基于炭黑和磁铁改进硫酸亚铁铵的制备实验及综合利用

介绍了一个硫酸亚铁铵制备的改进实验。在该方法中，通过往铁屑与稀硫酸的反应中加入炭黑构成原电池，将原来与稀硫酸的反应时间由1 h时间缩短为20 min。常压过滤前使用磁铁预处理，仅需8 min完成常压过滤得到硫酸亚铁溶液。通过实验的改进，解决原实验中耗时长、实验效率低的问题。并且加入的碳黑回收后能够迅速去除有机污染物，扩充了该改进实验的综合利用价值。学生通过该实验，能理解制备复盐的原理，以及原电池在工程生产中提高反应速率的作用，也能认识到工程设计中“价值最大化”，增强工程意识。     

氨气喷泉实验的一体化设计

改进了氨气的喷泉实验装置设计,优化了试剂用量,将氨气生成与喷泉实验融为一体,使其操作简单,实验成功率高,而且能在3 min内完成。     

构建化学教材中"问题实验"的解决模式

介绍了化学教材中的"问题实验",并以认知心理学的问题解决理论为基础,构建了化学教材中"问题实验"的解决模式:确定"问题实验"中存在的问题;分析问题,确定实验内容;设计实验方案;实施实验方案;解决问题,形成结论.     

对中学化学“纸笔实验”试题的质疑与思考

举例分析了中学化学"纸笔实验"试题中常见的4种错误是实验内容不真实、实验结论不可靠、实验方法不现实、涉及物质不实际,并阐述了由此带来的问题。     

“从海带中提取碘”最佳实验条件的探讨

采用正交试验设计法探讨教科书中“从海带中提取碘”实验的最佳条件,实验结果表明,在“玻璃棒引燃”的前提下,采用蒸发皿灰化、选用质量分数为10％的H2O2、滴加10滴稀硫酸,现象最明显,实验时间大大缩减.另外,探讨得出教材中“煮沸2～3 min”是导致实验失败的关键步骤,宜改为“加热2～3 min,至沸腾即停止”.这有利于直观地建构碘元素存在于海带中的事实性知识,有利于学生实验的开展.     

果品总酸度的测定

以苹果为实验材料,采用水浴浸提法和超声波辅助提取法提取果酸,通过正交实验优化果酸的提取工艺,并用酸碱滴定法测定总酸度。实验结果表明：水浴浸提法的最佳提取条件为：温度80℃,时间90 min,苹果质量15 g,果酸含量为4.476 3 g/kg;超声波辅助提取法的最佳提取条件为：温度70℃,时间30 min,苹果质量15 g,果酸含量为4.791 8 g/kg。     

无机化学实验课程的优化改革尝试

就大一无机化学实验过程中近年来出现的问题提出了有针对性的解决方法。主要从优化实验内容、教学模式、实验减污再用等方面进行了探索。     

实验论文中“实验用品”表达的几个问题

指出了目前化学实验论文及实验教科书中“实验用品”表述中存在的没有“实验用品”表述,表述时仪器、试剂、材料、试样不加区分和缺少主要仪器与试剂的问题,分析了问题原因,提出了改进建议,旨在为完善实验论文及实验教科书提供参考。     

探究影响碳酸氢钠晶体析出的最佳实验条件

采用正交实验法探究析出“NaHCO3晶体”的外部因素“饱和碳酸钠溶液的体积”“实验温度”“试管内径”“二氧化碳的流速”,得出在课堂上析出NaHCO3晶体的最佳实验条件,实验耗时约5 min就能产生明显的白色浑浊。     

思想实验和唯物辩证法在乙酰苯胺重结晶实验中的教学探索*

以乙酰苯胺重结晶实验为例,在学生的课前预习中引入思想实验,通过翻转课堂中设计的递进式问题讨论,引导学生利用唯物辩证法的方法进行思想实验,带领学生深入思考实验过程,从而在实际操作中避免易犯的失误,取得了良好的教学效果。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。