柴油车排放碳黑颗粒消除催化剂的研究进展

 柴油车尾气排放的碳黑颗粒已引起严重的环境污染问题. 对于柴油车尾气碳黑颗粒的处理必须使用高活性的催化剂来加快碳黑颗粒在低温下的氧化速率. 本文总结了柴油车排放碳黑颗粒催化燃烧用几种不同类型的催化剂,即碱金属或碱土金属催化剂、贵金属催化剂、过渡金属催化剂以及复合型催化剂,归纳了它们的催化作用机理,比较了它们在松散接触与紧密接触时的不同催化活性,概括了这些催化剂的最新研究进展,并对它们在实际应用中存在的问题和应用前景进行了探讨.     

SOOT combustion. co and k catalysts supported on different supports

The catalytic combustion of particulate material was studied on cobalt catalysts promoted with potassium using different supports for its preparation. Silica, aluminium oxides and hydroxides, zirconium oxide and hydroxide were used as supports. The catalytic activity for combustion depends on the type of support used, the higher activity corresponding to the supported catalyst on zirconium oxide. TPR studies indicate that the interaction metal/support allows to explain the higher activity of the CoK/SiO₂ catalyst with respect to the CoK/Al₂O₃ but the high activity found in CoK/ZrO₂is not explained by this interaction. In all cases the Co and K improved the performance of the catalysts.     

Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects

Aerosols are of central importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. The airborne solid and liquid particles in the nanometer to micrometer size range influence the energy balance of the Earth, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, and the abundance of greenhouse and reactive trace gases. Moreover, they play important roles in the reproduction of biological organisms and can cause or enhance diseases. The primary parameters that determine the environmental and health effects of aerosol particles are their concentration, size, structure, and chemical composition. These parameters, however, are spatially and temporally highly variable. The quantification and identification of biological particles and carbonaceous components of fine particulate matter in the air (organic compounds and black or elemental carbon, respectively) represent demanding analytical challenges. This Review outlines the current state of knowledge, major open questions, and research perspectives on the properties and interactions of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on climate and human health.     

Ce0.64Mn0.13R0.23Ox催化剂催化燃烧柴油机碳烟的研究

采用共沉淀法制备一系列Ce_0.64Mn_0.13R_0.23O_x（R=La,Zr和Y）催化剂,并用低温N₂吸附-脱附（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和氧气程序升温脱附（O₂-TPD）等手段对催化剂进行了表征,同时考察了该系列催化剂对柴油车排放碳烟的催化燃烧性能。研究结果表明该系列催化剂均形成了具有立方萤石结构的固溶体。加入Rn+离子后,催化剂的抗老化性能有了很大的提高,其中加入La的催化剂具有最好的抗老化性能,老化后碳烟催化燃烧的Tm为319℃,适合于柴油车的排气温度,具有较好的应用前景。     

Ce_(0.64)Mn_(0.13)R_(0.23)O_x催化剂催化燃烧柴油机碳烟的研究

采用共沉淀法制备一系列Ce0.64Mn0.13R0.23Ox(R=La,Zr和Y)催化剂,并用低温N2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,同时考察了该系列催化剂对柴油车排放碳烟的催化燃烧性能。研究结果表明该系列催化剂均形成了具有立方萤石结构的固溶体。加入Rn+离子后,催化剂的抗老化性能有了很大的提高,其中加入La的催化剂具有最好的抗老化性能,老化后碳烟催化燃烧的Tm为319℃,适合于柴油车的排气温度,具有较好的应用前景。     

LaBO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物同时消除柴油机尾气炭颗粒和NO

采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法制备了LaBO3(B=V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)复合氧化物.采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱、氢程序升温还原及扫描电镜等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并对其在同时消除柴油机尾气中炭颗粒和NO反应中的催化活性进行了评价.结果表明,在制备的七种复合氧化物中,除La-V-O和La-Cu-O外,均形成钙钛矿结构.LaBO3钙钛矿型氧化物氧化能力由强到弱的顺序为LaCoO3≈LaNiO3>LaMnO3>LaFeO3>LaCrO3,在同时消除炭颗粒和NO的催化反应中,钙钛矿复合氧化物催化剂的催化活性与其氧化能力直接相关.其中LaCoO3和LaNiO3样品对炭颗粒的氧化催化活性较好,在炭颗粒与催化剂松散接触的条件下,炭颗粒燃烧温度较低,分别为421和431℃,生成CO2的最大选择性高,分别为99.1%和99.7%,NO生成N2的转化率分别为17.2%和20.1%.     

锰基催化剂在催化柴油炭烟燃烧中的应用

柴油机排放的炭烟颗粒引起了严重的环境污染并对人体健康造成了极大的危害,引起人们的广泛关注。目前,催化净化技术是控制柴油机尾气炭烟颗粒排放最有效和研究最广泛的技术手段之一,其中高性能催化剂的研发是催化净化技术应用最为关键的因素。本文总结了近年来锰基催化剂材料在催化柴油机炭烟燃烧中的研究进展,重点介绍了单组分锰基催化剂、复合结构锰基氧化物催化剂、固定结构锰基氧化物催化剂(钙钛矿型、尖晶石型、水滑石型)等的研究进展,并简述了锰基催化剂材料在同时消除炭烟颗粒和氮氧化物方面的研究进展。最后,提出了锰基催化剂在催化柴油机炭烟燃烧中存在的问题并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

铜冶炼高碳烟尘中铅金属含量检测方法的探究

本文采用NH4HF2-HCl-HNO3-HClO4消解体系处理铜冶炼过程中产生的高碳烟尘, 使用火焰原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)进行测定,实现了对铅元素的分析检测。结果表明,铅金属质量浓度在1～10μg/mL范国内线性相关系数均为0.9998,测得结果的相对标准偏差(RSD.n＝11)的精密度 （RSD） 在 0.36%～1.71%之间,相对偏差在 0.04%～0.07%之间,均远小于 5%,该实验方法适用于铜冶炼高碳烟尘中铅金属含量的测定。     

柴油机烟碳的微波加热燃烧Ⅱ.载体陶瓷材料的影响

本文讨论了柴油机滤烟器基体材料堇青石和常用载体涂层材料对柴油机烟碳微波加热燃烧的影响。实验结果表明，陶瓷材料，尤其是滤烟器基体材料对微波的吸收能力远远低于柴油机烟碳。因此，当二者共存时，床层的温升速率主要取决于烟碳的含量。烟碳／载体比越高，燃烧越易起动，但是床层温升也越高。与纯烟碳燃烧相比，陶瓷物质的存在有利于降低燃烧产物中的ＣＯ分率。     

A comparison of direct thermal desorption with solvent extraction for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in diesel particulate matter

Direct thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DTD-GC-MS) is a technique that is finding application in the characterisation of the semivolatile organic carbon fraction of ambient and combustion source particulate matter (PM) collected on filters. In this study, three DTD-GC-MS methods were assessed and compared to a conventional solvent extraction method for analysis of a mixture of target analytes in solution and of diesel PM collected on quartz filters. The target analytes included n-alkanes, hopanes, steranes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This study showed that while the three DTD-GC-MS methods were generally comparable to the solvent extraction method, (1) the choice of calibration strategy and calibration materials has a significant impact on the measured accuracy of a method; (2) very large variations were seen in all methods for the more volatile compounds such as C₁₀ to C₁₃ n-alkanes and naphthalene; (3) accuracy, defined as difference from the known concentration of a liquid sample, ranged from 5% to 32%; (4) precision, defined as the relative standard deviation, ranged from 4% to 16%. The average difference of DTD-GC-MS results from the solvent extraction results for the diesel PM filters ranged from 20% to 40%. This difference was driven by the large number of target analytes present at relatively low concentrations (<25 pg/mm²) and their corresponding higher variability. Differences in performance among the compound classes were noted. Minimum detection limits for the DTD-GC-MS methods were on the order of 0.1 to 1 pg/mm² and were as good as or better than those obtained for the solvent extraction method.     

Preliminary study on aerosol particle addition calibration method for on-line quantitative analysis of airborne radioactive particles with ICP-MS

An ambient aerosol concentration enrichment system coupled with ICP-MS for real-time monitoring of airborne radioactive particles is now under development. ICP-MS is very sensitive to sample introduction conditions, so it is necessary to develop an easy-use calibration method for on-line quantitative analysis in field application. In this paper, a calibration method using standard solution instead of monodisperse particles was established and validated preliminarily. First of all, four parameters for the method were determined experimentally, including: uptake flow rate and nebulisation efficiency of the Microconcentric nebuliser, nebulisation/transport efficiency of Aridus Desolvating Sample Introduction System, and Relative Sensitivity Factor between ¹⁵⁹?Tb and ¹⁷⁴?Yb. Then, monodisperse terbium nitrate particles were generated by a commercial Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator. Continuous aerosols of ytterbium nitrate droplets were nebulised from standard solution. They were mixed together, desolvated through the membrane dryer and introduced into ICP-MS for on-line analysis of terbium nitrate particles. The air sampled from nuclear environment was also introduced into ICP-MS to investigate the effect of flow rate on instrument responses. Finally, atom numbers of ¹⁵⁹?Tb in discrete terbium nitrate particles were determined using the calibration method and compared to the calculated value. Results show that when air flow rate increase from 10?mL?min^?1 to 100?mL?min^?1, the ratio of ¹⁵⁹?Tb ion count to ¹⁷⁴?Yb ion intensity keeps constant although instrument sensitivity decreases by a factor of 25. The relative standard deviation of ¹⁵⁹?Tb atom number measured is better than 18%. The discrepancy with the calculated value could be attributed to the over-estimation of atom number in the particles generated by VOAG because there was some liquid leakage in the VOAG.     

Numerical study on soot removal in partial oxidation of methane to syngas reactors

The serious carbon deposition existing in catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) to syngas process is one of the key problems that impede its industrialization. In this study, 3-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations of the soot formation and oxidation in oxidation section in a heat coupling reactor were carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach incorporating the Moss-Brookes model for soot formation. The model has been validated and proven to be in good agreement with experiment results. Effects of nozzle type, nozzle convergence angle, channel spacing, number of channels, radius/height ratio, oxygen/carbon ratio, preheat temperature and additional introduction of steam on the soot formation were simulated. Results show that the soot formation in oxidation section of the heat coupling reactor depends on both nozzle structures and operation conditions, and the soot concentration can be greatly reduced by optimization with the maximum mass fraction of soot inside the oxidation reactor from 2.28% to 0.0501%, and so that the soot mass fraction at the exit reduces from 0.74% to 0.03%.     

A Method For Measuring The Vapour Pressures Of Pah'S Adsorbed On The Surface Of Soot

Abstract

A new method is reported that utilizes a low-temperature quartz microbalance in combination with Knudsen cells to obtain adsorption isotherms for substances with very low equilibrium pressures (< 10^?5 Pa). The method allows for the first time to measure directly thermodynamic properties of important aerosol/pollutant systems at typical environmental temperatures. Application is demonstrated by an investigation of fluoranthene and pyrene adsorbed on carbon aerosol particles (T = 293.15 K?302.13 K). Both PAHs are unable to form extended multilayers on the surface. Slightly above monolayer coverage the three-dimensional crystalline solid phase is thermodynamically more stable.     

Effects of pretreatment temperature on the analysis of size-fractionated aerosol particles using ToF-SIMS

Size-fractionated aerosol particles were collected with a MOUDI 10-stage cascade impactor from an urban roadside place in a downtown area of Hong Kong. Fine aerosol particulate samples from stage 6 (aerodynamic particle diameter between 0.56 and 1 μm) and stage 9 (aerodynamic particle diameter between 0.10 and 0.18 μm) were pretreated at a chosen temperature, including −100°C, −50°C, 25°C, and 60°C, in a load lock chamber and then analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) at the same temperature (−100°C). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to further analyze ToF-SIMS spectra of aerosol particles with different pretreatment temperatures from two selected stages. ToF-SIMS results showed that the intensities of aliphatic hydrocarbon ions such as C₄H₇⁺ and C₄H₉⁺ and amine ions such as C₂H₈N⁺ and C₄H₁₂N⁺ decreased with an increase of the pretreatment temperature under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. We have shown that analyses of this type of aerosol particles using ToF-SIMS should not be conducted at ambient temperature but at low temperature (eg, −50°C). In addition, we also developed a procedure that can be used to analyze aerosol particle samples under ultrahigh vacuum environment.     

Comparative study of pretreatment methods for the determination of metals in atmospheric aerosol by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A comparative study of pretreatment methods for the determination of 10 elements (As, Cd, Pb, V, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu, Fe, Al) in atmospheric aerosols by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was conducted. For the digestion of the particulates collected in filters, six methods were compared using a mixture of HNO₃ and HF with or without the addition of various oxidative agents (HClO₄ or H₂O₂) or acids (HCl). The comparative study was performed using loaded cellulose filter samples, which were digested in Parr bombs and heated in a conventional oven at 170 °C for 5 h. The extraction efficiency and blanks were compared and it was proved that the digestion method using only HNO₃–HF extracted most of the metals and gave the lowest blanks. The HNO₃–HF mixture was selected for the development of an improved microwave digestion method specific for aerosol-loaded filters. The operating parameters were optimized, so that quantitative recovery of the reference materials NIST 1649a urban dust and NIST 1648 urban particulate matter was achieved. The blank of cellulose and teflon filters were also determined and compared. Teflon filters present the lowest blanks for all the elements. The obtained limits of detection for each type of filters were adequate for environmental monitoring purposes. ETAAS instrumental operation was also optimized for the compensation and the elimination of interferences. The temperature optimization was performed for each metal in every type of filter and optimized parameters are proposed for 10 elements.     

基于不同燃料PAH特性改进的适用于多组分燃料的碳烟模型

将多环芳烃(PAH)骨架模型与甲苯参比燃料(TRF)氧化模型耦合,构建了一个新的TRF-PAH骨架模型.以新的TRF-PAH骨架模型作为燃料燃烧的气相化学反应模型,基于不同分子结构的燃料氧化过程中生成PAHs和碳烟的路径也不同的研究结论,本文进一步优化了以PAHs为碳烟前驱生成物的碳烟半经验模型.通过甲苯在流动反应器、搅拌反应器和激波管中的氧化/裂解实验验证发现,新的TRF-PAH骨架模型可以相对准确地预测小分子PAHs和重要中间组分的浓度.通过对比烷烃和芳香烃氧化过程中生成苯的计算值可以发现,燃料的分子结构对PAHs的生成路径影响很大.另外,改进后的碳烟模型利用甲苯、正庚烷/甲苯及异辛烷/甲苯混合物为燃料的激波管中裂解和氧化实验验证,结果表明在较宽的工况内碳烟模拟值与实验值吻合较好.最后,将新的碳烟模型应用于KIVA程序,模拟以TRF20为燃料的柴油机碳烟排放,结果表明TRF-PAH骨架模型和碳烟模型能重现缸内燃烧和排放的特性.     

颗粒物质混合行为的离散单元法研究

颗粒物质的混合是化学工业生产的重要单元操作,由于颗粒物质运动行为的复杂性,工业混合器中的颗粒运动规律及物理机制至今仍未被全面认识。作为一种精细的数值方法,离散单元法(discrete element method,DEM)在单颗粒尺度上描述颗粒物质的受力与运动行为,因此在研究混合机理方面具有独特优势。随着DEM模型与计算技术的快速发展,DEM已被广泛应用于各种混合过程的研究。通过DEM可以全面考察不同的颗粒性质、混合器类型以及操作条件等因素对混合机理的影响,从而对于指导粉体工业的生产操作及设备优化改进具有重要意义。本文重点阐述了DEM在无黏颗粒、黏结性颗粒、非球形颗粒混合过程模拟以及大规模计算等方面的最新进展,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

Diffusion in gas separation membrane materials: A comparison and analysis of experimental characterization techniques

Typically, materials with high-performance transport properties such as zeolites, carbon molecular sieves, or hyper rigid polymers are inherently difficult or impossible to characterize by steady-state membrane permeation experiments used for conventional polymers. Diffusion coefficients determined by transient sorption, a measurement easily performed on brittle media, are analyzed here and compared to those determined by steady-state permeation/sorption and transient permeation for a glassy polymer and a carbon molecular sieve. Average and local diffusion coefficients are extrapolated to zero upstream partial pressure to eliminate effects caused by concentration dependence. Good agreement between the techniques was observed for the glassy polymer. On the other hand, carbon molecular sieves, possessing a more complex morphology, exhibit a greater difference in diffusion coefficients determined by the various techniques. Nevertheless, comparison of the analysis techniques is shown to provide potentially valuable insights into the morphological features of such carbon molecular sieves. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1747–1755, 1998