316L不锈钢氮离子注入层的高温摩擦磨损特性

考察了316L奥氏体不锈钢高温氮离子注入层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了其组织结构。结果表明：在相同注入工艺条件下,高温注入后的含氮层深度较常温注入下的提高约10倍;在150～460℃下注入处理时,在距离注入层表面大约40nm深度内的组织结构与注入温度有关,含氮层主要以膨胀奥氏体组织为主;由于膨胀奥氏体、CrN和微晶组织等对含氮层的强化作用,使显微硬度显著提高,摩擦系数明显下降,耐磨性能得到改善;460℃下注入处理后试样的摩擦系数较150℃下处理后的略高,而前者的耐磨性明显较高。     

Ti_3SiC_2/PM304摩擦副的高温摩擦学性能

本文考察了Ti3SiC2/PM304摩擦副从室温到630℃范围的摩擦磨损性能,并与Ni-Cr合金/PM304摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能进行了对比.结果表明:Ti3SiC2/PM304摩擦副具有比Ni-Cr合金/PM304摩擦副更好的摩擦磨损性能,特别是在400～630℃的温度范围内,Ti3SiC2/PM304摩擦副具有优异的摩擦磨损性能.从室温到300℃,Ti3SiC2/PM304摩擦副的磨损机制为Ti3SiC2晶粒拔出、脱落后与转移的PM304形成机械混合层,随着环境温度的升高机械混合作用加强.在400～630℃范围内,摩擦界面的机械混合作用受到显著抑制,在Ti3SiC2磨损表面形成富集银的转移润滑膜,而转移润滑膜的连续性对摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能影响较大.     

SS304不锈钢高温非比例多轴循环变形行为的粘塑性本构描述

在350℃和700℃下SS304不锈钢的非比例多轴循环变形行为进行了系统的实验研究。在此基础上,在统一粘塑性本构理论的框架下改进和发展了一个新的循环本构模型。该模型给出了新的背应力演化方程,引入了非比例度参量,考虑了温度效应和最大塑性应变幅值记忆效应,能够对材料的高温非比例多轴应变循环变形行为和棘轮行为进行统一描述。模型的模拟结果与实验结果比较表明:该模型对SS304不锈钢高温非比例多轴循环变形行为的描述比较合理。     

SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢的摩擦变形层研究

研究了SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢与Al2O3陶瓷球以及GCr15轴承钢球对摩的摩擦特性,利用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜和显微硬度计研究了SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢磨痕表层及其次表层硬度、磨痕表面的马氏体转变与试验条件的关系.结果表明:当载荷大于30 N后,摩擦系数在剧烈波动前存在1个与试验时间或滑动距离相关的孕育期;SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢磨痕表层的显微硬度从次表层至表层呈上升趋势;在相同滑动速度下,随着载荷增加,磨痕表层的显微硬度增大;摩擦诱发了亚稳奥氏体向马氏体转变,且磨痕表层诱发转变的马氏体含量随载荷和滑动速度的增加而降低;在载荷和摩擦剪切应力作用下,由于表层晶粒细化、相变马氏体和高密度位错的综合作用使得其显微硬度增大.     

金属板材高温压缩试验

本文介绍了直接接触式加热器及金属板材800℃压缩试验技术。用自动描绘的力变形曲线测得弹性模量E和屈服强度σ_(0.2)。该试验技术所用设备简单,耗电少,操作方便,并提高了工作效率和试验精确度。     

Multiscale Creep Compliance of Epoxy Networks at Elevated Temperatures

Epoxy networks are thermoset polymers for which an important structural length scale, molecular weight between crosslinks (M _c), influences physical and mechanical properties. In the present work, creep compliance was measured for three aliphatic epoxy networks of differing M _c using both macroscale torsion and microscale depth-sensing indentation at temperatures of 25 and 55°C. Analytical relations were used to compute creep compliance (J(t)) for each approach; similar results were observed for the two techniques at 25°C, but not at 55°C. Although creep compliance measurement differed at elevated temperatures, there were clear correlations between M _c, glass transition temperature, T _g, and the observed time-dependent mechanical behavior via both techniques at 55°C, but these correlations could not be seen at 25°C. This work demonstrates the capacity of depth-sensing indentation to differentiate among epoxy networks of differing structural configurations via J(t) for small material volumes at elevated temperatures.     

不同温度下砷化镓表面摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀特性研究

利用摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀的方法,可在砷化镓表面加工一系列的纳米结构;该纳米加工方法无需掩膜,且加工效率高、成本低,具有应用前景.为了进一步研究砷化镓表面摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀的特性,优化加工参数,本文作者在不同温度下利用H_2SO_4-H_2O_2溶液对砷化镓表面进行选择性刻蚀,考察了刻蚀后所形成的凸起高度及砷化镓表面粗糙度随刻蚀时间和刻蚀温度的变化规律,阐释了温度对砷化镓表面刻蚀的影响机制;最后从加工高度和表面粗糙度着眼,探讨了砷化镓表面摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀的最佳条件.本研究为砷化镓表面选择性刻蚀加工的条件优化提供了重要依据.     

A Methodology for Obtaining Material Properties of Polymeric Foam at Elevated Temperatures

A new methodology to characterise the elastic properties of polymeric foam core materials at elevated temperatures is proposed. The focus is to determine reliable values of the tensile and compressive moduli and Poisson’s ratio based on strain data obtained using digital image correlation (DIC). In the paper a detailed coverage of the source of uncertainties in the experimental procedure is provided. The uncertainties include those associated with the load introduction, the measurement and the data processing. The design of the specimens and loading jigs are developed and assessed in terms of the introduction of uniform strain. It is shown that due to the mismatch in stiffness between the jig material and the foam the introduction of a uniform strain through the cross section of the specimens is difficult to obtain. A means for correcting for the non-uniform strain across the specimen cross section is developed. To validate the methodology, tests are firstly conducted at room temperature on Divinycell PVC H100 foam. It is shown that the material is highly anisotropic with a stiffness of 50% less in the plane of the foam sheet compared to the through-thickness direction. It is also shown that because of the compliance of the foam, jig misalignment causes large errors in the measurement, and a means for correcting for this is defined. Tests are then conducted in a temperature controlled chamber at elevated temperatures ranging from 20°C to 90°C. A nonlinear reduction in Young’s modulus is obtained with significant degradation occurring after 70°C. The Poisson’s ratio remains fairly stable at different temperatures. A strong theme in the paper is the accuracy and precision of the DIC data and the factors which introduce scatter in the data, along with the uncertainties that this introduces. Particular attention is paid to the affect of the correlation parameters on the derived strain data.     

高温冲击拉伸试验中的快速接触加温技术

本文阐述了高温冲击拉伸试验技术中基于大热容量热惯性温升极大值原理的快速接触加温技术;研制了稳定性好、加热效率高、总体热惯性大、断电温升至极大值的稳定时间长的一对新的加温炉。测试结果表明,可以在试件上获得了最高可达1073K的近似稳定和均匀的温度场。通过实验研究建立了试件温度、稳定炉温和加温炉加热自动断电设定温度之间的标定关系。利用此标定关系,可以根据试验所需要的试件温度方便地确定加温炉自动断电设定温度,并通过监控稳定炉温来实施的所需试件温度下的冲击拉伸试验。本文还对高温冲击拉伸试验中的相关问题进行了分析讨论。     

Stress-Dependent Elastic Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures

In this study the influence of stress and temperature on the elastic modulus during fully-reversed low cycle fatigue of the titanium alloy Ti6242 is examined. The change of the elastic properties with stress manifests itself in a crescent-like shaped hysteresis loop of stress vs. plastic strain at very low amplitudes, i.e. below the technical yield stress. A quadratic extension of Hooke??s law with a second constant ??k?? is applied. The parameters are determined all along the unloading curve in tension and compression. The approach results in the alignment of the hysteresis loop so that they become vertical, i.e. the elastic strain is accurately described. The value and sign of ??k?? depend on whether the deformation occurs in tension or compression. Like the Young??s modulus E ₀, ??k?? also depends on temperature. At temperatures up to 550°C the values of ??k?? in tension and compression do not change during fatigue life. However, at 650°C thermally activated slip processes lead to changes of both, E ₀ and ??k??.     

氧化铝陶瓷在高温磨损过程中的塑性变形与再结晶

Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷在８００℃以上高温下的摩擦明显减小，在摩擦表面形成了由极细结晶构成的表面层。为了探讨这种表面层的形成机理，研究了Ａｌ２Ｏ３／Ａｌ２Ｏ３摩擦副在８００－１２００℃下于干摩擦时的塑性变形与再结晶，且用表面层厚度和晶粒大小来表征。表面层厚度和再结晶粒子尺寸均取决于试验温度、表观接触压力和滑动速度。根据对应变速率和摩擦表面温度的测算，发现再结晶粒了尺寸与Ｚｅｎｅｒ－Ｈｏｌｌｏｍｏｎ常数Ｚ的对     

Microscale Experiments at Elevated Temperatures Evaluated with Digital Image Correlation

The methods of uniform heating and resistive (Joule) heating for microscale freestanding surface-micromachined thin metal film specimens were evaluated by a combination of full-field strain measurements by optical microscopy/Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and microscopic infrared (IR) imaging. The efficacy of each method was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated with the aid of strain fields and IR-obtained temperature distributions along 850 nm thick freestanding microscale specimens subjected to uniaxial tension while heated by each method. The strain and temperature fields were quite uniform in experiments carried out with uniform specimen heating except for minor end-effects at the specimen grips. However, the resistively heated specimens showed highly uneven temperature distribution varying by 50°C along the 1,000 μm specimen gauge length. This high temperature gradient resulted in strain localization and 40% reduction in yield and ultimate tensile strengths of resistively heated specimens compared to the uniformly heated ones. Therefore, it is concluded that resistive heating is not a reliable method for conducting microscale temperature experiments with metallic films.     

四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

Wettability Alteration to Intermediate Gas-Wetting in Porous Media at Elevated Temperatures

Wettability alteration to intermediate gas-wetting in porous media by treatment with FC-759, a fluorochemical polymer has been studied experimentally. Berea sandstone was used as the main rock sample in our work, and its wettability before and after chemical treatment was studied at various temperatures from 25 to 93°C. We also studied recovery performance for both gas/oil and oil/water systems for Berea sandstone before and after wettability alteration by chemical treatment. Our experiment shows that chemical treatment with FC-759 can result in: (1) wettability alteration from strong liquid-wetting to stable intermediate gas-wetting at room temperature and at elevated temperatures; (2) neutral wetting for gas, oil, and water phases in two-phase flow; (3) significant increase in oil mobility for gas/oil system; and (4) improved recovery behavior for both gas/oil and oil/water systems. This work reveals a potential for field application for improved gas-well deliverability and well injectivity by altering the rock wettability around wellbore in gas condensate reservoirs from strong liquid-wetting to intermediate gas-wetting.     

Mg-3Al-0.4Si镁合金的高温磨损行为研究

在20~200℃温度下,利用销盘式磨损试验机研究Mg-3Al-0.4Si合金的磨损行为,评价载荷和温度对磨损速率的影响.应用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌以确定高温下的磨损机制,通过光学显微镜观察磨损亚表层组织演变,然后采用显微硬度计测量硬度变化.研究结果表明:随着磨损温度提高,Mg-3Al-0.4Si合金的磨损率随载荷增加而上升的趋势更为明显.其磨损行为可分为轻微和严重磨损,增加磨损温度显著降低轻微-严重磨损转变载荷.轻微-严重磨损前后的亚表层组织和硬度变化表明,摩擦热诱发磨损亚表层发生动态再结晶(DRX)组织转变引起的热软化是造成轻微-严重磨损转变的主要原因.     

等离子堆焊Stellite合金高温摩擦磨损特性研究

采用等离子堆焊技术在气门用钢基体上制备了Stellite 1和Stellite F合金堆焊层,对堆焊层的金相组织、物相组成和硬度等进行了研究,在MMU-10G高温端面摩擦磨损试验机上考察了不同温度条件对2种堆焊层摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了堆焊层的磨损机理.结果表明:高温条件下,随着温度的上升,2种合金堆焊层的摩擦系数增大,磨损体积减小;温度为400℃时,Stellite 1和Stellite F合金堆焊层分别产生了大量的疲劳裂纹和宽大的犁沟,磨损较为剧烈;温度为500和600℃时,2种合金堆焊层磨损机制相似,主要磨损机制分别为疲劳剥落和磨粒磨损;氧化膜的快速形成以及上试样硬度的下降减小了磨损,磨痕中心区域变窄,磨痕边缘的磨屑不断堆积并被碾压产生了严重的黏着磨损,导致摩擦系数增加.     

Ti_3SiC_2/PM3O4摩擦副的高温摩擦学性能

本文考察了Ti_3SiC_2/PM304摩擦副从室温到630℃范围的摩擦磨损性能,并与Nj-Cr合金/PM304摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能进行了对比.结果表明:Ti_3SiC_2/PM304摩擦副具有比Ni-Cr合金/PM304摩擦副更好的摩擦磨损性能,特别是在400～630℃的温度范围内,Ti_3SiC_2/PM304摩擦副具有优异的摩擦磨损性能.从室温到300℃,Ti3_SiC_2/PM304摩擦副的磨损机制为Ti_3SiC_2晶粒拔出、脱落后与转移的PM304形成机械混合层,随着环境温度的升高机械混合作用加强.在400～630℃范围内,摩擦界面的机械混合作用受到显著抑制,在Ti3SiC_2磨损表面形成富集银的转移润滑膜,而转移润滑膜的连续性对摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能影响较大.     

电弧喷涂不锈钢涂层耐磨性的研究

研究了电弧喷涂３Ｃｒ１３和１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢涂层的耐磨性，分析了喷涂工艺参数对３Ｃｒ１３涂层耐磨性的影响及涂层中孔隙的作用，并且深入探讨了涂层的磨损机理。