On the ferromagnetism of thin films

In this paper the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic thin layers are studied by calculating the partition function for the magnetic system inKirkwood's approximation of the second order. The results obtained for the Curie temperature and the magnetization are in somewhat better agreement with the experiment than those obtained by Valenta.

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The author extends his thanks to the group of research workers who performed the numerical calculation of the Curie temperatures on the computer CIFA 1, as well as gratitude to Dr. l. Valenta for so kindly supplying information on the results of his investigations on the same subject.     

Химическая сенсиБил изация фотографичес кой эмульсии

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Chemical sensiblilisation of photographic emulsion

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, 7. V. 1953 .     

The Anisotropic Free Energy of the Solid-Liquid Phase Boundary in Al

We have performed large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of solid-liquid interfaces in aluminum, in order to calculate their interfacial stiffness and free energy. The anisotropy of these properties, though small, is key for determining the steady-state solutions for solidification in three dimensions. We find that the interfacial free energy, (), can be well represented by the form () = ₀(1 + cos 4, where measures the angle relative to the [100] interface, rotating about a [001] direction. We find values of ₀ = 120 ± 6 mJ/m² and = 1.3 ± 0.4%, in agreement with previous estimates and current experimental results.     

The quantum efficiency of the internal photo-electric effect in indium antimonide

A method is described for measuring the relative quantum efficiency of the internal photo-electric effect in semi-conductors by simultaneously measuring the photo-magnetoelectric and photo-conductive effect. The results of measurements on indium antimonide are given. The quantum efficiency begins to increase if the energy of the photon exceeds 0·47 eVat room temperature. The quantum efficiency as a function of the energy of the photon is analysed on the basis of the conception of impact ionization and it is shown that a study of the structure of this curve can supply information on the, band structure of a semi-conductor in the region of high energies of electrons and holes.

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The authors thank M. Závtová and M. Vantuchová for efficient help with the measurements, K. mirous and V. Vrchovská for preparing the material, E. Antoník for critical remarks and M. Matyá and A. Müller for determining the constants of the material.     

The energy of periodic surface structures in ferromagnetism

The periodic domain structures on unfavourably oriented surface layers of ferromagnetic materials were studied both experimentally and theoretically. The connection between the surface structure and the crystallographic orientation of the crystals was confirmed. All the terms contributing to the total energy of the surface layer were calculated. A general solution of the potential problem is given for arbitrary periodic distribution of the charges.

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The distribution of neutron density in the vicinity of a partly inserted black rod in two-group approximation

The neutron density in the vicinity of a black cylindrical rod partly inserted in a bare reactor is calculated and illustrated by a numerical example. The starting point is a two-group diffusion theory approximation. While the dependence of the effect of the rod on the insertion depth can be calculated simply by means of perturbation theory, the question of the neutron density estimate in the vicinity of the rod is considerably more difficult and in some considerations the estimate of the neutron density caused by the presence of the rod is indispensable. The method makes it possible to determine the reactivity value of the rod in dependence on the insertion depth and especially the neutron density deformation in the vicinity of the rod.

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In conclusion the author thanks J. Svato for help in carrying out the numerical calculations.     

Pruning-induced phase transition observed by a scattering method

In hyperbolic systems, transient chaos is associated with an underlying chaotic saddle in phase space. The structure of the chaotic saddle of a class of piecewise linear, area-preserving, two-dimensional maps with overall constant Lyapunov exponents has been observed by a scattering method. The free energy obtained in this way displays a phase transition at <0 in spite of the fact that no phase transition occurs in the free energy dedcued from the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. This is possible because pruning introduces a second effective scaling exponent by creating, at each level of the approximation, particular small pieces in the incomplete Cantor set approximating the saddle. The second scaling arises for a subset of values of the control parameter that is dense in the parameter interval.     

Excitonic detectors of infrared and submillimeter radiation

The theory of new type detectors based on the quenching of secondary emission in direct-gap semiconductors (lines of Raman light scattering due to interaction between free and bound excitons in the crystal, and also bands of edge radiation) caused by IR or submillimeter radiation is proposed. The results obtained are confirmed by the experiment performed for CdS crystal excited by ultraviolet radiation of mercury lamp, at liquid helium temperature.     

Infrared lattice bands of some pearls

From analysis of anisotropical lattice bands properties of 50 reflection spectra both of the CO stretching and bending bands measured from some pearl (Ca⁺⁺CO ₃ ^–– or Ca⁺⁺HCO ₃ ^–– layer) we discussed following subjects.i) Quantized properties present both in reflectivity and in energy. ii) classifications of the Optical Activity. iii) Polar distributions of the CO₃ oscillators in Ca⁺⁺CO ₃ ^–– surface mono-layer. iv) Force constants of these oscillators. v) Step variation of the dipolemoment and their influences to the degree of Optical Activity. vi) Two types of hysteresis loops of the values of Y_N (M_2Jbend ()/M_1Jstret. ()) derived from the oscillators which are at innert-state, at weak active-state and at active-state.     

ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ТОНКОЙ СТР УКТУРЫ МОЛОТОГО КОБА ЛТА

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Влияние краевых поле й на ъетатронные колебания В ускорите ле С разрезным магпитом I

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The influence of fringing on betatron oscillations in an accelerator with a sectioned magnet. I

A study is made of betatron oscillations in stray fields at the edges of magnets of an accelerator having a small radius. Two approximations of the course of stray fields, chosen on the basis of measurements, help in the construction of non-linear equations of motion of the particle. Transformation matrices of the boundary regions are derived. The case when an equilibrium trajectory encloses a general angle with the edge of the magnet is also treated.

     

The influence of successive asymmetrical magnetization reversal on the magnetic state of open samples

A study is made of the influence of successive asymmetrical magnetization reversal on the magnetic state of open samples, where the macroscopic demagnetization field has a significant effect during magnetization reversal and leads to a sort of rotation of the asymmetrical loops performed one after another. This effect is similar to reptation, which was studied experimentally by Nguyen van Dang [1–4] and theoretically explained by Néel [5, 6]. The quantitative expression of the rotation of asymmetrical loops in open samples as a function of the number of loops and amplitude of the disymmetry is similar to that with the reptation effect.

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In conclusion the authors thank Dr. L. Valenta, C. Sc., and Z. Málek, C. Sc., for valuable discussions.     

Über den Einfluss von Stickstopf auf die Exoelektronenemission von Germanium

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß eines Bombardements mit Stickstoffionen vor der Erregung untersucht und gezeigt, daß die Stiekstoffatome eine große Rolle bei der Entstehung des Emissionsmaximums bei 150° spielen.

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Спектралъный метод о пределения изотопно го состава свинца. Частъ II

, . , [1]. 1–4 mg PbJ₂, . (c. m. c.) PbI 4058 Å. , , - , 5–7%. 3–4% –183 °C. , . 10% . , .     

Dark body and black hole horizons

The formula for the horizon of a Newtonian dark body is given and compared to that of a relativistic black hole: a Newtonian dark body has at least one hair.     

Generalized Transvectants-Rankin–Cohen Brackets

We introduce o(p+1q+1)-invariant bilinear differential operators on the space of tensor densities on Rⁿ generalizing the well-known bilinear sl₂-invariant differential operators in the one-dimensional case, called Transvectants or Rankin–Cohen brackets. We also consider already known linear o(p+1q+1)-invariant differential operators given by powers of the Laplacian.     

Inertial frames of reference: Mass coupling to space and time

We consider a new expression for the dependence of mass on velocity, more general than the corresponding law of the special theory of relativity (STR). The deviations from the STR become large with increasing rest mass. One should therefore measure the dependence of mass on velocity for objects with a large rest mass. The theory predicts that particles with real mass can travel with hyperlight velocities. The space-time picture discussed here is close to Mach's conception: It is assumed that the dynamical behavior of a particle in uniform translational motion is due to the action of all the other masses in the universe. Space-time is eliminated as an active cause and, in contrast to the STR, is not absolute within the theory discussed here. It turns out that effects based on the new transformation formulas (from the coordinates and time in a stationary frame to the coordinates and time in a moving frame) are identical to those expected from the Lorentz transformations. For example, it is known that rapidly moving mesons decay with a longer half-life than stationary mesons and the STR describes this effect quantitatively. However, there is no strong evidence for the validity of the STR because the theory given in this paper predicts the same result.     

Lattice theory,quadratic spaces,and quantum proposition systems

A quadratic space is a generalization of a Hilbert space. The geometry of certain kinds of subspaces (closed, splitting, etc.) is approached from the purely lattice theoretic point of view. In particular, theorems of Mackey and Kaplansky are given purely lattice theoretic proofs. Under certain conditions, the lattice of closed elements is a quantum proposition system (i.e., a complete orthomodular atomistic lattice with the covering property).     

MultipletSO(n+1) scalar fields driving eternal expansion in closed (D+1)-dimensional FLRW cosmologies

The possibility of having a de Sitter asymptotic stage free of choice of the value of the positive cosmological constant (no critical ) is analyzed in a closed FLRW universe which starts from a quiescent phase of evolution and ends into a textured phase by taking into account multipletSO(n+1) scalar fields.On leave of absence from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil     

Cosmological Dynamics of the Tachyon with an Inverse Power-Law Potential

We investigate tachyon dynamics with an inverse power-law potential V () ^–. We find global attractors of the dynamics leading to a dust behavior for > 2 and to an accellerating universe for 0 < 2. We study linear cosmological perturbations and we show that metric fluctuations are constant on large scales in both cases. In the presence of an additional perfect fluid, the tachyon with this potential behaves as dust or dark energy.