Recent advances in liquid-phase combinatorial chemistry

In combination with high throughput screening, combinatorial organic synthesis of large numbers of pharmaceutically interesting compounds may revolutionize the drug discovery process. Although combinatorial organic synthesis on solid supports is a useful approach, several groups are focusing their research efforts on liquid-phase combinatorial synthesis by the use of soluble polymer supports to generate libraries. This macromolecular carrier, in contrast to an insoluble matrix, is soluble in most organic solvents and has a strong tendency for precipitation in particular solvents. Liquid-phase combinatorial synthesis is a unique approach since homogeneous reaction conditions can be applied, but product purification similar to the solid-phase method can be carried out by simple filtration and washing. This method combines the positive aspects of classical solution-phase chemistry and solid-phase synthesis. This review examines the recent applications (1995-1999) of soluble polymer supports in the synthesis of combinatorial libraries.     

色谱研究的最新进展

作为本期《色谱》的聚焦专栏评述,笔者主要介绍国内外学者在2010年3月和4月间发表的一些研究工作［1-9］,内容集中在色谱研究和应用的两个方面:新型色谱材料和方法技术的开发［1－5］;色谱在蛋白质组学分析中的新应用［6,7］。另外,近期也有不少关于微流控分析应用的具有特色的工作［8］,由于篇幅限制就不在这里详细介绍。     

Recent advances in chromatography

An account of the state of the art in the contemporary practice of gas, liquid, supercritical-fluid, and thin-layer chromatography is presented with an emphasis on column technology, kinetic optimization of column variables, and multidimensional and multimodal chromatographic techniques. Future trends and the need for further research in the above areas are identified.     

色谱最新进展

1可媲美二维液相色谱-质谱联用技术的一维毛细管液相色谱-串联质谱技术 如今二维鸟枪式(shotgun)液相色谱结合串联质谱用于蛋白质组学的研究屡见报道,通常使用反相液相色谱和其他可以正交的分离模式联用结合串联质谱可以分离上千种蛋白质。由于整体硅胶柱具有优越的渗透性,因此其可以长柱形式实现高效分离;结合平缓的梯度洗脱可以分离高复杂性的样品。日本Keio University的Yasushi Ishihama等成功地将整体硅胶柱应用于一维液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS)中,鉴定了大肠杆菌细胞表达的蛋白质组。他们使用的是一根长350 cm、内径100 μm的整体硅胶-C18毛细管柱来进行鸟枪式蛋白质组分析。实验中将4 μg大肠杆菌的胰蛋白酶酶解物进样至整体柱,随后启动一个长达41 h的梯度程序,采用流量为500 nL/min、压力不超过20 MPa的非超高压液相色谱条件,最终大肠杆菌中2602种蛋白质(包括830种膜蛋白)的22196条非冗余肽段得到了鉴定。相比使用传统的15 cm长、3 μm粒径的C18硅胶填充柱的LC-MS/MS,该体系可以获得较之平均高约5倍的峰响应值。如此高的响应值可能是因为使用长的整体硅胶柱以及缓慢的梯度获得的高效分离大大降低了电离抑制影响的缘故。因为这个高分辨率的体系不需要任何预分离,这种单次蛋白质组学检测方法可以大大地简化鸟枪技术的工作量,也降低了所需样品量,虽然采用了长时间的缓慢梯度,但是仍然减少了总的分析时间。(来源: Anal. Chem., 2010, 82: 2616-2620) 2纳米结构启动质谱技术 质谱在检测生物分子方面有很大的潜力,但现有方法仍存在灵敏度不够高、需要基质分子促使分析对象发生离子化等缺陷。纳米结构启动质谱(nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry, NIMS)技术使用纳米结构表面的“启动子”或者“笼状物”进行释放和离子化吸附在其表面的完整分子,能以极高的灵敏度分析非常小的区域,从而允许对肽阵列、血液、尿和单个细胞进行分析,而且还能用于组织成像。此技术克服了一般质谱方法灵敏度低和需要基质辅助离子化的缺陷。近几年,来源于动植物油脂及微生物代谢的生物柴油因其具有广泛的适用性而受到关注。由于柴油的品质与其脂肪酸的含量和性质密切相关,因此建立与当今代谢工程匹配的最佳脂肪酸克隆体高通量分析方法是生物柴油发展的关键。Wolfgang Reindl和Trent R. Northen将NIMS技术作为一种快速简便的分析手段用于植物及微生物脂肪酸的分析。研究证明,NIMS技术在负离子模式下可实现大量饱和及不饱和脂肪酸的直接检测,并且在几个数量级范围表现出良好的线性关系,检出限可达fmol级;另外,可以实现微量橄榄油、黄豆油和藻类短杆菌肽的定性及定量分析。NIMS的独特表面允许样品进行原位净化,这使得信噪比可以达到10倍以上。这项研究为植物及微生物油脂的快速分析奠定了基础,促进了生物柴油的发展。(来源: Anal. Chem., Article ASAP DOI: 10.1021/ac100159y, Publication Date (Web): March 31, 2010, in press) 3在线毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光检测-多级质谱(CE-LIF-MSn)技术用于母乳喂养婴儿的食用母乳和粪便中寡聚糖图谱的建立 CE-LIF常被用在碳水化合物的检测分析中。没有紫外吸收的碳水化合物经过衍生可以在很低浓度水平被检出,灵敏度可达到pmol,所以在复杂生物样品的检测中CE-LIF备受关注。但是对检出物质进行确认却是一个复杂和耗时的过程。CE-MS则在物质鉴定方面有独特的优势。荷兰Wageningen University的Henk A. Schols教授课题组将在线CE-LIF-ESI(电喷雾离子源)-MSn用于母乳喂养婴儿的 食用母乳和粪便中的寡聚糖图谱的建立。LIF通过CE毛细管上的窗口进行柱上检测,毛细管中的液体通过一个鞘流接口进入到MS中。这种设计可以在同一次分析中既得到LIF信号又得到离子强度信号,并可将两组信号进行相关分析以进行物质确证。通过在线CE-LIF和ESI-MS串联对母乳喂养婴儿所食的母乳和其粪便中8-氨基芘-1,3,6-三磺酸钠盐(APTS)衍生的人乳低聚糖物质(HMOs)分析图谱的比较,对HMOs在胃肠道中的代谢有了进一步的认识。与母乳中的寡聚糖相比,在母乳喂养婴儿的粪便中确证了lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP)和lacto-N-neo-tetraose(LnNT)两种新的异构体。通过粪便中的寡聚糖图谱可以推断出高相对分子质量的HMOs在胃肠道中的生物转化和降解。(来源: Electrophoresis, 2010, 31: 1264-1273) 4动态针捕集技术在临床呼气试验中的应用 现代分析科学为各领域的实际应用提供了有效的途径和手段,在医药学领域,使用超痕量分析对人呼气中存在的挥发性生物标志物或药物进行检测的新型诊断方式便是一例。德国罗斯托克大学的Maren Mieth等曾提出个性化的动态针捕集技术用于呼吸气体的取样和富集(见: Anal. Chem., 2009, 81: 5851-5857)。动态针捕集技术利用装有吸附填料的捕集针对所要分析的气体进行采集,在样品处理方面较之固相萃取或者固相微萃取技术更加快速、灵敏、稳定、即时。最近,他们又首次在医疗机构的临床条件下,针对低量(20 mL)呼出气体,完成了多床层动态针捕集联合中心切割气相色谱/质谱法(GC/MS)和全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱法(GC×GC/TOF-MS)的分析。为了实现快速有效的分离分析,他们应用高通量自动化解吸和分离系统,采用22根不锈钢针（60 mm×0.41 mm i.d., 0.72 mm o.d.）捕集气体,针管吸附物可稳定存在约7.8 h。实验中首先建立中心切割GC/MS方法,在消除了高浓度的挥发性消毒剂和麻醉剂的背景干扰后,采用该体系成功地测定了11位接受心脏手术病人的呼出气体,找出了5种病人呼出物随时间变化(术前、 术后各时间点)的规律,显示了此方法具有作为判断病情发展的辅助手段的良好潜力。接下来又采用GC×GC/TOF-MS对被分析物进行无偏向性的筛查和鉴定,从一位麻醉后病人呼出物的分析结果可以看出,采用该方法能检测到超过200种物质,并可成功地鉴定其中的60种。因此,可将检测结果作为进一步筛查标志物的依据和基础。此项研究表明了动态针捕集技术结合色谱-质谱联用能够为临床呼气试验提供特定的解决问题的途径。(来源: Anal. Chem., 2010, 82: 2541-2551) 5采用小分子作为亲和色谱配体纯化蛋白质的新方法 亲和色谱(AC)是目前进行蛋白质纯化的最有效的色谱分离技术,但现有配体基本上是蛋白质,使该技术的使用范围受限,同时又具有价格昂贵和易降解的缺点。采用化学稳定的小分子配体将大大扩大AC在生物药品净化上的使用范围,但设计能与大分子蛋白质紧密并特异性结合的小分子存在很大的技术难度。丹麦University of Copenhagen的J. E. Rasmussen和K. J. Jensen等报道了一个完 整的用于开发和建立新型小分子亲和树脂的综合方法。该方法组合了虚拟筛选和颗粒上自动串行库筛选,其中使用了一种新的光编码方案促进结构的全面完整的“一珠一化合物”库的亲和力映射。他们用该方法制备了用于识别人生长激素(hGH)的小分子亲和树脂,并评价其对大肠杆菌裂解液中hGH的选择吸收和洗脱能力,hGH的纯度(91%)和回收率(61%)均较好。(来源: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., published online: 18 Mar, 2010)     

Recent advances in liquid-phase organic reactions using heteropolyacid and clay

ecent advances in liquid-phase organic reactions over solid acids are described based on the catalyses of acidic clays and silica-included heteropoly compounds. Zinc ion-exchanged smectite clays, particularly nontronite clays, were effectively applied as insoluble, readily recoverable solid acid catalysts to liquid-phase Friedel-Crafts reactions. Montmorillonite K10 catalyzes the synthesis of alkylporphyrin derivatives from aliphatic aldehydes and pyrroles more efficiently than the conventional homogeneous acids such as BF3 etherate. 12-Tungstophosphoric acid and its acidic Cs salt could be included in a silica matrix by means of sol-gel technique involving hydrolysis of ethyl orthosilicate forming insoluble and easily separable solid acid catalysts. These silica-included heteropoly compounds were thermally more stable than an ion-exchange resin catalyst such as Amberlyst-15, and catalyzed the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate in the liquid phase more efficiently than the resin, H-ZSM-5 and even than aqueous heteropolyacid.     

多维色谱研究的最新进展

1 全二维气相色谱与质谱联用系统的最新进展 2 二维液相色谱优化方法的最新进展 3 集成在微流控芯片上的二维液相色谱-毛细管电泳-电喷雾离子化系统 4 基于二维色谱-质谱的磷脂全分析方法及其在帕金森症代谢组学研究中应用     

Recent advances in counter-current chromatography

During the past several years, counter-current chromatography (CCC) technology has been advanced to cover a broad spectrum of applications, from large-scale preparative to analytical-scale separations. These advances include liquid-liquid dual CCC, foam CCC and partition of macromolecules with aqueous-aqueous polymer phase systems. For these developments the synchronous coil planet centrifuge scheme has been used, which relies on a relatively simple mechanical design. Future developments in CCC may be focused on the improvement of the more intricate non-synchronous coil planet centrifuge scheme which has a greater potential for the separation of biopolymers and cell particles.     

Recent advances in polymer monoliths for ion-exchange chromatography

The use of polymeric materials in ion-exchange chromatography applications is advantageous because of their typically high mechanical stability and tolerance of a wide range of pH conditions. The possibility of using polymeric monoliths in ion-exchange chromatography is therefore obvious and many of the same strategies developed for polymeric particles have been adapted for use with polymeric monoliths. In this review different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric monoliths with ion-exchange functionality are discussed. The incorporation of ion-exchange functionality by co-polymerization is included, as also are different post-polymerization alterations to the monolith surface such as grafting. The formulations and strategies presented include materials intended for use in analytical separations in ion-exchange chromatography, sample pre-treatment or enrichment applications, and materials for capillary electrochromatography. Finally, examples of the use of polymeric monoliths in ion-exchange chromatography applications are included with examples published in the years 2003 to 2008.

Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is an electrodriven separation technique. Separations are typically achieved using oil-in-water microemulsions, which are composed of nanometre-sized droplets of oil suspended in aqueous buffer. The oil droplets are coated in surfactant molecules and the system is stabilised by the addition of a short-chain alcohol cosurfactant. The novel use of water-in-oil microemulsions for MEEKC separations has also been investigated recently. This report summarises the different microemulsion types and compositions used to-date and their applications with a focus on recent papers (2002-2004). The effects of key operating variables (pH, surfactant, cosurfactant, oil phase, buffer, additives, temperature, organic modifier) and methodology techniques are described.     

Recent advances in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

This review contains nearly 200 reference citations, and covers advances in electrokinetic capillary chromatography based on micelles, including stabilized micelle complexes, polymeric and mixed micelles from 2003-2004. Detection strategies, analyte determinations, and applications in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) are discussed. Information regarding methods of analyte concentration, analyte specific analyses, and nonstandard micelles has been summarized in tabular form to provide a means of rapid access to information pertinent to the reader.     

芯片液相色谱技术进展

微型化是现代分析仪器发展的重要趋势.微型化液相色谱仪器在提供与常规尺度液相色谱相同甚至更高分离效率的同时,可以有效减少溶剂和样品的消耗;在液相色谱-质谱联用中,低流速进样可以有效提高质谱离子源的离子化效率,提高质谱检测效率;对于极微量样品的分离,微型化的液相色谱可以有效减少样品稀释;液相色谱的微型化还有利于液相色谱仪器...     

核酸适配体亲和色谱的研究进展

核酸适配体亲和色谱是将核酸适配体作为色谱固定相上的亲和配体的一种新型色谱技术。核酸适配体是一种可以特异性地识别目标物的寡聚核苷酸,与免疫抗体相比,核酸适配体在筛选制备、稳定性及应用等方面都显示出独特的优点。本文介绍了核酸适配体亲和色谱在小分子、蛋白质和细胞的分离和分析中的应用,对核酸适配体亲和色谱的研究现状和发展前景进行了综述。     

气相色谱近年的发展

简要阐述了近几年气相色谱(GC)的发展和特点。GC是一个成熟的技术,广泛地应用于各个领域,近几年GC的发展除了继续研究新的固定相和高性能的毛细管色谱柱之外,主要在全二维气相色谱(GC×GC)、快速GC、便携式GC仪和微型GC仪几个方面。近几年新研究的GC固定相主要集中在常温离子液体和各种环糊精的衍生物。现在GC研究者趋向于使用商品化的GC毛细管柱,而商品化的GC毛细管柱应用最多的是以含5%苯基的聚甲基硅氧烷为固定相的色谱柱。GC×GC发展迅猛,特别是关于调制器的研究,已开发出十多种调制模式,并广泛地应用于各个领域。为了适应大量样品的分析和现场分析,研究和开发了多种快速GC方法和仪器以及便携式GC仪。为了仪器的小型化和专属性检测,μGC仪的研究也稳步地发展起来。     

Recent advances in high-performance semitransparent perovskite solar cells

Semitransparent perovskite photovoltaics have been developed to realize practical applications, such as windows in buildings/automobiles or the top cells of tandem devices. Among the functional layers constituting solar cell devices, fabricating efficient semitransparent light absorbers is one of the key issues for developing semitransparent devices. This short review describes the recent strategies for structuring semitransparent perovskite layers to achieve high performance in terms of both power conversion efficiency and transmittance.     

Recent advances in sample introduction for supercritical fluid chromatography

New strategies for sample introduction in supercritical fluid chromatography are reviewed. Both open tubular and packed column systems are examined as the injection demands of each column type are addressed. In addition to advances made in solvent injection methods, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is discussed as a solventless injection technique for supercritical fluid chromatography.     

Recent advances in thin-layer chromatography of pesticides

Advances in the applications of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the separation, detection, and qualitative and quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, and related compounds are reviewed for the period 1998-2000. Analyses are covered for a variety of samples, such as food, biological, and environmental, and for residues of pesticides of various types, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to different chemical classes. References on formulation analysis, hydrophobicity studies, and the use of TLC and thin-layer radiochromatography (TLRC) for studies of pesticide metabolism, degradation, uptake, and related studies are also included.     

Recent advances in immobilized enzymatic reactors and their applications in proteome analysis

Immobilized enzymatic reactors recently have drawn much attention because of the striking advantages, such as high substrate turnover rate and ease in coupling with the separation and detection systems. Carrier materials, which have great effects on the development of the immobilized enzymatic reactors, have always being the focus of study. In this paper, the contributions, mainly in the last 5 years, on the enzymatic reactors and their applications in proteome study are reviewed, with some newly developed inorganic and organic carriers for enzyme immobilization described in details. Moreover, the hyphenation of immobilized enzymatic reactors with the separation and identification systems is also summarized. By reviewing these achievements, it could be seen that enzymatic reactors have very bright future, especially in proteome analysis.     

Prefractionation of protein samples for proteome analysis using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

We describe an approach for fractionating complex protein samples prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Whole lysates of cells and tissue were prefractionated by reversed-phase chromatography and elution with a five-step gradient of increasing acetonitrile concentrations. The proteins obtained at each step were subsequently separated by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The reproducibility of this prefractionation technique proved to be optimal for comparing 2-DE gels from two different cell states. In addition, this method is suitable for enriching low-abundance proteins barely detectable by silver staining to amounts that can be detected by Coomassie blue and further analyzed by mass spectrometry.     

Recent advances in peptide chiral selectors for electrophoresis and liquid chromatography

The application of peptides in chiral separations using techniques such as capillary electrophoresis (CE), electrokinetic capillary chromatography (EKC) and liquid chromatography is the focus of this review. Methods for finding peptide selectors using combinatorial library approaches are discussed, as well as recent advances in the use of peptides as general chiral selectors for electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. One example shows the effectiveness of polymeric dipeptide surfactants as general chiral selectors for electrophoresis. Another example shows the versatility of oligoproline chiral stationary phases, exhibiting resolution for a number of racemic analytes comparable to other well-established chiral stationary phases.