装药动爆冲击波特性研究

导弹、炮弹等战斗部爆炸时具有一定的速度,较大的运动速度会使爆炸冲击波场分布发生变化,进而对弹药的毁伤威力产生影响。本文中采用AUTODYN软件对速度分别为0、272、340、680、1 020和1 700 m/s的TNT球形裸装药在空气中爆炸的冲击波场进行了仿真计算,定量研究装药在动爆条件下的峰值超压、比冲量和正压作用时间等威力参数特性。结果表明,方位角小于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成正相关,与正压作用时间成负相关;方位角大于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成负相关,与正压作用时间成正相关。超压峰值大小沿方位角成正弦变化。最后,分析了冲击波峰值超压数据,建立了动爆冲击波超压的计算模型,该模型计算结果与仿真和实验结果吻合较好。     

温压炸药在野外近地空爆中的冲击波规律

为了研究温压炸药在敞开空间爆炸中冲击波的规律,选取典型温压炸药制成不同量级的裸药柱进行野外近地空爆实验,同时用TNT进行对比实验,获取温压炸药与TNT的冲击波参数并拟合得到相似律公式。结果表明,温压炸药的冲击波超压峰值在中远场略高于TNT;在相同对比距离处,温压炸药的比冲量明显高于TNT,在对比距离小于2 m/kg1/3的近场,温压炸药的比冲量达到TNT的2倍。引入超压-比冲量曲线描述冲击波特征,表明当超压峰值相同时,温压炸药比冲量更大, 超压峰值在20~50 kPa的中度以下毁伤范围时,温压炸药的比冲量比TNT高40%~60%,可产生更严重的毁伤效应。冲量是爆炸冲击波的重要毁伤元素,应建立与冲量有关的方法评价温压炸药的威力。     

爆炸载荷下飞机典型加筋结构毁伤特性

为了探讨爆炸载荷下飞机典型加筋结构的响应规律,开展了爆炸实验,获得了飞机典型结构表面的反射超压历程,加筋结构的应变、位移等结构响应数据。并结合实验结果建立了高置信度的有限元模型,研究了所选结构的变形分布规律和塑性毁伤特性。结果表明,对于本文中选取的飞机加筋结构,塑性变形除了会开始于常见的加强筋中点外,还会开始于加强筋与加强筋联结处、加强筋与外框联结处。这主要是受加筋板的双向拉伸变形和应力集中的影响。进一步总结了随冲击波正压时间增长,能够引发加筋结构塑性变形的有效冲量和反射超压峰值阈值。研究结果对飞机气动外形、抗爆能力设计具有重要意义。     

高原环境爆炸冲击波传播特性的实验研究

在评估弹药在高原的爆炸威力时,需要考虑高海拔条件对炸药爆炸冲击波参数的影响。为研究高海拔低气压条件下的冲击波传播规律,开展了模拟海拔高度h=500, 2 500, 4 500 m等3种气压条件下的爆炸冲击波测试实验。结果表明,当环境气压每下降20%时,冲击波超压、比冲量和到达时间平均降低约9%、10%和6%。将使用Sachs因子修正后的计算结果与测试数据进行对比分析,发现该方法能较好地预测不同环境条件下的爆炸冲击波参数。进一步分析了环境温度的影响,发现初始温度升高会使到达时间提前,本文实验的温度条件对超压和比冲量的影响并不显著。该研究结果对战斗部在高海拔的爆炸威力评估具有参考意义。     

空中爆炸冲击波对生物目标的超压-冲量准则

针对空中爆炸冲击波对生物目标的毁伤准则问题,超压-冲量毁伤准则可弥补单一毁伤准则的缺陷。首先,根据空中爆炸冲击波特征参量的一般形式,提出一种归一化毁伤准则形式,给出基于毁伤律的毁伤准则与判据的获取方法。其次,在不同爆炸条件对生物目标进行毁伤效应实验,依据生物整体的损伤情况确定出毁伤等级,对应获得的离散的实验数据确定连续性的超压-冲量曲线,继而拟合出不同毁伤等级的超压-冲量准则的表达式,所得到的超压-冲量准则可以评估生物目标的毁伤问题。     

泡沫材料对冲击波的衰减特性

对冲击波与开式、闭式泡沫作用及其在空气中的传播特性开展实验研究,探讨不同结构的泡沫材料对冲击波衰减的力学特征。通过定量分析泡沫材料对冲击波的超压峰值、正冲量的损失,分析冲击波入射、反射、透射的正冲量。实验结果表明, 泡沫材料对冲击波的衰减体现在对冲击波的反射衰减等方面,其中开式泡沫对冲击波的衰减效果比闭式泡沫稍好,且它们衰减冲击波的具体力学过程也不尽相同。     

炸药水中爆炸冲击因子的新型计算方法

针对水中爆炸冲击因子在近场范围内的一些不足,利用水中爆炸冲击波的最大峰值压力与正相冲量的乘积推导了冲击因子的表达式。通过水中爆炸实验,得到了几种典型炸药的冲击波参数及其相似方程。利用该公式计算了水中爆炸冲击因子及其装药指数,并与基于平面波的水下爆炸冲击因子进行了对比。结果表明:冲击因子中的装药指数n＝0.5不仅适合所有以TNT为基本组分的炸药,也适合于RDX、HMX基的炸药。在修正冲击波形状的基础上,由峰值压力与冲量的乘积推导的冲击因子计算公式,从冲击波的毁伤作用的角度表述了水中爆炸冲击因子的物理意义,在计算近场冲击因子时具有更高的准确性。     

近场近地爆炸下建筑柱爆炸荷载分布规律及简化模型

为了快速评估近场近地爆炸荷载下建筑柱的动力响应和破坏模式,通过数值仿真方法,探究了近场近地爆炸工况下冲击波在建筑柱迎爆面的分布规律,并提供了该工况下的爆炸荷载简化模型。为此,首先利用已有实验数据验证数值模型,并建立典型近地近场爆炸工况的数值模型,然后研究比例爆距和比例爆高对建筑柱冲击波特征参数的影响规律,最后拟合出柱迎爆面反射冲量和正相超压持续时间的计算公式,将柱迎爆面各点爆炸荷载转化为等效三角形荷载模型,为工程实践中建筑柱遭受近场近地爆炸作用下的抗爆设计提供荷载输入。研究结果表明：当比例爆高小于0.3 m/kg^1/3、比例爆距在0.4～0.6 m/kg^1/3范围时,最大反射冲量沿柱高可简化为三折线分布;当比例爆距在0.6～1.4 m/kg^1/3范围时,最大反射冲量沿柱高可近似简化为双折线分布;在同一比例爆距和比例爆高工况下,随着炸药当量的增加,柱迎爆面相同比例高度处反射超压峰值保持不变而反射冲量正比于当量的立方根。     

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量（峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹）的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场（比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg1/3）比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0～9 000 m范围内,每升高1 000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。     

温压炸药坑道口部爆炸冲击波毁伤效应研究

对100kg温压炸药坑道口部爆炸过程及冲击波传播过程进行了比例尺为1:6的缩比例数值模拟研究.通过与等质量TNT炸药模拟结果的对比,分析了温压炸药爆炸冲击波峰值超压、正压作用时间沿坑道纵深的变化规律,着重对不同伤亡等级下的冲击波毁伤范围进行了研究.结果表明:1温压炸药爆炸冲击波衰减缓慢,持续时间长,远场优势明显,在计算范围内,其峰值超压最高可达TNT的1.52倍,正压作用时间最高可达1.1倍;2拟合得到峰值超压沿坑道纵深衰减经验公式,为毁伤范围的确定奠定了基础;3拟合得到爆炸场特征方程,结合等死亡率方程及超压毁伤阈值,可以确定不同伤亡等级下的爆炸冲击波毁伤范围.     

舱内爆炸角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性研究

为研究密闭舱室内爆角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性,利用缩比模型进行了某典型舱室内爆试验,得到远离角隅、两面角隅和三面角隅处的冲击波载荷,结合数值模拟研究了3种特征位置处冲击波传播规律及载荷特征。研究结果表明:远离角隅处壁面反射冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,反射冲击波以球面波传播;距两面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现双峰结构,两面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以椭球状传播;距三面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现多峰结构,三面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以球面波传播;在合理假设条件下,根据量纲分析及数值模拟结果,得到首次冲击时角隅汇聚反射冲击波载荷经验计算公式。     

Analysis of reflected blast wave pressure profiles in a confined room

To understand the blast effects of confined explosions, it is necessary to study the characteristic parameters of the blast wave in terms of overpressure, impulse and arrival time. In a previous study, experiments were performed using two different scales of a pyrotechnic workshop. The main purpose of these experiments was to compare the TNT equivalent for solid and gaseous explosives in terms of mass to define a TNT equivalent in a reflection field and to validate the similitude between real and small scales. To study the interactions and propagations of the reflected shock waves, the present study was conducted by progressively building a confined volume around the charge. In this way, the influence of each wall and the origins of the reflected shock waves can be determined. The purpose of this paper is to report the blast wave interactions that resulted from the detonation of a stoichiometric propane-oxygen mixture in a confined room.     

Numerical study of blast characteristics from detonation of homogeneous explosives

A new robust numerical methodology is used to investigate the propagation of blast waves from homogeneous explosives. The gas-phase governing equations are solved using a hybrid solver that combines a higher-order shock capturing scheme with a low-dissipation central scheme. Explosives of interest include Nitromethane, Trinitrotoluene, and High-Melting Explosive. The shock overpressure and total impulse are estimated at different radial locations and compared for the different explosives. An empirical scaling correlation is presented for the shock overpressure, incident positive phase pressure impulse, and total impulse. The role of hydrodynamic instabilities to the blast effects of explosives is also investigated in three dimensions, and significant mixing between the detonation products and air is observed. This mixing results in afterburn, which is found to augment the impulse characteristics of explosives. Furthermore, the impulse characteristics are also observed to be three-dimensional in the region of the mixing layer. This paper highlights that while some blast features can be successfully predicted from simple one-dimensional studies, the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and the impulsive loading of homogeneous explosives require robust three-dimensional investigation.     

FAE爆炸场超压与威力的实验研究

利用现场测试系统动态灵敏度标定技术,分别等精度测试了FAE和TNT爆炸场峰值超压。在此基础上获得了各自的爆炸波峰值超压随传播距离的拟合曲线和TNT当量比。结果表明:FAE爆炸场超压分布规律与TNT有显著区别,前者属于大体积云雾爆炸,爆炸场可划分为云雾爆轰区、云雾边缘区和冲击波作用区;在云雾爆轰区,超压平均值在2.6MPa左右,在小于2/3云雾半径的范围内比同质量的TNT低,在大于2/3的云雾半径范围则显著大于TNT;在冲击波作用区,环氧丙烷燃料的FAE爆炸超压约是TNT爆炸效果的5倍,超压均呈衰减趋势,但FAE衰减比TNT缓慢许多。     

Study of TATP: blast characteristics and TNT equivalency of small charges

Blast wave parameters including incident overpressure, impulse and duration of the positive phase of the incident blast wave and its time of arrival were experimentally determined for 50 g charges of low bulk density ( \(0.4\, \hbox {g/cm}^{3}\) ) dry TATP (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexoxonane). The results were compared with published TNT data, and TNT equivalencies were determined, resulting in the values of 70 % based on overpressure and 55 % based on impulse of the positive phase of the blast wave. Brisance by the Hess method (lead cylinder compression) was found to be about one-third of that for TNT (at density \(1.2\, \hbox {g/cm}^{3})\) . Detonation velocities averaged around \(2,660 \,\hbox {m/s}^{1}\)      

Simplified modeling of blast waves from metalized heterogeneous explosives

The detonation of a metalized explosive generates a complex multiphase flow field. Modeling the subsequent propagation of the blast front requires a detailed knowledge of the metal particle dynamics and reaction rate. Given the uncertainties in modeling these phenomena, a much simpler, 1D compressible flow model is used to illustrate the general effects of secondary energy release due to particle reaction on the blast front properties. If the total energy release is held constant, the blast pressure and impulse are primarily dependent on the following parameters: the proportion of secondary energy released due to afterburning, the rate of energy release, the location the secondary energy release begins, and the range over which it occurs. Releasing the total energy over a longer time period in general reduces the peak blast overpressure at a given distance. However, secondary energy release reduces the rate of decay of the shock pressure, increases the local gas temperature and hence increases the velocity of the secondary shock front. As a result, for certain values of the above parameters, the peak blast impulse may be increased by a factor of about two in a region near the charge. The largest augmentation to the near-field peak impulse results when the secondary energy is released immediately behind the shock front rather than uniformly within the combustion products.     

基于爆能等效原理大型模爆器燃气爆炸冲击加载的数值模拟

运用非线性显式动力有限元程序LS-DYNA,基于多物质Euler算法,对TNT炸药和乙炔-空气混合气体两种爆炸源在自由大气场中爆炸产生的冲击波荷载特征参数进行数值模拟,比较两种爆源产生的冲击波压力传播规律。基于爆能等效原理,按超压相等的原则给出了气体爆炸名义比例距离计算公式。结果表明,基于Euler算法可以较好地描述乙炔-空气混合气体爆炸空气冲击波传播规律,爆炸压力随着距爆源距离的增大而迅速衰减,且两种爆源产生的冲击波超压峰值误差随着冲击波传播距离的增大而逐渐减小。采用名义比例距离公式修正后,气体爆炸与炸药爆炸冲击波计算误差可以得到有效控制。当爆炸冲击波超压小于0.5MPa时,可以采用乙炔-空气混合气体代替化学炸药进行模爆器内爆炸实验加载。     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.