煤气火焰传播规律及其加速机理研究

研究了煤气/空气预混气在两端封闭管道中的火焰传播加速现象和管道中有无障碍物时火焰的加速机理,认为火焰加速是由于火焰前未燃气体被前驱压缩波加热和障碍物诱导的湍流区对燃烧过程的正反馈造成的。实验结果表明,障碍物存在时,最大爆炸压力可提高20%,与理论计算一致;火焰传播特性随煤气浓度的变化而改变;障碍物阻塞比对火焰的速度和压力都有一定影响。     

多孔障碍物对预混火焰传播的影响

以甲烷为代表性气体,研究了半封闭管道中设置多孔障碍物对可燃气体爆炸火焰传播的影响,基于大涡模拟对实验进行了重现,对比了实验与模拟中火焰传播过程的形状、位置及速度,分析了模拟结果中火焰穿过障碍物前后的流场和表面积变化,给出了衡量火焰褶皱程度的指标及算法。结果表明:大涡模拟结果与实验结果有较好的一致性;火焰在存在障碍物的管道内传播,经历层流快速膨胀、受阻回流、湍流快速发展和脉动减速4个阶段,各阶段火焰依次分别呈现加速、减速、二次加速、二次减速的波动变化;当可燃气体在开口与点火位置同端的管道内爆炸,火焰在接近障碍物时,受管道封闭端和障碍物约束显著,而出现脉动回流现象;火焰穿过多孔障碍物后,传播速度骤升至峰值,较未穿过障碍物前的最大速度可增加58.7%;障碍物是导致火焰面破碎以及面积褶皱率增大的直接原因,火焰褶皱率最大可达44.8%,比未穿过障碍物前的最大褶皱率增大39.27%。     

障碍物对甲烷/氢气爆炸特性的影响

通过自主搭建的小尺寸实验平台,研究管道内障碍物阻塞率及形状对当量比为1时甲烷/氢气爆炸特性的影响。研究结果表明:相同工况下火焰传播结构基本相似,预混火焰传播路径随障碍物阻塞率增大而变窄;预混火焰传播速度随着障碍物阻塞率与氢气体积分数的增大而上升,也随着障碍物形状的改变而产生变化;最大爆炸超压随着障碍物阻塞率和氢气体积分数的增大而增大,达到最大爆炸超压的时间随着阻塞率的增大而缩短;混合气体在管道内爆炸特性受障碍物与混合气体中氢气体积分数共同影响,氢气体积分数小于50%时,受障碍物与混合气体共同影响,氢气体积分数大于50%时,主要受混合气体燃烧特性影响。此研究能够为甲烷/氢气的安全利用提供理论基础。     

障碍物对预混火焰特性影响的大涡数值模拟

障碍物在预混气体火焰传播过程中对其结构及传播特性造成较大影响,对火焰的加速和爆燃转爆轰过程(deflagration-to-detonation transition, DDT)起到直接的促进作用。通过障碍物条件下可视管道中甲烷/空气预混火焰传播实验,捕获其火焰微观结构变化。采用三维物理模型,采用壁面自适应局部涡黏模型(wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity, WALE)的大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES),并用火焰增厚化学反应模型(thickened flame model, TFM)对实验过程进行重现。分析开口管道中预混火焰翻越障碍物后的复杂流场变化,并分析层流向湍流转变过程的特点。揭示了在障碍物影响下预混火焰扰动失稳现象的直接原因,是由障碍物引发的3个气流涡团同时作用而形成Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定及Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定现象耦合作用所导致。     

障碍物对铝粉火焰加速作用的实验研究

在沿火焰传播的通道上重复设置障碍物对粉尘火焰有明显加速作用，这种加速作用的机理可归功于障碍物诱导的湍流区对燃烧过程的正反馈。在封闭容器中，铝粉－空气混合物燃烧达到的最大压力ｐ＿（ｍａｘ）与障碍物的存在关系不大，而最大压力上升率（ｄｐ／ｄｔ）＿（ｍａｘ）与障碍物的存在有关。因为ｐ＿（ｍａｘ）取决于容器内的总能量，（ｄｐ／ｄｔ）＿（ｍａｘ）则取决于燃烧过程，即能量释放率。     

方形管内楔形障碍物对火焰结构与传播的影响

通过实验与数值模拟方法对CH4/空气预混火焰在有楔形障碍物的卧式燃烧方管内的传播进行了研究。采用多镜头Cranz Schardin高速摄像机和压力传感器等实验设备获得了高清晰度的障碍物诱导火焰失稳的分幅时序照片以及障碍物背风表面压力变化曲线。数值模拟则基于RANS方法与EDU-Arrhenius燃烧模型,计算结果与实验结果基本相符,反映了火焰在管内传播与变形的详细过程。通过综合分析实验与计算结果,得到了由楔形障碍物导致的火焰加速与变形的内在机理,揭示了火焰传播过程中由层流燃烧向湍流燃烧转捩的本质。     

连续圆孔障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰特性影响大涡模拟

采用WALE模型和Zimont预混火焰模型对内置圆孔障碍物油气泄压爆炸火焰特性进行了大涡模拟,并将大涡模拟计算结果和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比分析,验证了大涡模拟的精确性。结果表明:（1）大涡模拟在预测油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度以及火焰形态变化等方面比RNG k-ε湍流模型精确度更高,且能表现出更多流场的精细化结构;（2）障碍物诱导管道内形成湍流度较高的流场区域,导致火焰产生褶皱弯曲变形,增大火焰面积,加速火焰传播;（3）爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰面积内在联系密切,具有显著的耦合性,且随时间的变化趋势存在高度的一致性。     

湍流加速火焰的三维数值模拟

火焰在设有障碍物的管内传播时会自身加速，并可能导致爆炸。本文基于湍流κ-ε模型和改进的EBU—Arrhenius反应模型，对该现象进行了三维空间的数值模拟。计算结果反映了障碍物、湍流和火焰之间相互作用的正反馈机理，描绘了火焰在管内加速传播的三维图像。     

障碍物和管壁导致火焰加速的三维数值模拟

基于K 模型和改进的EBU Arrehnius燃烧模型 ,考虑了障碍物对流动的附加作用 ,通过修改方程的源项 ,建立了湍流加速火焰现象的理论模型。选用Simple格式 ,壁面边界层采用壁面函数法处理 ,模拟了障碍物和摩擦管壁在三维空间中导致火焰加速的现象 ,结果表明障碍物和管壁对火焰都有明显的加速作用 ,且障碍物的加速作用更明显 ,最后分析了导致火焰加速的机理。     

燃烧室中悬跨圆柱的火焰绕流

利用高速阴影照相系统,对方形管道内火焰流经悬吊圆柱时所产生的变化及其诱导的流场进行了实验研究,并利用高精度PPM格式对上述现象进行了数值模拟,其中,湍流采用大涡模拟(LES)方法,燃烧采用旋涡破碎(EBU)模型,圆柱边界采用沉浸边界法(IBM).实验结果与计算结果比较吻合,在一定程度上揭示了火焰阵面变形和加速的规律. 根据研究结果,对火焰与悬吊圆柱相互作用过程中火焰的三维形状、流场中涡量和湍流强度的分布、火焰与流场的相互影响以及火焰传播轨迹等进行了讨论.      

Effect of obstacle size and spacing on the initial stage of flame acceleration in a rough tube

Experiments were conducted to study flame acceleration in an orifice plate laden detonation tube. Orifice plate area blockage and spacing were varied to determine their affect on flame acceleration. The tube used in the study was 3.05 m long with an inner diameter of 14.0 cm. Experiments were primarily carried out with stoichiometric propane-air, however the affect of mixture reactivity was also investigated by varying the mixture equivalence ratio. The distance required for the flame to achieve a velocity equal to the speed of sound in the unburned gas mixture was measured. This run-up distance is used to characterize the early stage of the flame acceleration process. It was found that in all cases, the flame run-up distance decreased with increased blockage ratio and with increased mixture reactivity. It was found that for higher blockage ratios plates flame acceleration was greatest for a plate spacing of one tube diameter, but for lower blockage ratio plates the results obtained for one-half, one, and one and one-half tube diameter plate spacing were very similar. The most rapid flame acceleration was observed when the ratio of the orifice plate spacing and the orifice plate height (half of the difference between the tube and orifice plate diameter) is on the order of 5. It is proposed that this optimum acceleration corresponds to the condition where the plate spacing is roughly equal to the length of the unburned gas re-circulation zone downstream from the orifice plate. PACS 47.40.-x; 47.70.Fw This paper was based on work that was presented at the 19th Interna-tional Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Sys-tems, Hakone, Japan, July 27 - August 1, 2003     

Effect of an inhibitor on high-speed turbulent flames and the transition to detonation

The influence of an inhibitor (CF₃Br or Halon 1301) on the propagation of high-speed turbulent flames, quasi-detonations and the transition to detonation has been investigated for methane-air, propane-air and acetylene-air mixtures. The experiments are carried out in a 13 m tube (15 cm diameter) filled with regularly spaced orifice plates (blockage ratio of 0.39) to ensure rapid flame acceleration. In all cases, the addition of the inhibitor reduces the turbulent flame velocity and extinguishes the flame with sufficient inhibitor concentration (2.7% and 7.5% for methane-air and propane-air, respectively). For acetylene-air mixtures, the quasi-detonation speed is progressively reduced with increasing inhibitor concentration and eventually causes the failure of the quasi-detonation and transition back to a fast turbulent flame. The inhibitor also narrows the propagation limits in all cases. To elucidate the inhibition mechanism, detailed modelling of both the turbulent flame structure as well as the chemical kinetics are required.     

甲烷/空气预混气体火焰的传播特征

利用高速纹影摄像等技术探讨了密闭管道内不同当量比的甲烷/空气预混气体火焰的传播特征。结果表明,当甲烷含量接近当量值时,预混气体火焰传播中会发生火焰阵面由向未燃区弯曲到向已燃区弯曲的转折过程,逐渐由层流燃烧转变成湍流燃烧,并形成Tulip火焰结构;当甲烷含量偏离当量值一定程度时,预混火焰呈现出典型的层流燃烧特征,不会发生火焰阵面由向未燃区弯曲到向已燃区弯曲的转折过程。Tulip火焰结构形成于火焰传播速度迅速降低的区间里,且只有当减速阶段的最大加速度的绝对值大于某一数值时才能形成;Tulip火焰结构是预混火焰由层流燃烧向湍流燃烧转变的一个中间过程。     

Combined effects of vortex flow and the Shchelkin spiral dimensions on characteristics of deflagration-to-detonation transition

The objective of this investigation was to achieve the shortest possible distance for the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) for a pulse detonation engine without losing the engine’s simplicity. The effects of rapid flame propagation, rotating velocity, and Shchelkin spiral dimensions in the vortex flow (VF) on DDT characteristics were examined. A VF field was established in the ignition and transition domains of a detonation tube using a VF-type injector. The flame propagation in the ignition domain was observed by a high-speed video camera and the detonation propagation process was observed by measuring the pressure and ionization current in the detonation tube. The DDT distance in the VF could be shortened by 50–57 % of that in the counterflow by optimizing the VF and the Shchelkin spiral dimensions. The shortening effect became remarkable as the rotating velocity increased. The governing factors for this effect are considered to be the formation of an area of higher energy density in the ignition domain of the tube, as well as flame acceleration due to rapid flame propagation in the VF and turbulence promotion near the tube wall by the rotating velocity and the Shchelkin spiral in the transition domain of the tube. However, the combined effects of VF and the Shchelkin spiral on the shortening of the DDT distance were deteriorated in very strong turbulence. It is necessary to optimize the rotating velocity and dimensions of the Shchelkin spiral to achieve the shortest possible distance of DDT in the VF.     

Interaction of Spontaneous Vortex Structure with a Flame Front

Spontaneous vortex formation in combustion products near a flame front propagating in a combustible mixture down a vertical tube has been studied experimentally. It is shown that under certain conditions, free convection suppresses or stimulates vortex perturbations at the flame front. It is found that periodic changes in vortex intensity depend on oscillations of the flame front. This dependence is controlled by the rate of heat exchange among the flame front, combustion products, and pipe walls. The vortex flow structure depends on the shape of the closed trajectory along which the leading point of the flame moves in the coordinate system attached to the vortex.     

Influence of flow field scaling on flashback of swirl flames

In this paper, the effect of geometrical scaling on the onset of flashback into a cylindrical premixing zone of a swirl flame is investigated. We discriminate two types of flashback. In the first type of flashback the flame propagates upstream inside an already present axial recirculation zone. This flashback is caused by turbulent burning along the vortex axis (TBVA¹) and is controlled by flame extinction inside the recirculation zone. The second type of flashback is caused by combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB²). This type of flashback is characterised by the aerodynamic influence of the combustion heat release that leads to propagation of the axial recirculation zone and the flame in upstream direction.To study the effects of geometrical scaling on the flow fields and the two types of flashback, the operation of two geometrically scaled burners are compared at equal Reynolds number. By this method it is possible to observe the flashback phenomena in similar swirl flow fields but with different turbulent scales affecting the combustion process. To check flow field similarity and to indentify the flashback type, the non-reacting and reacting flow fields have been examined by planar particle imaging velocimetry and simultaneous recording of the flame luminescence.It is shown that geometrical scaling of the burner shifts the equivalence ratio at which flashback occurs and that this shift is different for the two types of flashback. Consistency and inconsistency with known scaling and stability criterions is discussed. Analysing the fluid dynamics and turbulent combustion gives a first explanation of why CIVB and TBVA are affected differently by geometrical scaling at constant Reynolds number which is in good agreement with the experimental observations.     

Spanwise correlations in the wake of a circular cylinder and a trapezoid placed inside a circular pipe

The spanwise correlation of a circular cylinder and a trapezoidal bluff body placed inside a circular pipe in fully developed turbulent regime is studied using hotwire anemometer. The present configuration possesses complex fluid structure interaction owing to the following features: high blockage effect; low aspect ratio of the body; upstream turbulence and interaction of axisymmetric flow with a two dimensional bluff body. The spatial correlation of such configuration is seldom reported in the literature. Results are presented for Reynolds number of Re_D=1×10⁵. Three different blockage ratios (0.14, 0.19 and 0.28) are considered in the present study. Correlation coefficient is observed to improve with increase in blockage ratio. Compared to a circular cylinder, a trapezoidal bluff body possesses high correlation length. The near wall effects tend to increase the phase drift, which is reflected in low correlation coefficients close to the pipe wall. The results show that the simultaneous effect of curvature, low aspect ratio and upstream turbulence reduces the correlation coefficients significantly as compared to unconfined and confined (parallel channel) flows. The low frequency modulations with a circular cylinder are higher for lower blockage ratios. The three-dimensionality of vortex shedding for trapezoid with a blockage ratio of 0.28 was observed to be lower compared to circular cylinder and all other blockage ratios. Low frequency modulations were found to be responsible for weak vortex shedding from a circular cylinder compared to a trapezoidal bluff body. The vortex shedding is observed to be nearly two dimensional in case of a trapezoidal bluff body of blockage ratio 0.28.     

粉尘火焰加速现象的实验研究

粉尘火焰的发生、加速及由爆燃向爆轰转捩的机理是个至今尚未弄清的问题。需要解决的技术关键之一是在实验室实现弱点火条件下的粉尘火焰加速直至达到爆轰状态。着手发展了一种球形喷粉扬尘装置，令产生的扬尘湍流在水平实验管中形成空间均匀分布和维持秒级悬浮的粉尘云状态。采用以上扬尘装置的水平实验管，在６ｇ黑火药的六点平面点火条件下获得了微细铝粉火焰经５ｍ长的传播过程加速至１０００ｍ／ｓ的实验结果。给出了扬尘湍流强度、粉尘粒度与浓度、点火能量及方式等因素对粉尘火焰加速过程中所起作用，及变截面效应（由小变大）对粉尘火焰减速的影响。