基于逆向空间偏移拉曼光谱技术的多层混浊样品深层分析研究

空间偏移拉曼光谱（SORS）能够准确、快速、无损检测多层混浊介质样品深层生化构成信息。该研究通过搭建集成化逆向SORS光谱分析装置,在实现逆向SORS和背散射式拉曼光谱两种不同的光谱检测模式的基础上,检测与分析了不同空间偏移量（Δs）条件下双/三层组织模型内的深层拉曼光谱信息,并根据几何光学理论和投影测量原理,量化标定了Δs与锥透镜空间位置之间的关系,这为精确控制光谱检测条件提供了保障。为了验证该装置的检测能力,采用由羊肩胛骨/对乙酰氨基酚组成的双层模型和猪皮/硅橡胶/对乙酰氨基酚组成的三层模型,获得不同Δs条件下包含样品表层和深层信息的混合光谱。并进一步对该混合光谱进行面积归一化处理,观察到随着Δs的增大样品表层的拉曼贡献逐渐减小,而第二层以及第三层的拉曼贡献逐渐增大的现象。在此基础上,通过选择模型中每层物质的拉曼特征峰计算其相对拉曼强度,分析研究了相对拉曼强度、空间偏移量与样品厚度三者之间关系,即当Δs增大时相对拉曼强度比值随之增加,这清晰地表明深层物质的拉曼强度增加。然而,在同一Δs条件下,相对拉曼强度随着表层物质厚度的增大而减小。以上实验结果表明,我们搭建的集成化逆向SORS光谱分析装置可从深度达8 mm的生物模型下获取光谱信息,并证明了该装置在经皮无损探测方面的应用价值。     

空间偏移拉曼光谱技术的发展及应用

传统拉曼光谱只能探测样品的表层信息,或者只能穿透透明的表层探测样品内部,对多层不透明或不透明包装的样品检测则不适用了,比如搜索隐蔽的爆炸物、识别有包装的假药、无损检测骨骼疾病等。空间偏移拉曼光谱（SORS）技术是一种新型光谱检测技术,能够非侵入不透明包装或表层直接获得样品内部深层特征信息,这一技术的出现解决了上述的难题。首先详细介绍了SORS技术的工作原理：其根本原理在于光子迁移理论,其系统激光光源的入射焦点与光谱系统中收集透镜的焦点在待测样品表层空间上偏移一定的距离ΔS。当激光入射到待测样品表层时,表层样品被激发或散射出宽带荧光,其中有一部分散射光将到达样品内部,样品内部深层处产生的拉曼散射光子相比于样品表层的光子在散射过程中更易于横向迁移,经多次散射后返回样品表层被光谱仪器接收系统收集。到达样品内部不同深度ΔH的散射光返回表层后的位置距离激光光源入射点在样品表层上有不同的偏移距离ΔS。当空间偏移距离ΔS＝0时,激光光源入射点与拉曼光谱收集点重合,此处激发的光子密度最大,系统收集到的拉曼光谱信号大部分来自样品表层,样品深层拉曼信号被淹没;当空间偏移距离ΔS≠0时,光谱仪器收集到的拉曼光谱信号中来自表层的信号衰减很快,来自样品深层的信号衰减较慢,使得更深层的拉曼散射光子比重变大,从而实现光谱分离,再结合多元数据分析方法可以获得样品内部不同深层次的拉曼光谱,即空间偏移拉曼光谱。该技术具有很好抑制表层物质拉曼光谱和荧光光谱干扰的能力,特别适用于隐蔽在不透明包装材料下的物质拉曼光谱的提取,从而快速、非侵入地对目标物成分进行鉴定。其次介绍了SORS技术的特点。SORS技术是拉曼光谱的衍生技术,具备拉曼光谱技术的制样简单、水分干扰小、样品消耗量小、灵敏度高等全部优点,除此之外,有效抑制荧光、深层检测、非侵入无损检测、远距离检测等特点,这些特点有效提高了拉曼光谱强度,降低用户的检测和生产成本以及提高检测人员的人身安全。同时概述并对比了SORS技术现有的三种工作方式：标准SORS、逆SORS和倾斜SORS。标准SORS技术可进行远距离非接触测量,逆SORS较之标准SORS具有更高的灵敏度和抗光谱扭曲的潜力,而且入射的有效光照面和空间偏移距离ΔS是可控的,避免了样品过热;倾斜SORS具有较高的检测灵敏度,而且实验装置容易实现。然后在大量调研文献的基础上综述了近些年来SORS技术结合其他技术在化工生产、安检、生物医学、考古艺术、食品安全、稽查打假以及国防安全等多个领域的国内外发展和应用。最后指出了SORS技术目前存在的问题并展望了该技术未来的发展前景。     

部分临床药物的拉曼光谱研究

针对目前临床药物拉曼光谱的缺乏和药物检测领域的现状,利用拉曼光谱技术对抗生素、抗组织胺、血凝酶和止吐剂等几类常用临床药物进行了拉曼光谱的测量和研究。通过观测上述具有良好拉曼活性的药物样品拉曼光谱,不仅确定了样品拉曼峰的位移、强度和线宽,还探索了其包络的线形等光谱特性。通过分析和比较拉曼光谱图,找出各药物间的异同; 对于那些由于拉曼活性低或拉曼光谱的复杂样品,虽然暂时无法识别,但也进行了尝试性的测量或提出了测量建议。研究表明: 小分子药物的光谱特征很明显,拉曼峰分布较广, 对其进行光谱识别简单易行; 而大分子都表现出较弱的光谱特征峰, 常常伴随复杂的包络,不仅导致了对其光谱识别的困难, 也很难准确确定特征峰位置。对于不同药物,提出了用拉曼光谱测量和分析其药物成分的可行性,并通过分析其拉曼光谱的特性, 为医学工作者识别和分析药物成分提供了实验证据。不仅为建立药物的拉曼光谱数据库奠定了基础。还使业界看到了快速识别和检测药物的前景,从而促进拉曼光谱技术在药物检测上的运用。     

逆向空间偏移拉曼光谱技术应用于聚合物材料结构剖析

空间偏移拉曼光谱技术^[1](spatially offset Raman spectroscopy,SORS)的原理是基于激光照射位置与拉曼信号的收集位置偏移一定的距离。逆向空间偏移拉曼光谱技术^[2](inverse spatially offset Raman spectroscopy,Inverse-SORS)是SORS技术的一种衍生变体。如Scheme 1所示是一套自搭建的Inverse-SORS系统,激光通过锥透镜形成环形光束照射到样品表面上,并在该环形光束的中心位置收集产生的拉曼信号,可通过移动锥透镜调节样品上环形光束的大小,从而改变空间偏移量(Δs)的大小。在本实验中,测试对象有样品Ⅰ:上层是厚度为0.50 mm的PMMA,下层是厚度为0.30 mm的PTFE,以及样品Ⅱ:上层是厚度为0.30 mm的PTFE,下层是厚度为1.50 mm的PMMA;采用波长为532 nm的激光为激发光,其功率为50 mW,信号收集时间60 s。对于样品Ⅰ的实验结果,从图1(a)中可看出,在偏移距离Δs为1.37 mm时可获得几乎纯净的PTFE的拉曼...     

空间偏移拉曼光谱技术及数据处理方法研究

传统拉曼光谱分析技术在对容器内未知样品进行检测时极易受到容器壁的荧光和拉曼散射干扰,其商业应用往往仅限于透明塑料或玻璃包装的情况。由于光子在介质内部的迁移方向具有随机性,与表层相比内部深层处产生的拉曼散射光子在扩散过程中更易于横向迁移,因此偏离激光入射点不同距离的拉曼光谱包含了不同深度层的拉曼光谱信息。空间偏移拉曼光谱技术通过将拉曼光收集点偏离激光入射点,能够抑制容器壁的荧光和拉曼散射干扰,从而实现对有色、不透明包装内样品的有效检测。通过设计搭建了空间偏移拉曼光谱实验装置,实现-1.0～10.0 mm偏移距离的可调节。使用青色、不透明的1 mm厚PMMA平板来模拟容器壁,使用碳酸钙(CaCO_3)粉末作为内部待测样品。分别采用传统方式(零偏移)和空间偏移方式对容器内样品进行测量。对采集的原始光谱首先进行平均和7阶多项式拟合去除基线(荧光),然后以3个最大特征峰的平均值作为光谱强度的评价指标,对空间偏移拉曼光谱信号随偏移距离的变化规律进行分析,发现:随着空间偏移距离的增大,容器壁的拉曼散射强度快速下降,而内部样品的拉曼散射强度先上升后缓慢下降;对于均匀厚度、各向同性的样品,变化趋势关于零偏移两侧对称,此外光束的斜入射会引起轻微的不对称;在某个偏移距离处样品与容器壁的光谱强度比值达到最大值,存在最优探测偏移距离,对于此次样品其最优偏移距离为1.2 mm。在容器和样品材质未知的情况下,采用比例相减的方法仍可以得到各层干净的拉曼光谱,通过对零偏移和最优偏移处的光谱进行计算,分别得到容器壁和内部样品干净的拉曼光谱,实现对内部样品的有效检测。研究结果在一定程度上证明了空间偏移拉曼光谱技术在不透明、有色容器内样品的检测方面的潜力,为进一步研究空间偏移拉曼光谱技术及数据处理方法提供基础。     

基于自适应免疫算法重叠拉曼谱峰的解析

拉曼光谱测量速度快,可以实现原位实时测量,现已成为过程控制中物料检测的一种重要手段。但由于环境的复杂性以及拉曼光谱信号特点,目前在线检测时难免会出现一些重叠谱峰。基于免疫算法特点,将该方法用于芳烃重叠拉曼谱峰信号的解析中,提取混合物质中单个组分拉曼谱峰信息进行分析,结果表明该方法解析快速、定量准确,相对误差低于1%,是解析重叠拉曼光谱信号的有效方法。针对现场样品检测中出现的重叠谱峰伴随荧光背景信号,提出了结合独立成分分析的自适应免疫算法,有效地解析出荧光背景信号,为复杂样品的拉曼光谱检测分析提供了新的手段。     

拉曼积分球定量分析宽浓度范围水中溶解物

拉曼积分球通过光学设计,提高了激发光功率的使用效率和拉曼散射信号的收集效率,进而提高了检测限,大部分水中溶解物的检测限优于5 mg·L^-1。对宽浓度范围的硫酸钠、硝酸钠、白砂糖、甲醇进行检测,引入水扣除系数将其水溶液的拉曼光谱扣除水的特征光谱,进而得到不同浓度的溶质的拉曼特征光谱。通过曲线拟合获得其峰强度,并用水扣除系数对强度进行修正,获得修正后的峰强度与其浓度成良好的线性关系,在测量范围内线性度优于99%,为水溶液中溶质的宽浓度范围定量分析提供了一种可靠的分析方法。     

近场拉曼光谱实验装置及CVD金刚石膜的近场拉曼光谱

我们把拉曼光谱仪与实验室自制的近场扫描光学显微镜结合起来 ,建立了近场拉曼光谱系统 ,从而实现了高空间分辨拉曼光谱的测量。利用该装置 ,我们研究了热丝化学气相沉积法生长的金刚石膜 ,在约 2 0微米的范围内 ,观察到金刚石拉曼峰与非金刚石碳拉曼峰强度比随样品不同位置的变化     

分子束外延PbTe单晶薄膜的反常拉曼光谱研究

采用分子束外延(MBE)方法在BaF₂(111)衬底上生长了高质量的PbTe单晶薄膜， 拉曼光谱测量观察到了表面氧化物的振动模、布里渊区中心(q≈0)纵光学(LO)声子振动模以 及声子-等离子激元耦合模振动.随着显微拉曼光谱仪激光光斑聚焦深度的改变，各拉曼散射 峰的峰位、积分强度、半高宽等都表现出不同的变化趋势. 随着激光光斑聚焦位置从样品表 面上方3μm处变化到表面下方3μm处，PbTe外延薄膜的LO声子频率从119cm^-1移 动到124cm^{-1关键词： PbTe外延薄膜 拉曼散射 纵光学声子}     

远距离探测拉曼光谱特性

为了发展远距离探测未知或危险物质的方法, 设计并建立了近同轴可见光远距离拉曼光谱探测实验装置, 对硝酸盐固体样品进行了距离为2-10 m的拉曼光谱测量, 初步研究了拉曼信号强度与激发光功率、探测距离、样品浓度及样品表面方向之间的关系. 实验观察到三种硝酸盐在1050 cm^-1附近的拉曼谱线, 其微小的差异可作为识别特征. 硝酸铵的特征拉曼谱线强度正比于激发光功率, 近似平方关系; 与探测距离之间趋向于二次反比关系; 与样品浓度接近指数关系; 与样品表面朝向有近似余弦函数的关系.     

Photon migration of Raman signal in bone as measured with spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is currently being developed as an in vivo tool for bone disease detection, but to date, information about the interrogated volume as influenced by the light propagation and scattering characteristics of the bone matrix is still limited. This paper seeks to develop our general understanding of the sampling depths of SORS in bone specimens as a function of the applied spatial offset. Equine metacarpal bone was selected as a suitable specimen of compact cortical bone large enough to allow several thin slices (600 µm) to be cut from the dorsal surface. Photon migration at 830‐nm excitation was studied with five bone slices and a 380‐µm‐thin polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) slice placed consecutively between the layers. To optimize Raman signal recovery of the PTFE with increasing depth within the bone stack required a corresponding increase in spatial offset. For example, to sample effectively at 2.2‐mm depth within the bone required an optimal SORS offset of 7 mm. However, with a 7‐mm offset, the maximum accessible penetration depth from which the PTFE signal could be still recovered was 3.7 mm. These results provide essential basic information for developing SORS technology for medical diagnostics in general and optimizing sampling through bone tissue, permitting a better understanding of the relationship between the offset and depth of bone assessed, in particular. Potential applications include the detection of chemically specific markers for changes in bone matrix chemistry localized within the tissue and not present in healthy bone. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

拉曼光纤技术快速无损鉴别甲硝唑片

采用光纤探头直接放在甲硝唑片上进行检测,采集谱图,对拉曼光谱峰进行指认,并改变测定条件(药品隔铝塑包装、刮除包膜)进行测定。建立了光纤传感技术结合拉曼光谱快速无损鉴别甲硝唑片的方法,所测药物图谱峰形良好、峰强明显、指纹性强、测定快速准确,可瞬间获得片剂的特征图谱。样品无需进行前处理,可无损鉴别。药片检测时,是否隔铝塑包装和刮除包膜不影响谱图识别。本法快速、准确、专属性强、灵敏度高,可用于对甲硝唑片进行有效的鉴别。     

A line‐scan hyperspectral Raman system for spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that can obtain subsurface layered information by collecting Raman spectra from a series of surface positions laterally offset from the excitation laser. Currently optical fiber probes are used as major tools in SORS measurement, which are either slow (single fiber probe with mechanical movement) or restricted in selecting offset range and interval (fiber probe array). This study proposes a new method to conduct SORS measurement based on a newly developed line‐scan hyperspectral Raman imaging system. A 785‐nm point laser was used as an excitation source. A detection module consisting of an imaging spectrograph and a charge‐coupled device camera was used to acquire line‐shape SORS data in a spectral region of −592 to 3015 cm⁻¹. Using a single scan, the system allowed simultaneous collection of a series of Raman spectra in a broad offset range (e.g. 0–36 mm in two sides of the incident laser) with a narrow interval (e.g. 0.07 mm). Four layered samples were created by placing butter slices with thicknesses of 1, 4, 7, and 10 mm on top of melamine powder, providing different individual Raman characteristics to test the line‐scan SORS technique. Self‐modeling mixture analysis (SMA) was used to analyze the SORS data. Raman spectra from butter and melamine were successfully retrieved for all four butter‐on‐melamine samples using the SMA method. The line‐scan SORS measurement technique provides a flexible and efficient method for subsurface evaluation, which has potential to be used for food safety and quality inspection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimentally validated Raman Monte Carlo simulation for a cuboid object to obtain Raman spectroscopic signatures for hidden material

In conventional Raman spectroscopic measurements of liquids or surfaces the preferred geometry for detection of the Raman signal is the backscattering (or reflection) mode. For non‐transparent layered materials, sub‐surface Raman signals have been retrieved using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS), usually with light collection in the same plane as the point of excitation. However, as a result of multiple scattering in a turbid medium, Raman photons will be emitted in all directions. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations for a three‐dimensional layered sample with finite geometry have been performed to confirm the detectability of Raman signals at all angles and at all sides of the object. We considered a non‐transparent cuboid container (high density polyethylene) with explosive material (ammonium nitrate) inside. The simulation results were validated with experimental Raman intensities. Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that the ratio of sub‐surface to surface signals improves at geometries other than backscattering. In addition, we demonstrate through simulations the effects of the absorption and scattering coefficients of the layers, and that of the diameter of the excitation beam. The advantage of collecting light from all possible 4π angles, over other collection modes, is that this technique is not geometry specific and molecular identification of layers underneath non‐transparent surfaces can be obtained with minimal interference from the surface layer. To what extent all sides of the object will contribute to the total signal will depend on the absorption and scattering coefficients and the physical dimensions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Passive signal enhancement in spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

We demonstrate experimentally, for the first time, the feasibility of enhancing signals in Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) using a dielectric bandpass filter, building on our earlier experimental work on the enhancement of transmission Raman signals. The method is shown to lead to the enhancement of both the surface and subsurface Raman layer signal improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio of Raman spectra from the deep areas of samples, thus enhancing the technique's sensitivity and penetration depth. The filter is placed over the laser illumination zone, on the sample surface acting as a ‘unidirectional’ mirror transmitting the collimated laser beam on one side and reflecting photons escaping from the sample back into it. This enhances the degree of coupling of laser radiation into the medium and associated generated Raman signal. The feasibility study was performed on a two‐layer sample with the second layer located at the limit of the penetration depth of the method for this sample. The sample consisted of a 2.2‐mm over‐layer of a thinned paracetamol tablet followed by a 2‐mm layer of trans‐stilbene powder. The Raman signal was collected from a spatially offset region through a hole fabricated within the filter. The experiments demonstrate the presence of an enhancement of the Raman signal from both the layers by a factor of 4.4–4.5 and the improved signal‐to‐noise ratio of sublayer signal by a factor of 2.2, in agreement with photon shot noise dominated signal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于共聚焦显微拉曼的真菌菌丝中几丁质的原位检测研究

几丁质是真菌细胞壁中一种重要的结构多糖,本文首次采用共聚焦显微拉曼技术对山茶刺盘孢菌的气生菌丝进行原位检测研究,首先确定了采集菌丝拉曼光谱的最优实验参数,并获得了菌丝,几丁质标准品和背景三种物质的典型拉曼光谱,对其中的特征峰进行归属分析,发现菌丝光谱中有明显的几丁质特征峰。然后对置于载玻片上菌丝的感兴趣区域进行拉曼光谱面扫描,通过主成分分析法发现面扫描区域中,菌丝和背景两种信号可以明显区分开来,结合主成分的载荷因子图得到了菌丝的两个主要的特征差异峰1 622和1 368 cm-1,1 622 cm-1属于菌丝中几丁质的特征峰,而1 368 cm-1是来源于菌丝中的果胶多糖。最后通过对几丁质在1 622 cm-1特征峰波段附近范围积分,绘制了几丁质在菌丝中二维和三维的化学成像图,直观且无损的再现了几丁质在菌丝中的空间分布。     

Non‐invasive depth profiling by space and time‐resolved Raman spectroscopy

Time‐resolved Raman spectroscopy, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy and time‐resolved spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (TR‐SORS) have proven their capability for the non‐invasive profiling of deep layers of a sample. Recent studies have indicated that TR‐SORS exhibits an enhanced selectivity toward the deep layers of a sample. However, the enhanced depth profiling efficiency of TR‐SORS, in comparison with time‐resolved Raman spectroscopy and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy, is yet to be assessed and explained in accordance to the synergistic effects of spatial and temporal resolutions. This study provides a critical investigation of the depth profiling efficiency of the three deep Raman techniques. The study compares the efficiency of the various deep Raman spectroscopy techniques for the stand‐off detection of explosive precursors hidden in highly fluorescing packaging. The study explains for the first time the synergistic effects of spatial and temporal resolutions in the deep Raman techniques and their impact on the acquired spectral data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

熊果酸的Raman光谱和红外光谱结构特征比较

本文采用HRD2型双光栅单色仪测定了熊果酸的Raman光谱，得到熊果酸的特征Raman光谱结构，采用Philips 100型双光栅单色仪测定了熊果酸的IR光谱，得到熊果酸的特征IR光谱结构；解析了熊果酸的Raman光谱和IR光谱与其结构特征的关系，确定了熊果酸的Raman光谱的结构特征和官能团的归属，给出了熊果酸的两个基本骨架特征区域（A区：1386，1370，1363cm^-1，B区：1304，1269，1237cm^-1）；对熊甲酸的Raman光谱和IR光谱作了比较研究，指出Raman光谱具有比IR光谱更为丰富的结构信息的特征，并且，IR光谱的主要特征峰在Raman光谱中均有对应的谱峰；Raman光谱的谱峰形态清晰可变，使熊果酸的主要结构和官能团得到准确的分析和指认，与IR光谱一样，Raman光谱是天然药物解析的有效手段之一。