复合薄膜两个聚集带的吸收强度比与用于制备PAH/SDS自组装薄膜的SDS溶液浓度无关. 原子力显微镜揭示R6G在PAH/SDS/R6G复合薄膜的     

银表面-分子体系紫外-可见光谱的研究

本文观察了加入KCl对银胶,呲啶-银胶、以及苯甲酸-银胶三种体系的紫外-可见光谱的影响。结果表明Cl~-离子对上述三种体系的影响有很大差异,对此进行了讨论。     

对苯二酚显影过程产物醌氢醌吸附在Ag胶上的紫外-可见吸收光谱及SERS研究

本文记录并确认了对苯二酚显影过程产物醌氢醌吸附在Ag胶上的紫外-可见吸收光谱和SERS光谱。通过Ag~+和Br~-对SERS光谱效应的影响和SERS猝灭效应的研究,认为AgBr溶胶还原后生成的显影Ag胶是SERS活性的;醌氢醌吸附在显影Ag胶上的SERS效应的增强机制,主要是化学活性点的分子增强。     

组氨酸(His)与钴(Ⅱ)相互作用的热力学摩尔吸光系数的研究

测出钴（Ⅱ）与组氨酸的紫外可见吸收光谱和配合反应的热力学摩尔吸光系数,比较Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）与组氨酸形成不同组成的配合物的稳定性。     

电热原子吸收光谱法中原子形成机理的热力学和动力学研究

本文对电热原子吸收光谱法（ＥＴＡＡＳ）中气态原子形成机理的热力学和动力学研究状况进行了评述，引用文献６２篇。     

紫外光谱法检测COD中硝酸盐与温度影响的研究

以邻苯二甲酸氢钾配制的化学需氧量标准液为实验对象,采集1~800mg·L-1标准液的紫外吸收光谱,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了不同谱区的校正模型,结果表明,265~310nm谱区模型的相关性最高,误差最小;为了消除硝酸盐与温度对化学需氧量测量的影响,分别研究了不同浓度的硝酸钠与不同温度条件下标准液的紫外吸收光谱的变化情况,结果表明硝酸钠在208~238nm有明显的吸收,265~310nm谱区模型不受硝酸钠吸收的影响,温度的升高会导致标准液的紫外光谱吸光度的增大,通过预测分析建立了不同校正模型下的温度补偿函数。     

光纤传感技术结合紫外光谱快速检验马来酸氯苯那敏片

建立一种光纤传感技术结合紫外-可见吸收光谱快速定性、定量分析药物的方法.将光纤探头浸入待测药物溶液中,氘灯光源发出的光通过光纤传输到探头,由探头感受经溶液吸收的光信号,并再次通过光纤反馈到检测器,最终通过计算机即时显示待测药物的光纤紫外-可见吸收光谱,并利用光谱中最大、最小吸收波长及吸光度与对比图谱比较获得定性、定量信...     

紫外分光光度法研究膨胀石墨对汽机油的吸附性能

水体油污染是当今迫切需要解决的环境问题之一。本文研究了膨胀石墨对汽机油的吸附性性能。结果表明,膨胀石墨对汽机油具有较大吸附量,清除水中汽机油的效果很好,除油率高达99%以上。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of Pb(II) adsorption onto modified spent grain from aqueous solutions

Spent grain, a main by-product of the brewing industry, is available in large quantities, but its main application has been limited to animal feeding. Nevertheless, in this study, spent grain modified with 1 M NaCl solution as a novel adsorbent has been used for the adsorption of Pb(II) in aqueous solutions. Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of Pb(II) adsorption onto modified spent grain were studied. The equilibrium data were well fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevick (D-R) isotherm models. The kinetics of Pb(II) adsorption followed pseudo-second-order model, using the rate constants of pseudo-second-order model, the activation energy (E_a) of Pb(II) adsorption was determined as 12.33 kJ mol⁻¹ according to the Arrhenius equation. Various thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG^ads, ΔH^ads and ΔS^ads were also calculated. Thermodynamic results indicate that Pb(II) adsorption onto modified spent grain is a spontaneous and endothermic process. Therefore, it can be concluded that modified spent grain as a new effective adsorbent has potential for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption and solid phase extraction of 8-hydroxyquinoline from aqueous solutions by using natural bentonite

The nitrogen-heterocyclic compound 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) is one of the components of coal tar and has a wide variety of uses in industry. Because of its toxicity for aquatic organisms and harmful effects for human health, the removal of 8HQ from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto natural bentonite was investigated in the present work. The experimental results show that the optimum pH value of 2.5 is favourable for the 8HQ adsorption. The experimental data were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models at all studied temperatures. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model at 20 °C was 120.6 mg g⁻¹. The calculated thermodynamic results such as ΔG° (−24.3 kJ mol⁻¹) and ΔH° (−9.56 kJ mol⁻¹) indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Solid phase extraction of 8HQ was also performed. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were carried out in order to confirm the 8HQ adsorption onto bentonite. According to the obtained results, natural bentonite can be a reusable and effective adsorbent for the removal of 8HQ.     

溶剂气浮法分离水中的镍离子的动力学和热力学研究

以丁二酮肟为配件,十二烷基磺酸钠为捕集剂,对镍离子-丁二酮肟在水相中形成的 Ni-丁二酮肟-十二烷基磺酸钠体系的溶剂气浮进行了研究.研究表明表面活性剂与 Ni 离子的物质的量之比为20：1,约1h 水中的镍离子去除率可达90%.溶剂气浮的速率随着气流速率的增加而增加,共存溶剂乙醇、NaCl 存在会使去除率降低,有机溶剂的量对溶剂气浮影响较小,溶剂气浮过程遵从假一级动力学.考察了不同温度下溶剂气浮的回收速率,计算了该过程中的气浮表观活化能为8.99kJ/mol.而且将实验数据与理论模型进行了数值拟合.     

激光对金属铜微孔加工的热力学过程研究

采用纳秒激光脉冲对铜金属进行了打孔实验,对微孔形貌进行了观察并对其热力学过程进行了相应的分析。研究表明,微孔的形貌是由凹坑和周围隆起组成,坑深随着脉冲能量的增加而增加。热力学分析表明,激光辐照金属打孔需要两个基本条件：一是激光脉冲能量的沉积,使金属材料发生熔化、汽化以及电离等相变,使得材料更容易去除;激光等离子体作为二次热源会更有效把激光脉冲能量耦合到金属表面;二是激光等离子体的冲击波效应,这种效应会把发生相变的材料有效及时排出,从而有效形成微孔。     

硫脲在铂电极表面吸附行为的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

本文通过电化学方法有效抑制了硫脲在铂电极表面的解离,从而实现了用SERS技术研究粗糙铂电极表面硫脲的吸附行为。结果表明,硫脲分子是以硫端斜躺吸附在电极表面,随着电位变负渐渐转为直立。     

显微-反射傅里叶变换红外光谱研究油酸钠与胶磷矿吸附机理

红外光谱已经成为浮选药剂作用机理研究的最重要手段之一。由于矿物本身具有较强的红外吸收,传统溴化钾压片透射光谱很难检测到矿物表面吸附药剂的微弱红外信号。采用显微-傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的反射模式,测定了不同浓度油酸钠在胶磷矿表面的吸附形式,并观察了吸附形貌。结果表明,与透射红外光谱相比,反射红外光谱对表面有更高的灵敏度,能更好地揭示实际浮选药剂浓度下的吸附机理。碱性条件下当油酸钠浓度较低时,油酸离子与表面晶格钙离子发生化学吸附,吸收峰在1 552 cm-1,同时也存在油酸钙沉淀的物理吸附,吸收峰在1 570和1 535 cm-1;当油酸钠浓度超过临界胶束浓度时,胶束使得胶磷矿表面亲水,导致油酸钠溶液残留在表面,吸收峰在1 560 cm-1,掩盖了其他吸收峰;表面经水洗涤后药剂吸收峰强度大幅减弱,是由于残留的油酸钠和物理吸附的油酸钙被洗掉。另外,随着油酸钠浓度增大,药剂二维形貌由点状吸附聚集为片状吸附,覆盖面积增大,但并不是完全覆盖,这与矿物表面异质性有关。以上研究结果有利于理解磷矿石提磷或铁矿石脱磷浮选体系中捕收剂与胶磷矿的作用机理。     

Effects of multi-frequency power ultrasound on the enzymolysis of corn gluten meal: Kinetics and thermodynamics study

The effects of multi-frequency power ultrasound (MPU) pretreatment on the kinetics and thermodynamics of corn gluten meal (CGM) were investigated in this research. The apparent constant (K_M), apparent break-down rate constant (k_A), reaction rate constants (k), energy of activation (E_a), enthalpy of activation (ΔH), entropy of activation (ΔS) and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG) were determined by means of the Michaelis–Menten equation, first-order kinetics model, Arrhenius equation and transition state theory, respectively. The results showed that MPU pretreatment can accelerate the enzymolysis of CGM under different enzymolysis conditions, viz. substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, and temperature. Kinetics analysis revealed that MPU pretreatment decreased the K_M value by 26.1% and increased the k_A value by 7.3%, indicating ultrasound pretreatment increased the affinity between enzyme and substrate. In addition, the values of k for ultrasound pretreatment were increased by 84.8%, 41.9%, 28.9%, and 18.8% at the temperature of 293, 303, 313 and 323 K, respectively. For the thermodynamic parameters, ultrasound decreased E_a, ΔH and ΔS by 23.0%, 24.3% and 25.3%, respectively, but ultrasound had little change in ΔG value in the temperature range of 293–323 K. In conclusion, MPU pretreatment could remarkably enhance the enzymolysis of CGM, and this method can be applied to protein proteolysis industry to produce peptides.