高压CO2水合物的生成机理实验和模拟

温室气体CO_2的捕捉和储存对减缓温室效应具有重大意义。CO_2水合物法储存CO_2具有效率高、储量大、易运输等优点。为了更高效制备CO_2水合物,对其生成机理进行实验和模拟研究。通过建立水合物生成的热力学模型,对水合物生成条件进行预测,利用高压静态釜式反应容器开展水合物生成实验,通过温度压力数据验证模型的准确性。在选取化学势能差作为水合物生成驱动力的基础上建立气体消耗速率模型,并与实验结果对比,结果表明:模型的预测值与实验值相对吻合。在低于水合物相平衡温度的条件下,升高容器的内反应压力可以促进气-液质量交换过程,提高生成效率。在生成过程中测得不同位置的电阻率变化数据,发现容器内的电阻率随固态水合物的生成而升高,并且首先在容器上部靠近壁面处结晶、团聚。     

CO2在气体水合物结构特性的固体核磁共振波谱与拉曼光谱实验研究

天然气水合物是蕴含着巨大能源潜力的非常规能源,2017年和2020年两次我国南海探索性试采的成功,加快了天然气水合物项目的进展。二氧化碳置换开采法,既能开发CH₄,又能封存CO₂。同时水合物法分离烟气中CO₂具有很好的应用前景,而CO₂在气体水合物的微观结构和特性尚不明确,实际应用存在一定的未知影响。为了考察其特性,利用13C固体核磁技术（NMR）和拉曼光谱（Raman）进行CO₂置换CH₄水合物、合成13CO₂-H₂-CP混合水合物实验表征,讨论CO₂在水合物中的定量问题,研究CO₂分子在笼型结构中的分布,探讨CO₂分子在气体水合物中的结构类型和特性。结果表明：（1）利用Raman费米低频共振1 277.5 cm-1峰积分得到CO₂在I型大笼（51262笼）的占有率为0.978 2,CH₄在Ⅰ型小笼（512笼）和大笼（51262笼）的占有率为0.059 3和0.009 5,水合数7.61,Raman费米高频共振1 381.3 m-1峰积分得到CO₂在51262笼的占有率为0.984 3,CH₄在512笼和51262笼的占有率为0.023 7和0.003 3,水合数7.70,CO₂几乎占满了大笼,CO₂气体的加入会导致水合物中,CH₄的大、小笼占有率均大幅度降低,置换后水合数略低于纯甲烷水合物,未标记的CO₂水合物在核磁中较难测出信号,CO₂气体置换后CH₄在小笼的占有率仅0.097 5,大笼占有率为0.317 2,两种方法差异主要原因为核磁的CO₂未出峰。（2）利用拉曼费米低频共振1 273.4 cm-1峰积分得到H₂、CO₂在512笼、CP在51262的占有率分别为0.124 8,0.304 2和0.997 8,水合数9.16;Raman费米高频共振1 380.6 cm-1峰积分得到H₂、CO₂在512笼、CP在51262的占有率分别为0.123 6,0.577 1和0.985 1,水合数7.12。13C标记CO₂分子在水合物中达到较好的固体核磁分辨率,首次确认CO₂在Ⅱ型小笼中的化学位移为124.8 ppm,计算得到CO₂的小笼占有率为0.783 1,CP的大笼占有率为0.971 8,水合数6.70,Raman高频频费米共振峰（1 380.6 cm-1）定量计算与13C NMR结果更接近。（3）对CO₂的13C NMR化学位移进行了归属,并结合Raman与13C NMR的对比分析,为CO₂水合物的13C NMR研究和拉曼定量提供参考。     

甲烷水合物成核过程的实验研究进展(特邀)

甲烷水合物(可燃冰)作为一种储量巨大、分布广泛的清洁能源而备受关注.围绕甲烷水合物的开采、以固态水合物形式储运天然气和氢气等问题开展基础科学研究,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.成核过程是甲烷水合物形成的关键第一步,由甲烷、水分子形成团簇并逐渐演化形成水合物的微观过程.然而,由于缺乏在高压环境下研究成核微观过程的有效实验...     

二氧化碳-甲烷混合气体水合物四相区实验研究

以水合物的形式封存CO₂和置换海底的天然气（CH₄）水合物需要对CO₂-CH₄混合水合物的四相平衡状态及数据有清楚的了解。本文通过实验和模型计算对不同组分的CO₂-CH₄混合水合物的较高四相区（Q2）相平衡进行了测定和表述。实验温度范围为273.16～297 15 K,压力范围分为0～10 MPa。四相区的温度压力范围分别是283.51到287.04 K和4.74到8.37 MPa,甲烷的摩尔组份为0～0.225。结果揭示了相平衡温度和压力随着甲烷组分而变化情况以及四相区的范围和临界点,同时还给出了CO₂-CH₄混合气体水合物在四相状态下的融化开始和融化结束点。实验结果与热力学模型计算得出的CO₂-CH₄混合气体水合物相平衡结果进行比较,两者很好吻合,四相平衡区域的存在范围得以明确。     

甲烷水合物形成促进技术实验研究

实验研究了液态烃(环戊烷和甲基环己烷)对甲烷水合物形成条件的影响,测试结果表明液态烃降低了甲烷水合物的形成压力,并改变了形成水合物的结构。实验研究了促进剂(液态烃和表面活性剂)对水合物形成诱导时间和生长过程的影响,结果表明液态烃和表面活性剂降低了水合物形成的诱导时间,提高了水合物形成速度;而且表面活性剂提高了水合物形成过程中的耗气量,并改变了水合物形成机理。     

含乙二醇水合物形成条件理论与实验研究

利用可视化高压流体测试装置在0.78～5.17 MPa压力范围内测定了乙二醇水溶液中合成天然气（甲烷、乙烷和丙烷的混合物）水合物的形成条件。根据vanderWaals-Platteeuw的理想溶液等温吸附理论和Moshfeghian-Maddocd的数学模型,给出了含抑制剂体系气体水合物相平衡计算数学模型。计算结果表明该模型可较好地预测含抑制剂（乙二醇）体系的水合物形成条件。     

CO2置换CH4水合物实验研究进展

全面总结了目前CO2置换CH4水合物中CH4实验研究进展。首先从水合物结构角度出发讨论置换的可能性及置换效率;而后分别从热力学和动力学角度探讨置换反应机理;最后设计并优化了实验系统。作者认为探明置换内在机理是未来置换法开采水合物能源技术发展的关键。     

X射线衍射进展简介

100年前,劳厄等证明X射线对硫酸铜晶体具有衍射能力,揭开了X射线衍射分析晶体结构的序幕.100年的发展,X射线衍射已经成为自然科学乃至医学、考古、历史学等众多学科发展的必备技术.文章介绍了X射线衍射现象的发现历史,X射线运动学和动力学理论的发展概况,并举例说明了X射线衍射在粉末多晶体、单晶体和人工功能晶体以及人工薄膜材料中的具体应用情况,最后简要展望了X射线衍射技术的发展前景.     

显微激光拉曼光谱原位观测甲烷水合物生成与分解的微观过程

采用显微激光拉曼光谱技术对高压透明毛细管中甲烷水合物的生成与分解的微观过程进行了原位观测,初步探讨了甲烷水合物笼型结构的变化规律.结果表明,甲烷水合物在生成过程中,甲烷分子的拉曼峰(2 917 cm-1)逐渐分裂为两个峰(2 905和2 915 cm-1),表明溶解态甲烷分子从单一的化学环境进入了两个有差异的化学环境中...     

RBa2Cu3O7—x（R=Y,Yb）形成过程的差异及单相YbBa2Cu3O7—x超导体的…

本文通过Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、差热分析（ＤＴＡ）和超导电性测量等手段对ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７－ｘ（Ｙ－１２３）和ＹｂＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７－ｘ（Ｙｂ－１２３）相的形成，单相Ｙｂ－１２３超导体的制备，单相Ｙ－１２３超导体的最低形成温度及Ｒ－１２３相的熔点与Ｒ离子半径的关系进行了研究。结果表明Ｙ－１２３和Ｙｂ－１２３相形成过程显著不同，Ｙ－１２３主要通过下一化学反应生成：Ｙ２Ｏ３＋４ＢａＣＯ３＋６ＣｕＯ＋１－２     

多孔介质水合物中储存二氧化碳的实验研究

为了研究多孔介质中CO₂水合物的生成速率和储气量,利用1.8 L的水合反应釜研究了孔隙为13.8 nm和26.7nm的石英砂中CO₂水合物的生成过程,结果表明:孔径为26.7 nm石英砂中,1 m³的石英砂可以储存64.4 m³标准状况的二氧化碳气体,平均生成速率为0.001703 mol/min;孔径为13.8 nm石英砂中,1 m³的石英砂可以储存118.8m³标准状况的二氧化碳气体,平均生成速率为0.001803 mol/min;在多孔介质孔径范围为13.8 nm至26.7 nm之间时,粒径越小,储气量越大。     

Raman validity for crystallite size La determination on reticulated vitreous carbon with different graphitization index

The graphitization index provided by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrometry for reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) substrates, carbonized at different heat treatment temperatures (HTT), is investigated. A systematic study of the dependence between the disorder-induced D and G Raman bands is presented. The crystallite size L_a was obtained for both X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry techniques. Particularly, the validity for L_a determination, from Raman spectra, is pointed out comparing the commonly used formula based on peaks amplitude ratio (I_D/I_G) and the recent proposed equation that uses the integrated intensities of D and G bands. The results discrepancy is discussed taken into account the strong contribution of the line broadening presented in carbon materials heat treated below 2000 °C.     

Phase transition in (1−x)Ba(Y1/2Nb1/2) O3-xPbTiO3 solid solution with two morphotropic phase boundaries studied by Raman spectroscopy

New (1−x)Ba(Y_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃-xPbTiO₃ ceramics have been synthesized by conventional mixed-oxide process. Two morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs) corresponding to the rhombohedral-orthorhombic and orthorhombic-tetragonal phases are observed with increasing PT. The appearance of E(2TO₁), E(2TO₂), silent, R_l and E(4LO) modes indicates the presence of an orthorhombic symmetry. Remarkable variation with two MPBs appears in the whole frequency region, where the rhombohedral modes change into the tetragonal ones in the system.     

High pressure Raman spectroscopic study of spinel MgCr2O4

An in situ Raman spectroscopic study was conducted to investigate the pressure induced phase transformation of MgCr₂O₄ spinel up to pressures of 76.4 GPa. Results indicate that MgCr₂O₄ spinel undergoes a phase transformation to the CaFe₂O₄ (or CaTi₂O₄) structure at 14.2 GPa, and this transition is complete at 30.1 GPa. The coexistence of two phases over a wide range of pressure implies a sluggish transition mechanism. No evidence was observed to support the pressure-induced dissociation of MgCr₂O₄ at 5.7-18.8 GPa, predicted by the theoretical simulation. This high pressure MgCr₂O₄ polymorphism remains stable upon release of pressure, but at ambient conditions, it transforms to the spinel phase.     

Temperature dependent study of the crystal structure of NaCdZn2F7 pyrochlore

NaCdZn₂F₇ pyrochlore (Fd3¯m, Z=8), in which the Na and Cd cations are completely disordered, is shown to be structurally stable in the temperature range 100-643 K using X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering at atmospheric pressure. X-ray single-crystal measurements indicate that the (Na, Cd)F₈ cubes become more regular, while the ZnF₆ octahedra become more distorted in this structure upon cooling. The anomalous temperature-dependence of one of the Raman-active mode has been observed.     

Mesoporous (ZrO2-TiO2)/Al2O3 ternary carriers as hydrodesulfurization catalysts support

Ternary systems at various compositions were synthesized by coprecipitating Zr and Ti (to get a ZrO₂-TiO₂ 40-60 mol%) chlorides in aqueous basic media (provided by urea thermal decomposition) over an alumina substrate. Materials characterization included N₂ physisorption, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, high-resolution electron microscopy and Raman and UV-vis spectroscopies. High interaction among components was clearly evidenced by various techniques. Textural properties of ternary oxides could be tuned depending on composition of formulations. Mixed oxides with 10 or 20 mol% of ZrO₂-TiO₂ (at 40-60% mol, in turn) had the most suitable combination of textural properties (surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume) for the intended application (support of catalyst for hydrodesulfurization de oil-derived middle distillates). The suitability of those ternary supports was demonstrated in the dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization where the corresponding supported MoS₂ catalysts (at 2.8 atom Mo nm⁻²) were much more active (on a per mass of catalyst basis) than when impregnated over either alumina or zirconia-titania oxides.     

Oxidation of H2/CO2 mixtures and effect of hydrogen initial concentration on the combustion of CH4 and CH4/CO2 mixtures: Experiments and modeling

An experimental investigation of the oxidation of hydrogen diluted by nitrogen in presence of CO₂ was performed in a fused silica jet-stirred reactor (JSR) over the temperature range 800-1050 K, from fuel-lean to fuel-rich conditions and at atmospheric pressure. The mean residence time was kept constant in the experiments: 120 ms at 1 atm and 250 ms at 10 atm. The effect of variable initial concentrations of hydrogen on the combustion of methane and methane/carbon dioxide mixtures diluted by nitrogen was also experimentally studied. Concentration profiles for O₂, H₂, H₂O, CO, CO₂, CH₂O, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, and C₂H₂ were measured by sonic probe sampling followed by chemical analyses (FT-IR, gas chromatography). A detailed chemical kinetic modeling of the present experiments and of the literature data (flame speed and ignition delays) was performed using a recently proposed kinetic scheme showing good agreement between the data and this modeling, and providing further validation of the kinetic model (128 species and 924 reversible reactions). Sensitivity and reaction paths analyses were used to delineate the important reactions influencing the kinetic of oxidation of the fuels in absence and in presence of additives (CO₂ and H₂). The kinetic reaction scheme proposed helps understanding the inhibiting effect of CO₂ on the oxidation of hydrogen and methane and should be useful for gas turbine modeling.     

Structural and electrical impedance study of Pb(Sr1/3Nb2/3)O3

Lead-based ceramic Pb(Sr_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ (PSN) is prepared by the columbite precursor method and structurally characterized using XRD. The X-ray diffraction shows a perovskite structure with cubic pyrochlore phase. Detailed studies of ε′ and ε″ of the compounds show that the compounds exhibit dielectric anomaly. Impedance spectroscopy is used to characterize the electrical behaviour. Results indicate that the relaxation mechanism of the material is temperature dependent and has dominant bulk contribution in different temperature ranges. Modulus spectroscopic data were used to gain an insight into the electrical properties of the samples and with a view to observe the relaxations in them. Frequency dependence dielectric permittivity shows typical Debye-type dielectric dispersion. Temperature-dependent DC resistivity shows that resistance decreases with the increase in temperature and follows Arrhenius behaviour in different temperature regions.