磨损与动力学耦合的行星传动齿轮动力学研究

行星齿轮磨损会导致齿轮齿侧间隙非线性增大、传动精度下降、齿面冲击力增大, 进而会导致齿轮传动系统振动加剧, 因此需要对行星齿轮的齿面磨损与动力学耦合特性进行研究. 本文构建了齿轮非线性磨损与考虑齿轮齿侧间隙的非线性动力学耦合计算模型, 对行星传动齿轮磨损动力学特性进行了研究. 首先建立齿轮啮合非线性动力学模型, 获得齿轮运行过程中的非线性啮合力; 进一步将非线性啮合力与齿轮齿面磨损模型相结合, 研究齿轮齿面磨损分布规律; 并根据齿轮磨损后的齿侧间隙对齿面重构, 同时对齿轮动力学模型进行更新; 进而得到行星齿轮传动中动态啮合力和磨损特性的变化趋势, 并获得齿轮传动系统齿轮齿向振动响应. 数值计算结果表明, 行星齿轮磨损导致齿轮在单?双齿交替啮合时产生的冲击增大, 同时太阳轮?行星轮啮合齿对对磨损较为敏感, 齿面啮合条件剧烈恶化, 是造成行星齿轮传动性能退化的主要原因, 本文研究结果为行星齿轮传动系统运行状态评估与可靠性预测提供了理论基础.      

一种基于SHPB的冲击膨胀环实验技术

设计了一种基于分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)的冲击膨胀环实验装置,实验装置包括一个液压腔,一侧为驱动活塞,另一侧为圆环试件封闭。对活塞施加轴向冲击,利用液体体积近似不可压缩的特性,通过液压腔截面积的大比例缩小,将较低速度的对活塞冲击转化为圆环试件沿径向的高速膨胀,驱动试件发生拉伸变形直至断(碎)裂。使用这种冲击膨胀装置,获得了LY12铝环在不同撞击速度下碎裂过程的初步结果。实验结果显示,随着撞击速度增大,圆环试件碎裂产生的碎片的尺度减小,试件的表观断裂应变增加。这为研究材料的动态拉伸碎裂问题提供了一种加载方式。     

膨胀管分离装置分离时间测试研究

本文采用裂纹扩展计和超动态应变测试相结合的方法,对炸药索的传爆速度及分离结构响应断裂时间进行了实验研究。同时,还分析了内外分离板分离的同步性、两端起爆的同步性。结果表明:对于本文测试的分离结构,其内外分离板分离的同步性较好,滞后时间仅1μs;扁平管接收到爆轰信号到分离板断裂的时间差约为6μs;尽管采用两端起爆,但是实际中由于火工品的差异,并不能够实现两端完全同步起爆,滞后时间长达50μs。     

径向膨胀Al2O3陶瓷环动态拉伸破碎的实验研究

利用基于Hopkinson压杆技术设计的冲击膨胀环实验装置,开展了不同撞击速度下Al2O3陶瓷圆环的冲击拉伸和破碎实验研究.实验结果显示:随撞击速度增大,陶瓷环破碎产生的碎片数目增加,断口分析表明绝大多数的断口都是沿径向断裂,说明陶瓷环的破碎由膨胀环的径向拉伸应力产生;利用实测入射杆和透射杆的应力波形,获得陶瓷环发生破碎的时间和载荷信息,在一定的近似假定下,初步估算陶瓷环的表观动态拉伸强度介于160 Mpa和250 Mpa之间,比静态强度130 Mpa显著提高.     

双联行星轮角度偏差对系统均载特性的影响

为了研究双联行星齿轮在实际设计参数下,其相对角度偏差对复合行星传动系统动力学特性的影响,采用集中参数法建立了3K-I型行星齿轮动力学模型,模型中将双联行星齿轮的相对角度偏差转化为啮合副齿侧间隙的变化,考虑了双联齿轮角度偏差、轮齿侧隙和时变啮合刚度等非线性因素,采用龙格库塔法求解了系统的时域响应并计算其均载系数。分析了不同工况、偏差下系统的动态特性。结果表明,存在双联行星轮角度偏差时,轻载下更容易发生齿轮的脱齿与冲击,系统的均载系数随着双联行星轮角度偏差差值及系统的负载降低而增大,各组行星轮角度偏差分布越集中,角度偏差对系统均载特性的影响越小;角度偏差分布同号时,对系统中某一对齿轮的承载影响明显;角度偏差分布异号时,对系统均载特性的影响最大。     

基于虚拟激励法的大跨度桥梁非平稳随机振动分析闭合解

针对大跨度结构考虑地面空间运动的非一致地震响应分析问题,结合虚拟激励法,应用傅里叶分析建立了结构非平稳随机振动响应演变功率谱分析的频域方法。建立的方法完全基于频域执行,给出了响应演变功率谱的闭合解表达式。由于实现了确定性调制过程与随机过程的有效分离,应用离散傅里叶变换进行计算不需要较高的采样分析频率就可以获得较好精度的数值结果。数值算例研究了某斜拉桥的考虑地面运动空间效应非平稳随机地震响应,与通常时频分析方法进行对比,验证了本文频域方法的正确性和有效性。     

非贯穿直裂纹管局部柔度系数的理论研究

局部柔度是裂纹结构力学响应分析和损伤识别的重要参数之一,然而目前尚缺乏裂纹管局部柔度系数的求解方法.本文根据线性断裂力学理论,获得了轴力、剪力和弯矩等荷载作用下非贯穿直裂纹管单元的附加局部柔度方程,利用自适应的Simpson数值积分方法计算得到裂纹引起的附加局部柔度系数.通过与Naniwadekar等裂纹管模型试验进行...     

爆炸加载下金属柱壳破片软回收技术研究

针对爆炸加载下金属柱壳膨胀断裂破片软回收的研究需求,本文通过理论分析和初步的数值模拟设计了由低密度聚氨酯泡沫与水介质为主体的回收装置。与传统单一材料为主的回收装置相比,该回收装置既能在破片高速阶段将低阻抗聚氨酯泡沫对破片的冲击压力减小到约为水对破片冲击压力的1/3,又使破片速度全程持续地较大幅度衰减,还能在破片低速阶段又能充分利用水介质密度大的优势,减小以聚氨酯泡沫单一材料为主的回收装置尺寸。依托该装置开展了炸药加载下304不锈钢柱壳膨胀断裂回收实验。通过测量回收池外壁速度、检查实验后的回收池外观,发现回收池池壁和底部完好,可以重复使用;通过对回收破片称重统计,破片回收率超过85%,破片内外界面辨识度高,破片表面车刀纹清晰可见,内部可见多条未贯穿的裂纹。表明该回收装置对破片的冲击损伤显著降低。根据破片断口和表面信息,推测了破片在金属柱壳的大致位置。本文最后初步给出了回收破片的平均厚度及质量分布等相关信息的统计结果。     

冲击载荷下Al2O3磨料对齿轮磨损行为的作用机理研究

为了探究大型风电齿轮受冲击载荷在三体磨料磨损状态下的磨损特征与演变机理，需对初始磨粒混入的45钢斜齿轮磨损特征与运行状态进行分析研究.试验从齿轮磨损量、齿面磨损形貌分析、油液磨粒分析和振动分析4个方面进行磨损机理研究.利用磁粉制动器施加冲击载荷来模拟实际工况，使用颗粒计数器、单联式铁谱仪和扫描电子显微镜对油样磨粒和齿轮齿面损伤形貌进行观测.结果表明：初始硬质颗粒加速齿轮齿面磨损，导致齿轮提前进入剧烈磨损阶段，并引起齿面发生严重损伤，产生磨粒尺寸较大；对斜齿轮施加冲击载荷的加载方式加剧了磨粒磨损并扩大了应力集中，使得表面大磨粒脱落，齿宽降低，从而导致齿轮断裂失效.研究聚焦风电齿轮在风沙环境下易发生磨粒磨损的异常工况，研究结果将为改善风电齿轮在此类异常工况下的磨损状态，提供理论依据.     

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利用模拟装置实现了卡瓦与套管在地面上的实验，使用电测的方法测量胀卡时套管外表面的应变．由实验数据获得计算网格节点处的应变，同时利用单位咬合力作用套管的有限元结果进行数值法计算，获得卡瓦各咬合齿对套管咬合力的分布，为卡瓦的优化设计提供了可靠数据．     

Effect of adhesive thickness,adhesive type and scarf angle on the mechanical properties of scarf adhesive joints

The effects of adhesive thickness, adhesive type and scarf angle, which are determined as the main control parameters by the dimensional analysis, on the mechanical properties of a scarf adhesive joint (SJ) subjected to uniaxial tensile loading are examined using a mixed-mode cohesive zone model (CZM) with a bilinear shape to govern the interface separation. Particularly, the adhesive-dependence of the vital cohesive parameters of CZM, which mainly include initial stiffness, total fracture energy and separation strength, is introduced emphatically. The numerical results demonstrate that the ultimate tensile loading increases as the adhesive thickness decreases. Cross the ultimate tension, the joint loses the load-bearing capacity when adopting the brittle adhesive but sustains partial load-bearing capacity while selecting the ductile adhesive. In addition, for the joint with the ductile adhesive, the maximum applied displacement until the complete failure of it is directly proportional to the adhesive thickness, which is different from the case using the brittle adhesive. Taking the combination of the ultimate loading and applied displacement into account, failure energy is employed to evaluate the joint performances. The results show that the failure energy of the joint with the brittle adhesive increases as the adhesive thickness decreases. Conversely, the situation of the joint using the ductile adhesive is vice versa. Moreover, the effect of the adhesive thickness becomes more noticeable with decreasing the scarf angle owing to the variation of the proportion of each component of the mixed-mode. Furthermore, all the characteristic parameters (the ultimate tensile loading, the maximum applied displacement and the failure energy) that adopted to describe the performances of SJ increase as the scarf angle decreases. Finally, the numerical method employed in this study is validated by comparing with existing experimental results.     

Wave-based analysis of dual acoustic black holes for anechoic termination of shock testing devices

Shock testing is an important issue for the survivability of an equipment under shock environment in aerospace and military industries. One of the problems faced in conventional shock testing devices is the need for redesigning of the geometry whenever the responses to different shock environments are tested. To circumvent the redesigning processes, a structure with two ‘acoustic black holes (ABHs)’ on both ends, referred to as the beam with dual ABHs, is proposed as a shock testing device. The beam with dual ABHs is capable of simulating diverse shock environments by controlling the applied force because it can be regarded as an infinite beam at high frequency range with the aid of the anechoic terminations by the ABHs. To systematically investigate the beam with dual ABHs, we develop a wave-based method that uses the reflection matrix of an ABH to perform free and forced vibration analyses. From the analyses on frequency response function and shock response spectrum of the beam with dual ABH, it is suggested that the beam with dual ABHs is feasible as a semi-permanent shock testing device.     

柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性

锥形水中爆炸激波管是进行水中爆炸实验的一种装置,该装置能够通过较小装药量在相同距离处实现自由场水中较大装药量爆炸的冲击波峰值。为了获得柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性,本文通过数值计算的方式,对不同圆锥角和不同柱形装药质量下锥形激波管内的冲击波传播过程进行了模拟,通过对不同工况下激波管内冲击波特性进行分析,发现其初始冲击波的衰减规律符合自由场水中的指数衰减形式,并拟合得到了与自由场水中爆炸相容的冲击波峰值、比冲量和能流密度经验公式;发现其二次脉动压力周期与炸药质量呈反常规的变化规律,并引入等效静水压深度解释了这一现象;发现其二次脉动压力幅值与初始冲击波幅值之比比自由场水中更大,而二次脉动压力的比冲量与初始冲击波冲量之比与自由场水中相当。     

Separation control by vortex generator devices in a transonic channel flow

An experimental study was conducted in a transonic channel to control by mechanical vortex generator devices the strong interaction between a shock wave and a separated turbulent boundary layer. Control devices—co-rotating and counter-rotating vane-type vortex generators—were implemented upstream of the shock foot region and tested both on a steady shock wave and on a forced shock oscillation configurations. The spanwise spacing of vortex generator devices along the channel appeared to be an important parameter to control the flow separation region. When the distance between each device is decreased, the vortices merging is more efficient to reduce the separation. Their placement upstream of the shock wave is determinant to ensure that vortices have mixed momentum all spanwise long before they reach the separation line, so as to avoid separation cells. Then, vortex generators slightly reduced the amplitude of the forced shock wave oscillation by delaying the upstream displacement of the leading shock.     

The response of clamped-clamped microbeams under mechanical shock

We present modeling, simulation, and characterization for the dynamic response of clamped-clamped microbeams under mechanical shock. A Galerkin-based reduced-order model is utilized and its results are verified by comparing to finite-element results. The results indicate that the response of a microbeam to mechanical shock is inherently non-linear because of the dominating effect of mid-plane stretching. The effect of the shock pulse shape is investigated. It is concluded that the shape of the shock pulse can result in significant dynamic amplification in the response of the microbeam even in cases where the shock load is considered quasi-static.The combined effect of the electrostatic force and mechanical shock is investigated. The results show that this combined effect can lead to early instability in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices through dynamic pull-in. This could explain some of the reported experimental evidences for the existence of strange modes of failure of MEMS devices under mechanical shock and impact. These failures are characterized by overlaps between moving microstructures and stationary electrodes, which cause electrical shorts. The shock-electrostatic interaction is shown to be promising to design smart MEMS switches triggered at predetermined level of shock and acceleration. Finally, the mechanical shock combined with the packaging effect of MEMS devices is analyzed. A single-degree-of-freedom model representing the motion of the package, which is mounted over a printed circuit board, coupled with the continuous beam model is utilized. Our results reveal that neglecting the effect of the package motion on the response of microbeams can overestimate or underestimate their response. It is concluded that a poor design of the package may result in severe amplification of the shock effect leading to a device failure.     

SBLI control for wings and inlets

Flow control can be applied to shock wave/boundary layer interactions to achieve two different goals;the delay of shock-induced separation and/or the reduction ofstagnation pressure losses, which cause wave drag or inletinefficiencies. This paper introduces the principles and maintechniques for both approaches and assesses their relativesuitability for practical applications. While boundary layersuction is already in wide use for separation control, themost promising novel device is the micro-vortex generator,which can deliver similar benefits to traditional vortex generatorsat much reduced device drag. Shock control is notyet used on practical applications for a number of reasons,but recent research has focused on three-dimensional deviceswhich promise to deliver flow control with improved offdesignbehaviour. Furthermore, there are some indicationsthat a new generation of control devices may be able to combinethe benefits of shock and boundary layer control andreduce shock-induced stagnation pressure losses as well asdelay shock-induced separation.     

翼型跨声速气动特性的不确定性及全局灵敏度分析

针对马赫数和仰角的随机不确定性会导致气动性能波动的现象, 采用非嵌入式的混沌多项式方法对绕NACA0012 翼型跨声速随机气动特性进行不确定性及全局灵敏度分析. 具体分析了飞行状态的不确定性对气动载荷分布、流场及气动力系数的影响并通过全局灵敏度分析找出重要因素. 不确定性分析结果表明翼型上表面的激波以及激波后分离泡是造成气动性能剧烈波动的主要原因. 灵敏度分析结果表明在跨声速区域马赫数对激波处气动性能影响最大, 此外, 虽然马赫数和仰角相互耦合作用对气动力系数贡献比较小, 但对于激波位置处的流场, 这种互耦合作用不可忽略.      

多破片对柱壳装药冲击起爆速度阈值的数值模拟研究

为了研究实战环境中多个钨球破片对导弹战斗部（柱壳装药）的冲击起爆问题,采用AUTODYN-3D数值模拟软件,基于单破片撞击柱壳装药模型,建立多破片撞击柱壳装药的模型,开展了不同钨球个数、空间碰撞位置间隔（撞击角θ、轴向球心距l）及时间间隔对冲击起爆特性影响的数值模拟,获得了带壳B炸药的起爆速度阈值。结果表明:相同条件下,随着钨球个数的增加、空间碰撞位置间隔的减小,起爆速度阈值逐渐减小,6个钨球同时撞击的起爆速度阈值约为单个作用下的50%;双钨球作用下,柱壳装药相较于平板装药更难以起爆;双钨球间隔撞击柱壳装药时,起爆速度阈值均随着撞击时间间隔的增大而先减小后增大,最小起爆速度阈值约为同时撞击时的95%,且|θ₂|＜|θ₁| （θ₁为第1个钨球的撞击角,θ₂为第2个钨球的撞击角）时更容易起爆柱壳装药。     

Non-Newtonian deterministic lateral displacement separator: theory and simulations

Deterministic lateral displacement devices have been proved to be an efficient way to perform continuous particle separation in microfluidic applications (Huang et al. Science 304:987–990, 2004). On the basis of their size, particles traveling through an array of obstacles follow different paths and can be separated in outflow. One limitation of such a technique is that each device works for a specific critical size to achieve particle separation, and a new device with different geometrical properties needs to be fabricated, as the dimensions of the particles to be separated change. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility to tune the critical particle size in a deterministic lateral displacement device by using non-Newtonian fluids as suspending liquid. The analysis is carried out by extending the theory developed for a Newtonian constitutive law (Inglis et al. Lab Chip 6:655–658, 2006) to account for fluid shear-thinning. 3-D finite element simulations are performed to compute the dynamics of a spherical particle flowing through the deterministic ratchet. The results show that fluid shear-thinning, by altering the flow field between the obstacles, contributes to decrease the critical particle diameter as compared to the Newtonian case. Numerical simulations demonstrate that tunability of the critical separation size can be achieved by using the flow rate as control parameter. A design formula, relating the separation diameter to the fluid rheology and the relevant geometrical parameters of the device, is derived. Such a formula, originally developed for a power-law model, is proved to work for non-Newtonian liquids with a general viscosity trend.     

浮动冲击平台冲击环境对设备响应的影响

对浮动冲击平台提供给设备的冲击环境及舰载设备在不同冲击环境下的响应进行了数值模拟和理论分析。以美国中型浮动冲击平台为计算模型,将设备基座的冲击环境与德国规范BV 043-85进行了比较,为分析两个体系在设备抗冲击要求中谱加速度的差异,对不同舰载设备进行数值模拟计算,并通过虚拟约束边界模态方法,提出不同冲击环境下基础激励的多自由度系统响应的计算方法。数值分析及理论计算结果表明:冲击谱中谱加速度对舰载设备响应影响较小,而谱位移和谱速度对设备响应有较大影响,理论计算得到的多自由度系统响应与数值模拟结果较一致,同时在进行浮动冲击平台设计时可不考虑谱加速度对设备响应的影响。