Electrochemical performance of sulfur composite cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

The structure and characteristic of carbon materials have a direct influence on the electrochemical performance of sulfur-carbon composite electrode materials for lithium-sulfur battery.In this paper,sulfur composite has been synthesized by heating a mixture of elemental sulfur and activated carbon,which is characterized as high specific surface area and microporous structure.The composite,contained 70%sulfur,as cathode in a lithium cell based on organic liquid electrolyte was tested at room temperature....     

锂硫电池正极材料研究进展

总结了近几年来锂硫电池正极材料的研究进展,简要阐释了锂硫电池正极材料的研究现状、存在的问题及其面临的挑战.通过碳材料的引入,导电聚合物的复合,金属氧化物的添加均不同程度地提高了硫电极材料的电导率,有效抑制了多硫化物的溶解,为体积膨胀提供了空间,从而改善了锂硫电池的活性物质利用率和循环稳定性.简化工艺,降低成本,提高硫的负载量,这将是下一阶段锂硫电池研究的重点.     

Crosslinked polyacrylonitrile precursor for S@pPAN composite cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

S@pPAN has become promising cathode materials in rechargeable batteries due to its high compressed density,low E/S ratio,no polysulfide dissolution,no self-discharge,and stable cycling.However,it is a big challenge to enhance its sulfur content which determines its practical specific capacity.Herein,we prepare crosslinked PAN as precursor,leading to effective enhancement of sulfur content up to 55 wt%and a reversible specific capacity of 838 mAh g _composites^-1 at 0.2C.Because of the microporous structure and high specific area,crosslinked PAN provides more space to accommodate sulfur molecule and improve the interfacial reaction of S@pPAN as well.This work provides a promising direction to design S@pPAN for lithium sulfur batteries with high energy density.     

高比能锂硫电池正极材料

锂硫电池被认为是最有发展潜力的新型多电子反应的二次电池体系之一.单质硫与锂反应的理论比容量为1675 mA h g?1,质量比能量达2600 W h kg?1,远远高于现行的传统锂离子二次电池材料.同时硫又具有来源丰富、环境友好等优点.然而,仍然有许多问题制约了锂硫电池的发展与广泛应用.本文综述了近年来锂硫电池正极材料的研究进展.     

Charge storage mechanisms of cathode materials in rechargeable aluminum batteries

Science China Chemistry - Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) have attracted great interest as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage because of their high...     

Soft mechanochemical synthesis: Preparation of cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

To prepare intercalation lithium — transition metal oxide cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, the reactions in the mixtures of the correspondent hydroxides in highly energetic planetary activators, so called ‘soft mechanochemical synthesis’ were studied. The method can be used for direct preparation of final products in a high dispersed and disordered state, as well as for obtaining high reactive precursors yielding final products by the subsequent brief heating at considerably lower temperatures as compared to conventional ceramic method. The as prepared products were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, TG, IRS, XPS, ⁷Li NMR, EPR, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, BET, and electrochemical measurements. The peculiarities of crystal structure, electronic state of transition metal ions and cycling behaviour of materials are discussed. The method as proposed is concluded to be economically effective and ecologically clean.     

Bismuth chloride@mesocellular carbon foam nanocomposite cathode materials for rechargeable chloride ion batteries

Chloride ion batteries(CIB) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. As cathode materials for CIBs, metal chlorides have many advantages, such as high theoretical energy density, abundant elemental resources and ideal discharge voltage plateau. However, the dissolution and huge volume change of metal chlorides during cycling lead to considerable short lifespan, which limits their potential application for CIBs. Herein, the bismuth chloride nanocrystal is confined in...     

Oxide-based cathode materials for rechargeable zinc ion batteries:Progresses and challenges

With the increasing demands for electrical energy storage technologies,rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been rapidly developed in recent years owing ...     

3d-Transition metal doped spinels as high-voltage cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Finding appropriate positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries is the next big step for their application in emerging fields like stationary energy storage and electromobility. Among the potential materials 3d-transition metal doped spinels exhibit a high operating voltage and, therefore, are highly promising cathode materials which could meet the requirements regarding energy and power density to make Li-ion batteries the system of choice for the above mentioned applications. The compounds considered here include substituted Mn-based spinels such as LiM_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (M = Ni, Co, Fe), LiCrMnO₄ and LiCrTiO₄. In this review, the recent researches conducted on these spinel materials are summarized. These include different routes of synthesis, structural studies, electrode preparation, electrochemical performance and mechanism of Li-extraction/insertion, thermal stability as well as degradation mechanisms. Note that even though the Ni-, Co-, and Fe-doped materials share the same chemical formula, the oxidation state distributions as well as the operating voltages are different among them. Furthermore, apart from the initial structural similarity, the Li-intercalation takes place through different mechanisms in different materials. In addition, this difference in mechanism is found to have considerable influence on the long-term cycling stability of the material. The routes to improve the electrochemical performance of some of the above candidates are discussed. Further emphasis is given to the parameters that limit their application in current technology, and strategies to overcome them are addressed.     

Enhancing LiNiO2 cathode materials by concentration-gradient yttrium modification for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) cathode materials are featured with high capacity and low cost for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries but suffer from severe inter...     

Intercalation materials for lithium rechargeable batteries

An overview is given of intercalation materials for both the negative and the positive electrodes of lithium batteries, including the results of our own research. As well as lithium metal as a negative electrode, we consider insertion materials based on aluminium alloys. In the case of the positive electrode metal-oxides based on manganese, nickel and cobalt are discussed. Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 30 July 1997     

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of LiMn2O4 cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

LiMn₂O₄ cathode materials with high discharge capacity and good cyclic stability were prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal treatment of KMnO₄, aniline and LiOH solutions at 120–180 °C for 24 h. The aniline/KMnO₄ molar ratio (R) and hydrothermal temperature exhibited an obvious influence on the component and phase structures of the resulting product. The precursor KMnO₄ was firstly reduced to birnessite when R was less than 0.2:1 at 120–150 °C. Pure-phased LiMn₂O₄ was formed when R was 0.2:1, and the LiMn₂O₄ was further reduced to Mn₃O₄ when R was kept in the range of 0.2–0.3 at 120–150 °C. Moreover, LiMn₂O₄ was fabricated when R was 0.15:1 at 180 °C. Octahedron-like LiMn₂O₄ about 300 nm was prepared at 120 °C, and particle size decreased with an increase in hydrothermal temperature. Especially, LiMn₂O₄ synthesized at 150 °C exhibited the best electrochemical performance with the highest initial discharge capacity of 127.4 mAh g⁻¹ and cycling capacity of 106.1 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles. The high discharge capacity and cycling stability of the as-prepared LiMn₂O₄ cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries were ascribed to the appropriate particle size and larger cell volume.     

Manganese-based cathode materials for aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries: recent advance and future prospects

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), which use mild aqueous electrolyte, have attracted increasing attention, due to their unique advantages such as low cost, high safety, environmental friendliness, and ease of manufacture. At present, developing a kind of cathode materials with stable structures and large capacities for ZIBs is a hot research topic. Among all ZIBs cathode materials, manganese-based cathode materials have the advantages of low cost, abundant reserves, low toxicity, rich valence states, and high zinc storage capacity, which make them one of the most promising candidates. In recent years, manganese-based composites with different crystal structures have been extensively studied as cathode materials of ZIBs. In this paper, the reaction mechanism of ZIBs cathodes is discussed in detail, and the challenges faced by manganese-based cathode materials and the latest research progress are examined deeply. In addition, a number of optimization strategies aimed at improving the electrochemical performance of the cathode of ZIBs are outlined. Finally, the future prospect of ZIBs is presented.     

Halogen: a high-capacity cathode for rechargeable alkaline batteries

Here we report a new high capacity battery system referred to as RAH batteries, which is based upon a high energy cathode-halogen (such as Br2 or Cl2) and metal hydride anode.     

Small-molecule organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries

Small-molecule organic electrode materials(SMOEMs) have shown tremendous potential as cathodes or anodes for various rechargeable batteries including lithium and sodium batteries, due to their easy material availability, high structure designability,attractive theoretical capacity, and wide adaptability to counterions. However, they suffer from the severe dissolution problem and the subsequent shuttle effect in nonaqueous electrolytes, which cause the poor cycling stability and Coulombic efficie...     

Electrode materials for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries

In this review, we describe briefly the historical development of aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries, the advantages and challenges associated with the use of aqueous electrolytes in lithium rechargeable battery with an emphasis on the electrochemical performance of various electrode materials. The following materials have been studied as cathode materials: LiMn₂O₄, MnO₂, LiNiO₂, LiCoO₂, LiMnPO₄, LiFePO₄, and anatase TiO₂. Addition of certain additives like TiS₂, TiB₂, CeO₂, etc. is found to increase the performance of MnO₂ cathode. The following materials have been studied as anode materials: VO₂ (B), LiV₃O₈, LiV₂O₅, LiTi₂(PO4)₃, TiP₂O₃, and very recently conducting polymer, polypyrrole (PPy). The cell PPy/LiCoO₂, constructed using polypyrrole as anode delivers an average voltage of 0.86?V with a discharge capacity of 47.7?mA?h?g^?1. It retains the capacity for first 120 cycles. The cell, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃/1?M Li₂SO₄/LiMn₂O₄, delivers a capacity of 40?mA?h?g^?1 and specific energy of 60?mW?h?g^?1 with an output voltage of 1.5?V over 200 charge?Cdischarge cycles. An aqueous lithium cell constructed using MWCNTs/LiMn₂O₄ as cathode material is found to exhibit more than 1,000 cycles with good rate capability.     

一种无粘结剂的柔性正极材料用于可充电的钠空气电池

随着全球环保意识的加强,开发具有环保可持续且高能量密度的能源逐渐成为人们关注的焦点.近年来,金属-空气电池凭借其高的能量密度作为能源存储器件已经引起了人们的广泛关注.最重要的是,此类电池的反应物为空气中的氧气,并不需要辅助设备对其储存,使得无论在质量和体积方面均优于其他二次电池.尤其锂空气电池凭借其高的理论比容量11140 Wh/kg,比现有锂离子电池高出1–2个数量级,且有质量轻便等优势,成为近几年的研究热点.然而,考虑到金属锂资源的短缺和金属钠与其具有相似的物理化学性质,因此呼吁用金属钠取代金属锂,钠-空气电池作为未来的储能器件引起了广大研究者的兴趣.但是,钠空气电池目前的实际应用仍存在很多问题：充放电过程中产生过高的过电位,循环寿命低,电解液不稳定,粘结剂的不稳定性,空气正极的结构以及外界操作环境条件等.解决这些问题的一种重要途径就是寻找合适的催化剂和设计合理的电极结构.催化剂的加入既可以增强其氧还原(ORR)及氧析出(OER)活性又可以通过调控电极的结构,为氧气、电子和离子的运输提供更多的通道,从而加速 ORR和 OER进程.基于粘结剂的不稳定性,需设计一体化的正极材料.由于碳纤维布作为柔性集流体具有高的机械强度和电化学稳定性好的优点,因此本文使用水热处理和热处理两步法在碳纤维布上原位生长 Co3O4纳米线(Co3O4 NWs),制备柔性、无粘结剂的一体化正极材料(COCT)用于钠空气电池.本实验以硝酸钴为主盐,尿素为矿化剂,氟化铵为络合剂,通过120°C热处理5 h在碳纤维布上生长 Co3O4 NWs的前驱体,然后经过400°C热处理2 h得到一体化柔性电极材料并用于钠空气电池,该材料表现出优异的电化学性能：充放电过程产生较低的过电位;高的放电比容量4687 mAh/g,碳纤维布作为正极放电容量是1113.7 mAh/g;能稳定循环62圈(碳纤维布作为正极循环16圈).这些优异的性能可归功于 Co3O4 NWs高的催化性能和多孔性效应：(1)由于 Co3O4 NWs紧密地附着在碳纤维布表面,形成了快速的电子传导通道,因而具有优异的电子传导性;(2) Co3O4 NWs之间的空隙以及多孔结构增加了反应的活性面积和活性位点,这种结构有利于氧气和离子的运输以及电解液的扩散,从而加速 ORR和 OER进程;(3) COCT电极结构能为放电产物和反应物提供更多的存储位置,从而提高了放电容量和倍率性能.结果证实,钠空气电池的放电产物是过氧化钠和超氧化钠的混合物.加入催化剂后,放电产物的形貌发生了变化：当碳纤维布作为正极材料时,放电产物的形貌是片状的; COCT电极作为正极材料时,放电产物沿着 Co3O4 NWs生长.这种柔性一体化正极材料的应用,为柔性钠空气电池器件的发展起到了巨大的推动作用.     

Molybdenum nitride based hybrid cathode for rechargeable lithium-O2 batteries

Molybdenum nitride/nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets (MoN/NGS) are synthesized and used as an alternative O(2) electrode for Li-O(2) batteries. In comparison with electrocatalysts proposed previously, this hybrid cathode exhibits a high discharge potential (around 3.1 V) and a considerable specific capacity (1490 mA h g(-1), based on carbon + electrocatalyst).     

Hybrid cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries

This review demonstrates the approaches to fabricate hybrid cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. This short review does not claim to cover all recently published data; instead, an effort is aimed to show how the critical issues on carbon – sulfur hybrid are addressed based on selected articles in last couple of years. The influence of porous structure of carbon, the confinement effect of polysulfides in narrow micropores, and importance of hierarchical porosity are explained. Besides, the heteroatom doping on carbon in carbon–sulfur hybrids plays a vital role on improvement of bulk electronic conductivity of electrode. This review presents the twin polymerization strategy for direct preparation of nanoscale intermixed hybrid materials. Finally, the formation of sulfur containing copolymers by reacting sulfur melt with functional vinyl monomers are shown in this review with selected examples postulating the respective potential for future generation energy storage technology from the viewpoint of industrial applications.     

A Fe-rich sodium iron orthophosphate as cathode material for rechargeable batteries

Phosphate compounds have been intensively investigated as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries. Here we report the synthesis and electrochemical performance of a novel iron-rich sodium iron orthophosphate. This new compound was synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction method, and was found to be electrochemically active, delivering a reversible capacity of 85 mAhg^− 1 at an average voltage of c.a. 3.0 V vs. Na/Na⁺. Besides, the desodiated phase can be (de)intercalated by lithium ions when assembled into a lithium cell. Our discovery will open up the scope of phosphate family and reveal the importance of off-stoichiometric compounds as cathode materials.