倾斜均质表面上非等径液滴的聚合特性

对倾斜均匀表面上非等径液滴的聚合过程及特性进行了可视化实验研究,获得了液滴半径和表面倾角等参数对液滴聚合过程中液滴液桥半径、接触角和接触线变化特性的影响规律,进一步说明了倾斜表面上液滴聚合可以加快液滴的运动.     

水平均质表面上液滴聚合过程的可视化实验研究

对水平均匀表面上液滴的聚合过程及特性进行了可视化实验研究,获得了液滴半径和液滴物性等参数对液滴聚合过程中液滴液桥半径和接触角变化特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:液滴聚合中液桥半径和接触角都呈衰减振荡变化; 聚合前液滴半径越小,液桥半径振荡频率越大,振幅越小,振荡时间越短;液滴的粘度越大,液桥半径的振荡频率越小, 振幅越小,振荡时间越短;液滴聚合前的接触角明显大于聚合液滴静止后的接触角,其差值与固体界面状况和气、固、液物性相关。     

梯度表面能材料上液滴运动特性实验

对水平和30°倾角放置梯度表面能材料表面上液滴运动特性进行了可视化实验,分析了液滴在梯度表面上运动速度的变化规律,以及液滴大小和表面倾角对运动速度变化的影响.实验结果表明:在梯度表面能材料上,液滴能获得较大的宏观运动速度,并可以沿30°倾角放置的梯度表面材料上自下而上的运动;大液滴较小液滴的峰值运动速度大,运动距离更远;液滴在运动过程中出现蠕动的现象.     

润湿梯度作用下液滴在倾斜表面向上运动的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用基于Shan-Chen伪势模型的格子Boltzmann方法,对液滴在存在润湿梯度的倾斜表面上克服重力、自下而上运动的过程进行模拟。探究润湿梯度、液滴尺寸、Bond数以及表面倾斜角度对液滴运动的影响。计算结果表明：液滴在运动过程中,内部会出现沿斜面向上的速度矢量,润湿梯度越大,液滴运动速度越快,润湿长度也越长,且动态接触角减小速率越快。液滴尺寸和Bond数对液滴运动的影响较小,但存在临界Bond数,超过该临界Bond数时,液滴将沿梯度润湿表面向下运动。表面倾角对液滴运动有显著影响,倾角增大,液滴运动速度和润湿长度都明显减小。     

PMMA低温表面液滴凝结过程的实验研究

为了解不同温度下有机玻璃(PMMA)表面蒸汽凝结相变、液滴生长以及传热的过程,对有机玻璃表面的液滴冷凝过程进行了可视化实验观测,将液滴的凝结形态、面积率、接触角及尺寸变化等参数进行了分析并绘制出变化曲线,发现蒸汽在有机玻璃表面凝结时可形成颗粒分明的珠状液滴,凝结时间越长液滴直径越大;底板温度越低,面积率越大,接触角越大。控制以上变量可以有效改善蒸汽凝结效果,有利于提高热量传递效率,为液滴相变(汽-液)特性和换热表面结霜除霜技术提供理论支持。     

丝网表面液滴撞击行为及气液分离器设计优化

本文通过高速摄影研究锡青铜网表面水滴撞击行为,探讨碰撞速度、角度及丝网浸润性对气液分离的影响。水滴撞击普通锡青铜网后阻尼振荡,最终沉积。撞击速度、丝网倾角越大,沉积液滴与丝网接触角越小,浸润面积越大。沉积液膜撕裂产生二次液滴携带,将严重影响气液分离效果。丝网经超疏水纳米修饰后,液滴撞击发生弹跳,丝网倾斜放置,法向撞击速度相对减小,可缓解弹跳液滴分裂产生子液滴及二次液滴携带,提高丝网气液分离器效率。     

液滴撞击加热壁面传热实验研究

本文采用高速摄像仪对水滴和乙醇液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发过程进行了实验观测, 分析了液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发特性参数. 实验中, 两种液体初始温度均为20 ℃, 不锈钢壁面初始温度范围为68-126℃. 水滴初始直径为2.07 mm, 撞击壁面时Weber 数为2-44; 乙醇液滴初始直径为1.64 mm, Weber数为3-88. 结果表明, 液滴受到重力、表面张力及流动性的影响, 在蒸发过程的大部分时间内, 水滴高度持续降低而接触直径几乎不变; 蒸发后期, 液滴发生回缩, 水滴的接触直径、高度和接触角出现振荡现象. 乙醇液滴的接触角随时间的增加呈现先减小随后保持不变的趋势, 而接触直径和高度则持续减小, 直到液滴完全蒸发. 液滴蒸发总时长与液体物性和壁面温度有关, 随壁面温度的升高而减小, 与液滴撞击壁面时的Weber 数无关. 同时, 随着壁面温度的升高, 液滴显热部分占总换热量的比重增大, 显热部分能量不可忽略, 本文实验条件下得到水滴的平均热流密度为0.014-0.110 W·mm^-2.     

进汽参数对汽轮机叶栅通道内自发凝结影响的数值分析

为准确描述汽轮机级内湿蒸汽凝结流动特性,采用双流体模型结合修正的均质成核和水滴生长模型,实现汽轮机初始成核级叶栅通道内非平衡凝结数值求解。通过焓损失系数与自由能理论进一步分析了进汽参数变化对汽轮机叶栅通道内湿蒸汽自发凝结流动的影响,结果表明:随着过热度的降低,非平衡凝结起始位置提前,非平衡凝结现象更剧烈,凝结产生的液相质量分数增加,热力学损失升高;进口湿度对水滴的生长和蒸发速率非常敏感,对凝结冲击位置有很大的影响;入口湿蒸汽液滴直径越大,阻碍相变的自由能壁垒越低,二次凝结现象越易发生,热力学损失越大,当湿度为0.01的液滴直径超过0.2μm时,均质成核的二次凝结现象逐渐发生;二次成核的临界水滴直径随着湿度的增加而增大。     

微通道内光热相变驱动流体运动特性研究

本文通过可视化实验,对微通道内光热效应致相变驱动流体运动特性进行了研究,通过红外聚焦激光跟随微通道内液柱气液界面进行加热持续产生的蒸发冷凝-聚合过程对液柱进行连续驱动。实验研究了激光功率、加热点位置对相变过程中的界面行为、冷凝液滴分布、驱动速率的影响规律。结果表明,激光功率越高,光斑距离界面越近,液柱蒸发速率越大,蒸汽浓度高,冷凝液滴分布越密集,驱动流体流动速度越快。     

高炉渣熔融液滴撞击壁面行为特性实验研究

针对高温熔渣粒化技术的开发,本文通过可视化实验研究了高炉渣熔融液滴撞击不锈钢壁面的动态行为特性。结果表明:随液滴雷诺数增大,撞击过程液滴形态演变模式依次由铺展-回缩转变为铺展-回缩破碎和铺展-破碎-凝固;增大壁面粗糙度可减弱与壁面换热,抑制液滴铺展;减小壁面粗糙度促进液滴发生破碎;液膜回缩过程普遍出现回卷现象,壁面倾角越大,液膜回卷和液滴滚动现象越显著,且液滴铺展面积越大,在壁面停留时间越长;减小液滴雷诺数、减小壁面粗糙度并采用垂直粒化仓壁面有利于壁面防黏结。     

The debate on the dependence of apparent contact angles on drop contact area or three-phase contact line: A review

A sessile drop is an isolated drop which has been deposited on a solid substrate where the wetted area is limited by the three-phase contact line and characterized by contact angle, contact radius and drop height. Although, wetting has been studied using contact angles of drops on solids for more than 200 years, the question remains unanswered: Is wetting of a rough and chemically heterogeneous surface controlled by the interactions within the solid/liquid contact area beneath the droplet or only at the three-phase contact line? After the publications of Pease in 1945, Extrand in 1997, 2003 and Gao and McCarthy in 2007 and 2009, it was proposed that advancing, receding contact angles, and contact angle hysteresis of rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces are determined by interactions of the liquid and the solid at the three-phase contact line alone and the interfacial area within the contact perimeter is irrelevant. As a consequence of this statement, the well-known Wenzel (1934) and Cassie (1945) equations which were derived using the contact area approach are proposed to be invalid and should be abandoned. A hot debate started in the field of surface science after 2007, between the three-phase contact line and interfacial contact area approach defenders. This paper presents a review of the published articles on contact angles and summarizes the views of the both sides. After presenting a brief history of the contact angles and their measurement methods, we discussed the basic contact angle theory and applications of contact angles on the characterization of flat, rough and micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces. The weak and strong sides of both three-phase contact line and contact area approaches were discussed in detail and some practical conclusions were drawn.     

接触角滞后现象的理论分析

在本文的研究中，考虑表面粗糙的影响，通过引入附加“磨擦力”的概念，分别用力学方法和热力学方法导出固体表面上液滴平衡时接触角应满足的条件；并得到了液滴系统自由能－固液接触面积曲线；分析了前进接触角和后退接触角的物理意义；由此给出了接触角滞后现象的一种合理解释．这对于进一步认识接触角的滞后现象，无疑是有积极意义的．     

Droplet suction on porous media

We study the forced aspiration of small ( mm) and large ( cm) liquid drops, deposited on prewetted porous membranes, and pumped mechanically with a constant current J. Two kinds of membranes are used where the pores are i) disconnected, cylindrical and calibrated or ii) interconnected “sponge-like”. Whatever the size of the drops and the intensity J of the current, two suction regimes are observed versus time: 1) a “locked” regime, when the drop is pinned, with a dynamic contact angle decreasing from advancing () to finite receding () contact angle; 2) an “unlocked” regime, where the contour line recedes with a constant contact angle closed to . In both regimes, the shape of the drop remains quasistatic, during the suction process, i.e. a spherical cap for small drops and a flat “gravity pancake” for large ones. Received 19 January 2000     

蒸气凝结相关问题探讨

讨论了几个与蒸气凝结相关的问题,指出壁面上球冠形液滴的内外压差和临界半径同样遵循经典的Laplace公式和Kalvin公式;蒸气在冷壁上的冷凝形态主要由后退接触角决定;空气中的水蒸气在换热器表面呈膜状冷凝时换热器的性能优于呈滴状冷凝时换热器的性能。     

Lattice Boltzmann simulations of drops colliding with solid surfaces

Video images of drops colliding with solid surfaces shown by Rioboo et al. (2002) reveal that, for large drop velocities, the drops flatten and form a ring structure before receding and, in some cases, rebounding from the surface. They described the sequence of events in terms of four distinct regimes. During the initial kinematic phase, the dimensionless wetting radius of the drop follows a universal form if the drop Weber and Reynolds numbers are sufficiently large. In the second phase, the drop becomes highly flattened and the values of the Weber and Reynolds numbers influence the time evolution of the dimensionless wetting radius and its maximum value. This is followed by a third phase in which the wetting radius begins to decrease with time and the wettability of the surface influences the dynamics. This paper presents simulation results for the early stages of drop impact and spreading on a partially wetting solid surface. The simulations were performed with a modified version of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) developed by Inamuro et al. (2004) for a liquid-gas density ratio of 1000. The Inamuro et al. version of the LBM was modified by incorporating rigid, no-slip boundary conditions and incorporating a boundary condition on the normal derivative of the order parameter to impose the desired equilibrium contact angle.     

A study of the oscillating corner meniscus in a vertical constrained vapor bubble system

A vertical constrained vapor bubble, VCVB, made of fused silica was used to study the stability and oscillations of an evaporating wetting film of HFE- 7000^® in a corner. The film thickness profile was measured as a function of time and axial position using an advanced form of image analyzing interferometry. The curvature, apparent contact angle, and pressure profiles for the evaporating film were calculated from the measured film thickness profiles. Oscillation of the liquid film was observed and profiles for both the advancing and receding films were obtained. These are the first such detailed profiles obtained for an oscillating meniscus below a thickness of 0.1 μm.The film thickness profiles demonstrated the spreading of the meniscus during advance as well as the presence of a curvature gradient near the contact line region. The maximum curvature decreased for the advancing menisci and increased with time for the receding menisci. An increase in the adsorbed film thickness was associated with the advancing stage and a decrease with the receding stage. Pressure profiles were measured as a function of position indicating the potential for driving the flow of the fluid toward or away from the contact line. As the film advances or recedes, the pressure gradients change as a function of position fueling the next oscillation cycle.     

Bond数变化对固壁液滴接触角的影响

本文利用微重力落塔实验研究了Bond数改变时,PTFE和铝板表面上正滴和倒滴接触角的动态变化。实验发现液滴接触角与Bond数的大小有关,当Bond数趋于0时,还与其放置状态有关。本文采用VOF方法对Bond数变化引起的液滴形状及内部流动变化进行二维数值模拟,结果显示液滴内部的流动控制着液滴的外形和接触角。     

冷凝器壁面滴状冷凝的热力学机理及最佳接触角

应用自由能判据证明了冷凝器壁面液滴的力学平衡条件与接触角有关,进而证明了当壁面液滴与壁面的接触大于90°时,冷凝器壁面液滴的化学势将小于同曲率的球形液滴的化学势;另外,在相同饱和比下,壁面液滴的临界半径也小于球形液滴的临界半径.而在接触角小于90°时,情况则恰好相反.正是由于这双重原因,使得滴状冷凝的传热性能大大优于膜状冷凝的传热性能,并由此求出了冷凝器壁面液滴的最佳接触角. 关键词：