镁合金晶体塑性本构模型与非均匀孪生变形分析

微结构演化对镁合金材料力学性能有着显著的影响,为了揭示镁合金宏观塑性各向异性特性与非均匀孪生变形的关系,开展了不同路径下的单轴加载试验以及采用含滑移、孪生机制的晶体塑性本构模型对试验条件下的镁合金变形行为进行数值模拟研究。文中本构模型描述了滑移与孪生变形机制以及晶格转动的机制,同时研究采用三维微结构代表性有限元模型,其包含晶粒尺寸、晶向和晶界倾角等微结构参数。研究结果表明,轧制镁合金具有强烈的宏观塑性各向异性行为,并对这种镁合金塑性各向异性行为的模拟结果以及多晶织构的模拟演化结果与试验测量进行对比,结果都基本吻合。对孪生非均匀变形模拟分析表明,镁合金宏观塑性各向异性行为与滑移、孪生变形机制的不同启动组合紧密相关,同时多晶体内应力的非均匀分布受到孪生变形的严重影响。而不同晶粒尺寸的晶粒所发生的孪生变形有比较大的差异,造成孪晶变体在晶粒内的分布极不均匀。本研究可为通过微结构的合理配置来设计和控制材料的力学性能提供理论依据.     

孪生诱发塑性对V-5Cr-5Ti合金应变硬化行为的影响

钒合金(V-Cr-Ti)作为潜在重要的聚变反应堆用结构材料, 近年来受到广泛的关注. 为了研究 V-5Cr-5Ti 合金不同应变率压缩下的应变硬化行为, 特别是孪生对塑性变形的影响, 以位错密度和孪晶演化为基础, 建立了该合金的应变硬化模型. 模型中考虑了孪晶中的位错滑移对材料塑性应变的贡献. 模拟结果表明, 由于孪生诱发塑性, 从而使动态压缩时的位错密度小于准静态加载时的, 这使得 V-5Cr-5Ti 合金在动态压缩时的应变硬化率比准静态加载时的小. 当孪晶形成后, 位错滑移引起的塑性应变率随应变增大而增大, 并逐渐接近加载应变率, 而孪生引起的塑性应变率则随应变增大而减小.      

含冷却孔镍基合金次级取向效应的应变梯度晶体塑性有限元研究

单晶镍基合金具有优异的耐高温、高强、高韧等性能, 这些力学性能受制造过程引入的次级取向和冷却孔的影响. 已有研究大多关注单孔薄板的变形机理和力学性能, 而工程中应用的往往是多孔薄板, 当前亟需阐明多孔的塑性滑移带变形机理、次级取向效应以及冷却孔引起的应变梯度效应. 文章采用基于位错机制的非局部晶体塑性本构模型对含冷却孔镍基单晶薄板的单拉变形进行了数值模拟. 此模型基于塑性滑移梯度与几何必需位错的关系引入了位错流动项, 因此可有效刻画非均匀变形过程中的应变梯度效应. 为了全面揭示含孔镍基薄板的次级取向效应, 系统研究了[100]和[110]取向(两种次级取向)下镍基薄板的单拉变形行为, 并重点探究了在两种次级取向下冷却孔数量对薄板塑性行为的影响. 此外, 还分析了镍基合金板变形过程中各个滑移系上分切应力变化、主导滑移系开动以及几何必需位错密度的演化过程, 并讨论了塑性滑移量及其分布特征对不同次级取向镍基合金板强度的影响. 研究表明, 单孔和多孔的[110]薄板抗拉强度均低于[100]薄板, 多孔薄板的塑性变形过程比单孔薄板更为复杂且受次级取向影响更大, 并且发生滑移梯度位置主要位于冷却孔附近以及塑性滑移带区域. 研究结果可为工程中镍基合金的设计和服役提供理论指导.      

冲击波诱发含孔Mg-3Al-1Zn合金位错形核及演化行为研究

由于汽车和航空航天领域对轻量化材料的需求,镁及其合金因其具有低密度、高强度等一系列优点而拥有难以替代的地位.目前,Mg-3Al-1Zn合金是目前应用最广泛的一种商用镁合金,研究其在冲击载荷作用下的变形机理和冲击响应,对促进镁合金在汽车和航空航天领域的应用具有重要意义.本文针对[0001]和[1010]两种不同冲击晶向,采用分子动力学方法讨论了含有圆柱形孔洞的Mg-3Al-1Zn合金模型在冲击波作用下孔洞表面位错形核与演化的过程.研究表明,孔洞附近滑移系的激活强烈依赖于冲击晶向,当沿着[0001]晶向冲击时,基面位错在孔洞表面优先形核,随后沿着与之前21°的夹角方向滑移形成一个大角度晶界;对于[1010]晶向的冲击,孔洞附近的变形最初由柱面位错主导,随后大量的基面位错分布在孔洞周围.基于应力波理论进一步讨论了冲击波前沿导致的孔洞附近晶格转向行为,发现孔洞表面的反射等容波(SV₂)决定了孔洞表面位错的形核位置和滑移方向,而反射无旋波(P₂)决定了孔洞附近与坍缩有关的塑性变形行为.最后,结合孔洞周围应力场分布分析了两种冲击晶向下孔洞表面位错的分布规...     

高速冲击表面处理对金属材料力学性能和组织结构的影响

高速冲击表面处理过程中的应变率对金属材料的宏观力学性能和微观组织结构都具有重要影响。根据当前应变率效应的研究成果,从宏观与微观相结合的角度出发,综述了高速冲击表面处理过程中应变率对金属材料强度和塑性的影响规律,并重点阐述了不同应变率下金属材料内部微观组织结构的演变规律,主要包括晶粒结构、绝热剪切带、相变、位错组态和析出相以及变形孪晶等。此外,还分析了组织结构随应变率的演化和微观变形机制的转变对材料力学性能的强化和弱化机理。最后,对高速冲击表面处理梯度组织的变形特点进行了总结。提出了不同组织结构对材料性能影响的综合效应模型,以期为应变率效应的深入研究奠定基础。     

室温下镁合金板循环塑性随动强化本构模型研究

本文在具有各向异性屈服强度和拉压不对称的CPB06屈服准则的基础上,建立了基于随动强化的循环塑性本构模型．通过引入滑移、孪晶以及去孪等不同变形模式下的背应力演化方程,对室温下镁合金板材异常循环硬化行为进行了模拟．选取了AZ31B-O和AZ31B两种镁合金板材,通过拉伸-压缩-拉伸(T-C-T)和压缩-拉伸(C-T)等不同加载路径下的部分实验曲线确定模型的参数,采用三次插值多项式建立了背应力参数与上一变形模式中累积的等效塑性应变（即预应变）之间的函数关系．使用本模型对剩下的实验曲线进行了预测,发现预测结果与实验结果有良好的一致性,说明了当前模型的正确性．     

基于微结构动态演化机制的单晶镍基高温合金晶体塑性本构及其有限元模拟

因其优异的高温力学性能,镍基单晶高温合金在航空航天和能源等领域得到了广泛的应用.镍基单晶高温合金优异的高温性能来源于其特有的两相微结构.基于代表体胞模型及分块均匀化方法,以位错密度为主要内变量,发展了一个包含两相微结构和位错演化信息的单晶镍基高温合金塑性行为的本构模型.该本构模型充分考虑了镍基单晶合金中位错在基体相和沉淀增强相中的多种演化机制,例如,基体位错八面体滑移、立方滑移、位错攀移、交滑移、位错弓出、位错切过沉淀增强相以及位错Kear-Wilsdolf(K-W)锁形成与解锁等.在商用有限元软件ABAQUS的框架下,编制了UMAT用户材料子程序.利用该用户子程序,对单晶和多晶镍基高温合金在不同温度、不同加载方向下的单调塑性、循环塑性、蠕变等典型行为进行了计算模拟.结果表明:该晶体塑性本构模型能"统一地"刻画镍基高温合金在不同温度、不同方向下的多种变形行为,并与实验结果具有良好的一致性.     

单轴循环载荷下镁合金宏观塑性本构关系研究

基于微观织构演化,本文对镁合金的宏观塑性本构模型进行了改进,得到了室温下镁合金AZ31B和AZ61A单轴循环拉压载荷作用下的应力应变曲线。模型中区分了滑移、孪晶与去孪三种不同微观塑性变形机制,并且研究了它们对材料宏观循环塑性行为的影响。通过引入初始非零背应力来模拟循环应力应变曲线中拉压不对称性,给出了材料在单轴循环拉压载荷下背应力及屈服面的演化规律,并运用线性预测塑性回拉技术与隐式积分法求解相应的非线性方程组,编写了与.ABAQUS接口的UMAT用户子程序。预测与实验结果的比较显示该模型能较好地模拟镁合金材料在单轴循环拉压载荷作用下的力学行为,具有较高的准确性与良好的实用性。     

镁单晶变形行为的原子模拟

应用分子动力学方法模拟镁单晶在单向拉伸作用下的力学性能和微观结构演化过程.不同应变和不同温度下的模拟结果中都观测到{1011},{1012}型李晶.表明这两种孪晶是镁单晶拉伸变形的主要机制.其中{1012}型挛晶的产生伴随新晶粒生成,并且随应变增加孪晶的数量增加.此外,随着温度的增加,原子热激活效应显著.镁单晶的最大弹性形变减小,最大应力值亦变小.     

考虑细观变形特征的镁合金宏观本构模型及数值模拟

为了能有效描述镁合金宏观各向异性塑性行为,考虑了滑移、孪生、去孪生三种细观变形模式的特点,给出了相应的硬化函数;根据VonMises屈服准则,发展了一种镁合金宏观本构模型及其迭代算法。模型将变形模式的开启与晶粒取向相关联,同时针对镁合金孪生变形时引起的晶粒重新定向问题,描述了一种晶向偏转的方法。在此基础上编写了ABAQUS/UMAT材料用户子程序;利用开发的本构模型,开展了单轴拉伸、单轴压缩、单轴循环拉压加载条件下镁合金塑性行为的数值模拟,并对随机织构下的镁合金板材轧制过程进行了有限元仿真实验。模拟结果表明:单轴拉伸、单轴压缩和循环加载情形下的镁合金宏观硬化行为与实验结果基本吻合;轧制后镁合金板材表现出了应力-应变不均匀特性,多晶织构演化结果与实验结果基本一致。说明文中所提出的宏观本构模型、晶向偏转模型能够有效描述镁合金的宏观塑性行为和织构演化。     

On the strain hardening and texture evolution in high manganese steels: Experiments and numerical investigation

We present a systematic investigation on the strain hardening and texture evolution in high manganese steels where twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) plays a significant role for the materials' plastic deformation. Motivated by the stress–strain behavior of typical TWIP steels with compositions of Fe, Mn, and C, we develop a mechanistic model to explain the strain-hardening in crystals where deformation twinning dominates the plastic deformation. The classical single crystal plasticity model accounting for both dislocation slip and deformation twinning are then employed to simulate the plastic deformation in polycrystalline TWIP steels. While only deformation twinning is activated for plasticity, the simulations with samples composed of voronoi grains cannot fully capture the texture evolution of the TWIP steel. By including both twinning deformation and dislocation slip, the model is able to capture both the stress–strain behaviors and the texture evolution in Fe–Mn–C TWIP steel in different boundary-value problems. Further analysis on the strain contributions by both mechanisms suggests that deformation twinning plays the dominant role at the initial stage of plasticity in TWIP steels, and dislocation slip becomes increasingly important at large strains.     

CoCrFeNiAlx系高熵合金的动态力学性能和本构关系

高熵合金,以其独特的合金设计和优异的综合性能,成为当下材料研究的热点。本文利用高真空电弧熔炼法成功制备出了CoCrFeNiAl_x（x=0, 0.6, 1）系高熵合金,并通过分离式霍普金森压杆对其进行一系列不同应变速率下的动态压缩试验。通过X射线、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析,深入探索了该合金系的晶体结构、微观组织和变形特征。最后,利用修正后的Johnson-Cook (J-C)本构模型,获得了该体系高熵合金的动态本构关系。     

Continuum modeling of the response of a Mg alloy AZ31 rolled sheet during uniaxial deformation

Lightweight magnesium alloys, such as AZ31, constitute alternative materials of interest for many industrial sectors such as the transport industry. For instance, reducing vehicle weight and thus fuel consumption can actively benefit the global efforts of the current environmental industry policies. To this end, several research groups are focusing their experimental efforts on the development of advanced Mg alloys. However, comparatively little computational work has been oriented towards the simulation of the micromechanisms underlying the deformation of these metals. Among them, the model developed by Staroselsky and Anand [Staroselsky, A., Anand, L., 2003. A constitutive model for HCP materials deforming by slip and twinning: application to magnesium alloy AZ31B. International Journal of Plasticity 19 (10), 1843–1864] successfully captured some of the intrinsic features of deformation in Magnesium alloys. Nevertheless, some deformation micromechanisms, such as cross-hardening between slip and twin systems, have been either simplified or disregarded. In this work, we propose the development of a crystal plasticity continuum model aimed at fully describing the intrinsic deformation mechanisms between slip and twin systems. In order to calibrate and validate the proposed model, an experimental campaign consisting of a set of quasi-static compression tests at room temperature along the rolling and normal directions of a polycrystalline AZ31 rolled sheet, as well as an analysis of the crystallographic texture at different stages of deformation, has been carried out. The model is then exploited by investigating stress and strain fields, texture evolution, and slip and twin activities during deformation. The flexibility of the overall model is ultimately demonstrated by casting light on an experimental controversy on the role of the pyramidal slip 〈c + a〉 versus compression twinning in the late stage of polycrystalline deformation, and a failure criterion related to basal slip activity is proposed.     

Micromechanical modelling of the effect of plastic deformation on the mechanical behaviour in pseudoelastic shape memory alloys

Except for the recoverable strain induced by phase transformation, NiTi alloys are very ductile even in the martensite phase. The purpose of the present paper is to study the influence of permanent deformation, which results from plastic deformation of martensite, on the mechanical behaviour of pseudoelastic NiTi alloys. Based on phenomenological theory of martensitic transformation and crystal plasticity, a new three dimensional micromechanical model is proposed by coupling both the slip and twinning deformation mechanisms. The present model is implemented as User MATerial subroutine (UMAT) into ABAQUS/Standard to study the influences of plastic deformation on the stress and strain fields, and on the evolution of martensite transformation. Results show that with the increasing of plastic deformation the residual strain increases and the phase transformation stress–strain curves from the martensite to austenite become steeper and less obvious. Both characteristics, stabilisation of martensite and impedance of the reverse transformation, due to plastic deformation are captured.     

An efficient constitutive model for room-temperature,low-rate plasticity of annealed Mg AZ31B sheet

Metals and alloys with hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structures can undergo twinning in addition to dislocation slip when loaded mechanically. The complexity of the plastic response and the limited extent of twinning are impediments to their room-temperature formability and thus their widespread adoption. In order to exploit the unusual deformation characteristics of twinning sheet materials in designing novel forming operations, a practical plane stress material model for finite element implementation was sought. Such a model, TWINLAW, has been constructed based on three phenomenological deformation modes for Mg AZ31B: S (slip), T (twinning), and U (untwinning). The modes correspond to three testing regimes: initial in-plane tension (from the annealed state), initial in-plane compression, and in-plane tension following compression, respectively. A von Mises yield surface with initial non-zero back stress was employed to account for plastic yielding asymmetry, with evolution according to a novel isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening model. Texture and its evolution were represented throughout deformation using a weighted discrete probability density function of c-axis orientations. The orientation of c-axes evolves with twinning or untwinning using explicit rules incorporated in the model.     

Interaction between phase transformations and dislocations at the nanoscale. Part 1. General phase field approach

Thermodynamically consistent, three-dimensional (3D) phase field approach (PFA) for coupled multivariant martensitic transformations (PTs), including cyclic PTs, variant–variant transformations (i.e., twinning), and dislocation evolution is developed at large strains. One of our key points is in the justification of the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic, transformational, and plastic parts. The plastic part includes four mechanisms: dislocation motion in martensite along slip systems of martensite and slip systems of austenite inherited during PT and dislocation motion in austenite along slip systems of austenite and slip systems of martensite inherited during reverse PT. The plastic part of the velocity gradient for all these mechanisms is defined in the crystal lattice of the austenite utilizing just slip systems of austenite and inherited slip systems of martensite, and just two corresponding types of order parameters. The explicit expressions for the Helmholtz free energy and the transformation and plastic deformation gradients are presented to satisfy the formulated conditions related to homogeneous thermodynamic equilibrium states of crystal lattice and their instabilities. In particular, they result in a constant (i.e., stress- and temperature-independent) transformation deformation gradient and Burgers vectors. Thermodynamic treatment resulted in the determination of the driving forces for change of the order parameters for PTs and dislocations. It also determined the boundary conditions for the order parameters that include a variation of the surface energy during PT and exit of dislocations. Ginzburg–Landau equations for dislocations include variation of properties during PTs, which in turn produces additional contributions from dislocations to the Ginzburg–Landau equations for PTs. A complete system of coupled PFA and mechanics equations is presented. A similar theory can be developed for PFA to dislocations and other PTs, like reconstructive PTs and diffusive PTs described by the Cahn–Hilliard equation, as well as twinning and grain boundaries evolution.