Syntheses, spectroscopic characterization and thermal behavior on novel binuclear transition metal complexes of hydrazones derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol and oxalyldihydrazine

4,6-Diacetylresorcinol (DAR) serves as precursor for the formation of different hydrazone ligands, which are di-, tetra- or hexa-basic with two symmetrical sets of O(2)N tridentate, O(2)N(2) tetradentate or O(4)N(2) hexadentate chelating sites. The condensation of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol (DAR) with oxalyldihydrazine (ODH), in the molar ratio 1:1 and 1:2, yields the corresponding hydrazone, H(6)L(a) and H(4)L(b), ligands, respectively. The structures of these ligands were elucidated by elemental analyses and IR, mass, (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectra. Reactions of the hydrazone ligands with cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), iron(III) and chromium(III) ions in 1:2 molar ratio afforded the corresponding transition metal complexes. A variety of binuclear transition metal complexes were obtained in its di-, tetra- or hexa-deprotonated forms. The structures of the newly prepared complexes were identified by elemental analyses and IR, UV-vis, mass, (1)H NMR and ESR spectra, as well as, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The bonding sites are the azomethine and CO oxygen atoms in either keto or enol forms and amino nitrogen atoms, and phenolic oxygen atoms. The metal complexes exhibit different geometrical structures such as tetrahedral and octahedral arrangements.     

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of new binuclear transition metal complexes of Schiff bases derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol

Two new series of copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), zinc(II), iron(III), chromium(III), vanadyl(IV) and uranyl(VI) complexes with two bifunctional tridentate Schiff base, H₄L¹ and H₂L² ligands have been prepared. The Schiff base, H₄L¹ and H₂L², ligands were synthesized by the condensation of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol with o-aminophenol or o-phenylenediamine. The ligands are either di- or tetra-basic with two symmetrical sets of either OON or NNO tridentate chelating sites. The ligands and their metal complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H-n.m.r., FT-IR, mass, electronic, esr spectra and thermal gravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility. With the exception of Co^II ion with H₂L² which afforded a trinuclear complex, a variety of binuclear complexes for the rest of the metal complexes were obtained with the ligands in its di- or tetra-deprotonated forms. The bonding sites are the azomethine and amino nitrogen atoms, and phenolic oxygen atoms. The metal complexes exhibit different geometrical arrangements such as square planar, tetrahedral, square pyramid and octahedral arrangement.     

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of binuclear metal complexes of a tetradentate N2O2 Schiff base ligand derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol and benzylamine

A tetradentate N2O2 donor Schiff base ligand, H2L, was synthesized by the condensation of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol with benzylamine. The structure of the ligand was elucidated by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, electronic and mass spectra. Reaction of the Schiff base ligand with nickel(II), cobalt(II), iron(III), cerium(III), vanadyl(IV) and uranyl(VI) ions in 1:2 molar ratio afforded binuclear metal complexes. Also, reaction of the ligand with several copper(II) salts, including Cl-, NO3-, AcO-, ClO4- and SO42- afforded different metal complexes that reflect the non-coordinating or weakly coordinating power of the ClO(4)(-) anion as compared to the strongly coordinating power of SO42- and Cl- anions. Characterization and structure elucidation of the prepared complexes were achieved by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, 1H NMR, electronic, mass and ESR spectra as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements. The metal complexes exhibited different geometrical arrangements such as square planar, octahedral, square pyramidal and pentagonal bipyramidal arrangements. The variety in the geometrical arrangements depends on the nature of both the anion and the metal ion.     

Spectroscopic studies of bimetallic complexes derived from tridentate or tetradentate Schiff bases of some di- and tri-valent transition metals

Two series of new binuclear complexes with Schiff base ligands, H(4)L(a) or H(2)L(b), derived from the reaction of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol and ethylenediamine, in the molar ratio 1:1 and 1:2 have been prepared, respectively. The two ligands react with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III) and Fe(III)-nitrates to get binuclear complexes. The ligands were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, (1)H NMR and mass spectra. The complexes were synthesized by direct and template methods. Different types of products were obtained for the same ligand and metal salts according to the method of preparation. The H(4)L(a) ligand behaves as a macrocyclic tetrabasic with two N(2)O(2) sits, while the H(2)L(b) ligand behaves as a dibasic with two N(2)O sites. The H(4)L(a) ligand is a compartmental ligand which hosts the two metal ions at the centers of two cis-N(2)O(2) sites, while the metal complexes of H(2)L(b) ligand are binuclear, where the ligand hosts two metal ions at the centers of two N(2)O sites. In both cases, deprotonation of the hydrogen atoms of the phenolic OH groups occur except in the case of the Ni(II), Fe(III) and Cr(III) complexes. Electronic spectra and magnetic moments of the complexes indicate that the geometries of the metal centers are either octahedral or tetrahedral. The structures are consistent with the IR, UV-vis, ESR, (1)H NMR, mass spectra, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) as well as conductivity and magnetic moment measurements.     

Synthesis,spectral studies,and antimicrobial activity of binary and ternary Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III) complexes of new hexadentate Schiff bases derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol and amino acids

Two new hexadentate N₂O₄ donor Schiff bases, H₄L¹ and H₄L², were synthesized by condensation of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol with glycine and alanine, respectively. The structures of the ligands were elucidated by elemental analyses, IR, ¹H NMR, electronic, and mass spectra. Reactions of the Schiff bases with copper(II), nickel(II), and iron(III) nitrates in 1 : 2 molar ratio gave binuclear metal complexes and, in the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) or 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) as secondary ligands (L′), mixed-ligand complexes in two molar ratios 1 : 2 : 2 and 1 : 2 : 1 (L¹/L² : M : L′). The complexes were characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, electronic, mass, and ESR spectral studies, as well as conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The spectroscopic data reveal that the Schiff-base ligands were dibasic or tetrabasic hexadentate ligands. The coordination sites with the metal ions are two azomethine nitrogens, two oxygens of phenolic groups, and two oxygens of carboxylic groups. Copper(II) complexes were octahedral and square planar while nickel(II) and iron(III) complexes were octahedral. The Schiff bases, H₄L¹ and H₄L², and some of their metal complexes showed antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas phaseolicola) bacteria and antifungal activity towards the fungi Fusarium oxysporium and Aspergillus fumigatus.     

Spectral characterization and biological evaluation of Schiff bases and their mixed ligand metal complexes derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol

In the present study two new series of Copper(II), Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II) complexes with two newly synthesized Schiff base ligands 4,6-bis(1-(4-bromophenylimino)ethyl)benzene-1,3-diol (H₂L¹), 4,6-bis(1-(4-methoxyphenylimino) ethyl)benzene-1,3-diol (H₂L²) and organic ligands 8-hydroxy quinoline, 1,10-phenanthroline have been prepared. The Schiff bases H₂L¹ and H₂L² ligands were synthesized by the condensation of 4,6-diacetyl resorcinol with 4-bromo aniline and 4-methoxy aniline. The ligands and their metal complexes have been characterized by FT-IR, Mass, ¹H NMR, UV–Vis., elemental analysis, ESR and Thermal gravimetric analysis. The Schiff base and their metal complexes were tested for antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungus Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus using Broth Dilution Method.     

Synthesis,structural characterization,and anti-ulcerogenic activity of schiff base ligands derived from tryptamine and 5-chloro, 5-nitro, 3,5-ditertiarybutyl salicylaldehyde and their nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) complexes

Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes with bidentate Schiff bases derived from the condensation reaction of 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde, 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, and 3,5 ditertiarybutyl-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde with tryptamine, have been reported. The ligands and complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray structure analysis whenever possible. The complexes were found to have the general formula [M(L)₂]. Spectral studies reveal that these Schiff bases were acting as bidentate ligands and co-ordinating to the metal center through deprotonated phenolate oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The Zn(II) complexes establish a tetrahedral geometry in a 1:2 metal to ligand stoichiometry, whereas a square planar geometry was proposed for the nickel and copper complexes, slightly distorted in the case of the latter.The antiulcer activity of 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde derivative and its nickel and copper complexes were evaluated in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. This Schiff base and its complexes promote ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decrease in ulcer areas, and inhibition of edema and leucocyte infiltration of the submucosal layer.     

New zinc(II), copper(II), nickel(II), and vanadium(IV) complexes containing disulfide ligand: Synthesis,spectroscopic studies and calf thymus DNA interaction investigation

New Schiff base complexes of zinc(II), copper(II), nickel(II), and vanadium(IV) were synthesized using the Schiff base ligand formed by the condensation of 2-aminoethanethiol and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. The tetradentate Schiff base ligand N,N´-(3,4-dithiahexane-1,6-diyl)bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaleneimine), containing a disulfide bond, was coordinated to the metal(II) ions through the two azomethine nitrogen atoms and two deprotonated phenolic oxygens of two different ligands which was connected to each other by sulfur-sulfur bond. The molar conductivity values of complexes in DMSO solvent implied the presence of nonelectrolyte species. The fluorescence properties of the Schiff base ligand and its complexes were studied in dimethylsulfoxide. The Schiff base ligand and its complexes were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and conductometry. The crystal structure of tetradentate Schiff base ligand was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Schiff base ligand was contained disulfide bond. Furthermore, the binding interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by different methods.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes of Schiff bases derived from 3,4-dimethyl-Δ3-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde and 4,6-dimethyl-Δ3-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde and glycene

The Schiff bases derived from 3,4-dimethyl-Δ³-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde or 4,6-dimethyl-Δ³-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde and glycine and their complexes with nickel (II) and copper (II) were synthesized and investigated. All compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The Schiff base ligands and their complexes were further characterized by ¹H NMR. The results suggest that the Schiff base acts as a bidentate ligand, which bonds to the metal ions through the imino nitrogen and carboxylate oxygen. The potassium salts of the Schiff bases are 1 : 1 electrolytes but all the complexes are nonelectrolytes. The article was submitted by the authors in English.     

Coordination behavior and biopotency of N and S/O donor ligands with their palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes

Some metal complexes of Schiff bases have been prepared by the interactions of palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride with 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-[2-(phenyl)-ethylidene]-2H-indol-2-one-hydrazinecarbothioamide(L¹H) and 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-[2-(phenyl)-ethylidene]-2H-indol-2-one-hydrazinecarboxamide(L²H), in bimolar ratios. All the new compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, conductance measurements, molecular weight determinations, IR and ¹H NMR spectral studies. The spectral data are consistent with a square planar geometry around Pd(II) and Pt(II) in which the ligands act as neutral bidentate and monobasic bidentate ligands, coordinating through the nitrogen and sulfur/oxygen atoms. Free ligands and their metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria and their biopotency has been discussed.     

Transition metal complexes of Schiff base ligand based on 4,6-diacetyl resorcinol

Novel Schiff base ligand based on the condensation of 4,6-diacetyl resorcinol with 2-amino-4-methylthiazole in addition to its metal complexes with Cr (III), Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II) ions have been synthesized. The structure, electronic properties, and thermal behaviour of Schiff base and its metal complexes have been studied by elemental analysis, mass, ¹H NMR, IR spectra, thermal analysis, and theoretically by density function theory. The ligand acted as mononegative bidentate (NO) ligand and all complexes showed octahedral geometry except Cu (II) showed tetrahedral geometry as indicated from the spectral and magnetic studies. The Cu (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II) complexes were non electrolytes while the rest of the complexes were electrolytes. The antibacterial plus anticancer activities of the parent Schiff base and its metal complexes were screened. In addition, the molecular docking study was performed to explore the possible ways for binding to Crystal Structure of Human Astrovirus capsid protein (5ibv) receptor.     

Synthesis,spectral, thermal,and magnetic studies of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), and cadmium(II) complexes with N2O2 donor groups

A new Schiff base ligand was prepared by condensation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde with 1,2-propanediamine. The ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, magnetic moment, molar conductance, UV-Vis, SEM and thermal analysis (TGA). The molar conductance measurements indicated that all the metal complexes were non-electrolytes. IR spectra showed that ligand (L) behaves as a neutral tetradentate ligand and binds to the metal ions by the two azomethine nitrogen atoms and two phenolic oxygen atoms. The electronic absorption spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements indicated square planar geometry for the Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes while other metal complexes showed tetrahedral geometry. Also the surface morphology of the complexes was studied by SEM.     

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of homo-binuclear, alkoxo bridged homo- and hetero-tetranuclear metal complexes of a bis-N2O4 Schiff base ligand derived from ethanolamine and macroacyclic tetranaphthaldehyde

Three new homo-binuclear Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) complexes (2-4), homo-tetranuclear Cu(II) complex (5), and hetero-tetranuclear Cu(II)-Ni(II) complex (6) of a macroacyclic potentially bis-hexadentate N2O4 Schiff base have been synthesized. The imino-alcohol ligand, H4L was obtained by the condensation of ethanolamine with 2,2'-[2,3-bis(1-formyl-2-naphthyloxymethyl)-but-2-ene-1,4-diyldioxy]bis(naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde). The structures of both the Schiff base and its complexes have been proposed by elemental analyses, spectroscopic data i.e. IR, 1H and 13C NMR, UV-vis, electrospray ionisation mass spectra, molar conductivities and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ligand has two similar compartments to bind first primary two metal ions, and acts bi- or tetra-negative, bis-tetradentate forming five membered chelate ring. However, secondary two metal ions (either Cu2+ or Ni2+) are ligated with dianionic oxygen atoms of the alcohol groups and are linked to the 1,10-phenanthroline-nitrogen atoms in the tetranuclear complexes (5 and 6).     

Synthesis,characterization and biological studies of some Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes derived from indole-3-carboxaldehyde and glycylglycine as Schiff base ligand

The Schiff base ligand derived from indole-3-carboxaldehyde(indal) and glycylglycine(glygly) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic spectrum, ¹H NMR and mass spectrum. Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)–indal-glygly Schiff base complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR, electronic spectra, magnetic measurements, ESR, electrochemical studies, TGA, DSC analysis, XRD and SEM. Conductance measurements indicate that the above complexes are 1:1 electrolytes. IR spectral data show that the ligand is tridentate and the binding sites are azomethine nitrogen, peptide nitrogen and carboxylato oxygen atoms. Electronic spectral measurements indicate tetrahedral geometry for Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and square planar geometry for Cu(II) complex. Magnetic measurements show weak ferromagnetic behaviour for Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and paramagnetic behaviour for Cu(II) complex. ESR spectral data shows the ionic link between metal and the Schiff base ligand. The metal complexes are found to be stabilized in the unusual oxidation states of the metal ion during electrolysis. Thermal analysis of the complex indicates that the decomposition takes place in three steps. IR and thermal studies indicate that the fourth position would be occupied by a water molecule in complexes. XRD shows that the complexes have the crystallite size of 31, 40 and 67 nm, respectively. The surface morphology of the complexes was studied by SEM. The antimicrobial activity of the ligand and its complexes were screened by Kirby Bayer Disc Diffusion method. DNA cleavage studies were performed for metal–Schiff base complexes in presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxidant.     

Transition metal complexes of bidentate Schiff base ligands

New Schiff base ligands derived from vanillin (HL¹), 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (HL²) and 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HL³) with N-(pyridyl)-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-aminobenzylamine (2) and their copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), oxovanadium(IV) and zinc(II) transition metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, electronic and i.r. spectra, molar conductance data and by 1H and ¹³C n.m.r. spectra. The results indicate that the ligands coordinate through azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen to the metal ions. In like manner, it was found that the pyridine and amine nitrogen atoms are not coordinated to the metal ions. The ¹H and ¹³C n.m.r. spectral data confirmed the suggested structure for the Schiff base ligands, and the mass spectra results confirmed the proposed structure of the ligands. The antimicrobial activity properties of the ligands and their metal complexes have been studied.     

Transition metal complexes of isonicotinic acid (2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazide

A new series of transition metal complexes of Schiff base isonicotinic acid (2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazide, HL, have been synthesized. The Schiff base reacted with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Fe(III) and UO2(II) ions as monobasic tridentate ligand to yield mononuclear complexes of 1:2 (metal:ligand) except that of Cu(II) which form complex of 1:1 (metal:ligand). The ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis, mass and 1H NMR spectra, as well as magnetic moment, conductance measurements, and thermal analyses. All complexes have octahedral configurations except Cu(II) complex which has an extra square planar geometry distorted towards tetrahedral. While, the UO2(II) complex has its favour hepta-coordination. The ligand and its metal complexes were tested against one strain Gram +ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram -ve bacteria (Escherichia coli), and Fungi (Candida albicans). The tested compounds exhibited higher antibacterial activities.     

Synthesis,structural features and biochemical activity assessment of N,N′‐bis‐(2‐mercaptophenylimine)‐2,5‐thiophenedicarboxaldehyde Schiff base and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes

The tetradentate Schiff base ligand (SB), N,N′‐bis‐(2‐mercaptophenylimine)‐2,5‐thiophenedicarboxaldehyde was prepared via condensation of 2,5‐thiophene‐dicarboxaldehyde with 2‐aminothiophenol in a 1:2 molar ratio by conventional method. Additionally, its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV–Vis, ESR, ESI‐mass, conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Spectral studies suggested that, the Schiff base coordinate metal ions through the azomethine N‐ and deprotonated thiol S‐ atoms. Based on UV–Vis absorption and magnetic susceptibility data, tetrahedral geometry was assigned for both Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes, whereas on the other hand, square planar geometry for both Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes. The Schiff base and its metal complexes were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Free radical scavenging activity of the novel compounds was determined by elimination of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, the interactions of the free ligand and its complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) were explored using absorption, emission and viscosity measurements techniques.     

Synthesis,structural characterization and biological activities of metal(II) complexes with Schiff bases derived from 5-bromosalicylaldehyde: Ru(II) complexes transfer hydrogenation

In this study, two novel Schiff base ligands (L¹ and L²) derived from condensation of methyl 2-amino-6-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate and methyl 2-amino-6-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate, both starting matter with 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde, and their Zn(II) and Ni(II) metal complexes have been prepared using a molar ratio of ligand:metal as 1:1 except the Ru(II) complexes 1:0.5. The structures of the obtained ligands and their metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV–vis, thermal analysis methods, mass spectrometry, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Antioxidant and antiradical activity of Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes were been evaluated in vitro tests. Antioxidant activities of metal complexes generally were more effectives than free Schiff bases. 1c and 2c were used as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation (TH) of ketones. 1c, 2c complexes were found to be efficient catalyst for transfer hydrogenation reactions.     

Synthesis, spectral, antimicrobial and antitumor assessment of Schiff base derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and its transition metal complexes

N-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine Schiff base (L) derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde was synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, IR, mass spectra, (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectra. Its complexes with Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) were prepared and isolated as solid products and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, spectral techniques as well as magnetic susceptibility. The IR spectra showed that the Schiff base under investigation behaves as bidentate ligand. The UV-vis spectra and magnetic moment data suggested octahedral geometry around Cu(II) and Fe(III) and tetrahedral geometry around Ni(II) and Zn(II). In view of the biological activity of the Schiff base and its complexes, it has been observed that the antimicrobial activity of the Schiff base increased on complexation with the metal ion. In vitro antitumor activity assayed against five human tumor cell lines furnished the significant toxicities of the Schiff base and its complexes.     

Spectral and biocidal studies of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with monobasic bidentate Schiff bases

The monobasic bidentate Schiff base complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II) derived from 1H-indol-2,3-dione thiosemicarbazone (L¹H) and 1H-indol-2,3-dione semicarbazone (L²H) have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations, i.r., ¹H n.m.r. and u.v. spectral studies. Based on these studies a square planar environment around the metal atoms has been proposed. Antimicrobial effects of both the ligands and their complexes on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria have been recorded and these are found to possess significant fungicidal and bactericidal properties.