人肝癌组织细胞的激光光镊拉曼光谱研究

激光光镊与拉曼光谱相结合形成的激光光镊拉曼光谱系统(LTRS)已用于分析生物组织标本,可对单个活细胞进行操控和光谱收集。从拉曼光谱特征峰位置、强度和线宽可得到有关细胞的组成、结构及细胞内物质相互作用的信息。文章应用LTRS系统,分析了来自人的恶性肝癌组织的不同病变部位标本,包括肝癌组织细胞、肝癌癌旁细胞和远离肝癌组织的肝脏正常的组织细胞,观察到了随肝癌的病变部位变化所出现的一些有趣的拉曼光谱峰的变化。正常的肝组织细胞在1 070和1 266 cm-1处的峰很明显,而肝癌和肝癌癌旁组织细胞的这两个峰则不明显,肝正常组织细胞的1 445 cm-1峰明显高于肝癌和肝癌癌旁组织细胞。已知1 070 cm-1峰代表脂类和核酸,1 266和1 445 cm-1峰代表脂类和蛋白。引起这些峰变化的物质很可能参与了肝癌的发生。上述初步研究结果表明：单细胞激光光镊拉曼光谱可以区分肝癌的不同病变部位,将是检测和分析肝癌组织标本的一种很好的方法。     

Raman sorting and identification of single living micro-organisms with optical tweezers

We report on a novel technique for sorting and identification of single biological cells and food-borne bacteria based on laser tweezers and Raman spectroscopy (LTRS). With this technique, biological cells of different physiological states in a sample chamber were identified by their Raman spectral signatures and then they were selectively manipulated into a clean collection chamber with optical tweezers through a microchannel. As an example, we sorted the live and dead yeast cells into the collection chamber and validated this with a standard staining technique. We also demonstrated that bacteria existing in spoiled foods could be discriminated from a variety of food particles based on their characteristic Raman spectra and then isolated with laser manipulation. This label-free LTRS sorting technique may find broad applications in microbiology and rapid examination of food-borne diseases.     

Probing the mechanism and Ca-DPA concentration of individual Bacillus spores using trapping and Raman spectroscopy

Measuring the levels of 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) in bacteria spores could provide the information about the DPA function, resistance mechanism and the mechanism of spore germination. The authors have measured levels of Ca-DPA of individual spores of different 19 kinds of Bacillus which from different sources, species, and strains by using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS). Also we have verified the reproducibility of the system simultaneously. To investigate the biochemical components and structure in single spore, a Raman tweezers setup was used to record the Raman spectrum of single spore. A NIR laser beam (30 mW, 785 nm) was introduced into an inverted microscope to form a tweezers for trapping the spore suspended in water, and the Raman scatter was excited by the same beam. Raman spectra of 30 spores of 19 bacillus strains which collected from different area in China were recorded, and 100 spores of B. subtilis ACCC10243 were measured. A spore of the same strain was probed 100 times for verifying the reproducibility of the LTRS system. A Matlab 7.0 edited program and Origin 8.0 were used to process the spectral data. Because Ca-DPA is the chelate of DPA and the calcium ion, and the strongest Raman bands at 1 017 cm(-1) was from Ca-DPA component of the spore, its intensity was linearly with the Ca-DPA concentration. Therefore, the 1017 cm(-1) bands of Ca-DPA could be used as the quantitative standard peak, and then calculated the concentration of Ca-DPA could be calculated according the intensity of 1017 cm(-1) peak. The results showed that Raman spectra of single spore can reflect the characteristics information of it. The diversity of Ca-DPA levels not only happened between different species and strains of bacillus, but also happened between different individual spores in the same strains of bacillus. Conclusion from these measurements is that there is heterogeneity in different individual spores. It is convenient to trapping and collecting its Raman spectrum in water directly, and then get the information of the level of DPA, without the complex preparation of separating, purifying spores and abstracting DPA, so we predict LTRS as a high sensitivity, high accuracy, rapid and effective method in the research of individual spores.     

激光光镊拉曼光谱技术在生物医学上的应用及进展

激光光镊拉曼光谱技术(LTRS)是一种将激光光镊与共聚焦拉曼光谱技术相结合的产物。该技术能够保证在生理条件下捕获、操控、测量在悬浮状态下单个活性细胞并对其进行生物学分析研究。这种在单细胞研究上的独特优势使其越来越受到人们的关注。本文以激光光镊拉曼光谱技术在生物医学上的应用及其技术发展历程为主线,围绕拉曼光谱技术在细胞分选及细胞的特性研究,多光镊拉曼光谱系统,微流控传输系统,多模式分析系统四个方面综述了近些年来光镊拉曼光谱技术如何通过其他技术联用及其技术的改进实现在多数据采集与整合,高效率,高通量和自动化的传输方面的发展,并概述了LTRS技术生物医学上的应用。最后,对其未来的发展前景进行展望。     

拉曼光谱测定单个细菌芽孢吡啶二羧酸浓度及机理研究

应用激光镊子拉曼光谱技术(LTRS)测定19株芽孢杆菌的单个细菌芽孢吡啶二羧酸(DPA)浓度,并验证了系统的重现性。一束30 mW,785 nm的近红外激光导入倒置显微镜,形成光镊,随机俘获水溶液中的单个芽孢,同时收集其拉曼光谱信号。细菌芽孢的DPA是以与钙离子形成的鳌合物(Ca-DPA)形式存在,收集到的芽孢拉曼光谱信号反映的是Ca-DPA信息,选用信号最强、与Ca-DPA浓度成线性关系的1 017 cm-1作为其定量的谱峰。通过1 017 cm-1的峰强,推算出Ca-DPA的浓度。结果显示,单个芽孢的拉曼光谱能够很好地反映出单个芽孢的特征信息,不同种、同种不同菌株之间的芽孢的DPA浓度有所不同,同一菌株的不同芽孢个体之间DPA浓度也存在差异。该方法不需要复杂的分离、纯化过程,可在水溶液中直接俘获单个芽孢并收集其拉曼光谱信号,便可得到单个芽孢的信息,读出DPA的浓度水平。     

单细胞拉曼光谱结合多元统计方法分析不同酿酒酵母菌株的成分差异

应用单细胞拉曼光谱技术结合多元统计方法分析比较了六株不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株的同步化细胞,从而获知菌株间细胞成分的差异.利用连续密度梯度离心法分离酿酒酵母同步化细胞,分别对六个酵母菌株的同步化单细胞进行拉曼信号收集,并结合主成分分析(PCA)、辨别函数分析(DFA)两种多元统计分析光谱差异.结果表明,细胞的拉曼光谱表征其...     

非正常形态红细胞对拉曼光谱判别的影响

血红细胞对环境敏感,细胞形态很容易发生改变,皱缩甚至形成棘形。文章应用光镊拉曼光谱技术俘获、收集来自健康个体和地中海贫血患者的正常形态、一般皱缩和棘形红细胞的拉曼光谱,从平均光谱、主成分分析等方法分析不同形态红细胞的光谱差异与胞内Hb的变化,及其对光谱诊断分析的影响。结果发现,在正常的生理环境下,红细胞发生皱缩甚至形成棘形细胞并不影响光谱判别分析。     

激光镊子拉曼光谱法优化红法夫酵母合成虾青素条件

用激光镊子拉曼光谱法优化红法夫酵母生产虾青素的条件。首先,将红法夫酵母细胞拉曼光谱与虾青素标准品溶液拉曼光谱进行对比,找出定量虾青素的拉曼特征峰;然后对照红法夫酵母生长曲线与不同时间点红法夫酵母细胞内虾青素含量曲线,进行发酵时间的优化;最后将红法夫酵母分别用不同氮源、碳源培养基培养,对比其细胞的虾青素拉曼特征峰强度,最终优化培养基。由实验可得,适宜定量虾青素的拉曼特征峰是1520cm-1峰;最佳发酵时间为72h;最佳优化培养基氮源含硫酸铵4g/L+硝酸钾4g/L,碳源含蔗糖60g/L。从上述结果可知,用激光镊子拉曼光谱法对红法夫酵母合成虾青素的条件进行优化,充分发挥了其操作简便、耗时短、样品用量少、对样品无损伤等优势,使所得结果更准确可信。因此,激光镊子拉曼光谱法是红法夫酵母细胞合成虾青素条件优化的理想选择。     

Diagnosis of colorectal cancer using Raman spectroscopy of laser-trapped single living epithelial cells

A single-cell diagnostic technique for epithelial cancers is developed by utilizing laser trapping and Raman spectroscopy to differentiate cancerous and normal epithelial cells. Single-cell suspensions were prepared from surgically removed human colorectal tissues following standard primary culture protocols and examined in a near-infrared laser-trapping Raman spectroscopy system, where living epithelial cells were investigated one by one. A diagnostic model was built on the spectral data obtained from 8 patients and validated by the data from 2 new patients. Our technique has potential applications from epithelial cancer diagnosis to the study of cell dynamics of carcinogenesis.     

单个血小板的拉曼光谱分析

利用波长为785 nm的激光束构建光镊拉曼光谱系统,俘获悬浮在生理盐水中的人和三种动物(家猪、大鼠、家兔)的单个血小板,激发并收集其拉曼光谱。单个血小板的平均拉曼光谱信号清楚地反映了血小板的生化组成特点,人血小板的拉曼光谱与三种动物的明显不同,1 524 cm-1是人类血小板所特有的拉曼信号峰,而1 157 cm-1在人类中显著高于三种动物的,人类血小板的平均I_{1 157}/ I_{1 003}为0.795,而家猪、大鼠、家兔的分别为0.532,0.502,0.485。多元统计分析结果显示,不同物种血小板的拉曼信号落入不同的空间,可以判别区分。上述结果表明,单个血小板的拉曼光谱基本反映了血小板的主要组成成分,结合多元统计分析可以用于辨别不同的物种的血小板,光镊拉曼光谱系统是实时研究细胞生理、生化变化的快速简便而有效的工具。     

浓醪乙醇发酵的单细胞拉曼光谱表征

应用激光镊子拉曼光谱技术收集500L发酵罐中木薯淀粉浓醪乙醇发酵过程底物、产物及酵母单细胞的拉曼光谱,以期从单细胞水平为乙醇发酵提供新的认识。结果显示:1)拉曼光谱可以实时监测浓醪乙醇发酵过程底物与产物的变化;2)酵母细胞胞内物质的变化存在类似于产物变化的前发酵期、主发酵期和后发酵期3个阶段,但出现的时间要比产物变化晚约4h;3)为适应浓醪发酵环境,酵母细胞的生理状态和胞内物质在不断地进行调整,随着环境乙醇浓度的升高,酵母细胞在胞内累积蛋白质和脂类物质,蛋白质二级结构逐渐变为以无规则卷曲为主;4)发酵后期,酵母细胞在胞内累积大量的嘌呤类物质,但细胞间含量存在异质性。上述结果表明,单细胞拉曼光谱技术提供了一种研究微生物发酵的新方法,可从新的角度获知乙醇发酵过程酵母细胞内外的变化信息。     

Multiple-trap laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous monitoring of the biological dynamics of multiple individual cells

We report the development of a multiple-trap laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) array for simultaneously acquiring Raman spectra of individual cells in physiological environments. This LTRS-array technique was also combined with phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, allowing measurement of Raman spectra, refractility, and fluorescence images of individual cells with a temporal resolution of ~5 s. As a demonstration, we used this technique to monitor multiple Bacillus cereus spores germinating in a nutrient medium for up to 90min and observed the kinetics of dipicolinic acid release and uptake of nucleic acid-binding stain molecules during spore germination.     

单个鼻咽癌细胞的拉曼光谱分析的研究

利用激光镊子拉曼光谱系统研究了鼻咽癌细胞株和正常人鼻咽部气道上皮细胞株的单个细胞的拉曼光谱,对于每个细胞在不同部位测3个点。结果显示：正常细胞和癌细胞的平均拉曼光谱有显著差异：正常的细胞光谱强度比癌细胞的明显要高;正常细胞的1304和1336 cm-1处峰的强度比值为1.05,癌细胞的为1.22。用PCA主成分分析和DFA判别分析分别对单个细胞的平均光谱和不同位置所取得的单独光谱进行分析,结果发现：PCA和DFA均可以把癌细胞和正常细胞正确区分,对于单独光谱,DFA的效果更好一些。同时还发现同一个细胞中不同的光谱位置对PCA和DFA的区分度影响不是很大;PCA和DFA的图中还表明癌细胞的均匀度要比正常细胞的差。以上的研究均表明：激光镊子拉曼光谱可以成为区别正常鼻咽细胞和鼻咽癌细胞的有效手段。     

大鼠的发炎白细胞的喇曼光谱研究

为了研究大鼠处于正常状态和发炎状态下白细胞内部的物质是否发生变化,制备了35%总体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤导致全身炎症的模型,采用一个激发波长为780 nm的半导体激光束来囚禁和激发正常与发炎两种状态下单个白细胞的喇曼光谱.结果显示,正常状态和发炎状态下的白细胞喇曼光谱有显著的区别,主要在726、785、935、1093、1371和1657 cm~(-1)处发炎白细胞的峰值强度比正常白细胞明显高出很多;通过光谱指认表明,当机体发炎时,白细胞中的蛋白质氨基酸含量基本没有变化,但是蛋白质结构发生明显改变;核酸的碱基含量增加,DNA双螺旋结构发生改变.利用PCA主成份对单个白细胞的喇曼光谱进行分析,发现通过PCA可以完全区分出正常状态和发炎状态的白细胞.     

南极海洋芳香烃低温降解微生物的拉曼光谱分析

激光镊子拉曼光谱技术可以实现在自然状态下对单个细胞或细胞器较长时间的观察研究.应用激光镊子拉曼光谱技术实时观察南极微生物低温降解芳香烃过程中单个南极细菌的细胞生长和胞内生物大分子的动态变化过程,收集、分析其拉曼光谱,结果发现:单细胞的拉曼光谱反映了其细胞内部的生命物质组成,南极动球菌 NJ41 和希瓦氏菌 NJ49 生...     

大鼠的发炎白细胞的喇曼光谱研究

为了研究大鼠处于正常状态和发炎状态下白细胞内部的物质是否发生变化,制备了35%总体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤导致全身炎症的模型,采用一个激发波长为780 nm的半导体激光束来囚禁和激发正常与发炎两种状态下单个白细胞的喇曼光谱.结果显示,正常状态和发炎状态下的白细胞喇曼光谱有显著的区别,主要在726、785、935、1 093、1 371和1 657 cm－1处发炎白细胞的峰值强度比正常白细胞明显高出很多|通过光谱指认表明,当机体发炎时,白细胞中的蛋白质氨基酸含量基本没有变化,但是蛋白质结构发生明显改变|核酸的碱基含量增加,DNA双螺旋结构发生改变.利用PCA主成份对单个白细胞的喇曼光谱进行分析,发现通过PCA可以完全区分出正常状态和发炎状态的白细胞.     

拉曼光谱结合光学操控分选油脂酵母

为了探求建立准确快速分选油脂酵母的方法,尝试利用拉曼光谱与激光镊子技术,从细胞群体中分选出油脂酵母.收集各酵母细胞的拉曼光谱,经去背景、17点S-G平滑滤波、多项式拟合基线校正和矢量归一化等数据预处理,结合主成分分析,从酵母细胞的拉曼光谱中提取胞内物质的主要特征信息,根据物质构成的差异来区分油脂酵母与非油脂酵母,进而建...     

不同物态及单个杆菌芽孢中的2,6-吡啶二羧酸的拉曼光谱特征与结构分析

利用激光镊子拉曼系统(LTRS)测定了2,6-吡啶二羧酸(DPA)及其钙盐(Ca-DPA)的固体(粉末与晶体)和水溶液及单个细菌芽孢的光谱并进行了对比分析.不同物态的 DPA 及 Ca-DPA 的拉曼光谱有很大区别.分析导致光谱差异的结构上的原因可能有:(1)DPA 晶体产生的散射要大于 DPA 粉末所产生的散射,DPA 晶体的拉曼光谱所反映的 DPA 的特征信息比 DPA 粉末更为精确;(2)晶体状态的 DPA及Ca-DPA 中可能有水分子的存在,其与水分子间的相互作用是很强;(3)钙离子的存在影响吡啶环两边的羧基,从而使吡啶环产生一定的几何形变,羧基中的羟基也受到破坏;(4) DPA与Ca-DPA 溶液中主要存在的是DPA-2,在 Cla-DPA 溶液中钙离子主要是对吡啶环结构的稳定性产生影响.在测定单个杆菌芽孢内 DPA 的研究中发现,芽孢体内的 DPA 是以 Ca-DPA 晶体的形式存在的.     

光镊拉曼光谱法分析红法夫酵母内虾青素含量

建立一种用激光镊子拉曼光谱法快速定量红法夫酵母细胞内虾青素含量的方法。测定不同浓度虾青素标准品溶液的拉曼光谱,取其1 520cm-1峰峰高绘制虾青素标准曲线;取不同氮源、碳源的红法夫酵母细胞,一部分用激光镊子拉曼光谱法测定,一部分用紫外-可见分光光度法测定;最后分析两者间的相关性。结果表明虾青素标准曲线的相关系数到达0.998 3。在单位质量红法夫酵母虾青素含量与单位体积红法夫酵母发酵液虾青素产量方面,对比激光镊子拉曼光谱法与紫外-可见分光光度法,两种方法所得数据具有良好的相关性,其相关系数分别达到0.917 7和0.905 4,表明激光镊子拉曼光谱法能够达到紫外-可见分光光度法的测定效果,是定量分析红法夫酵母细胞内虾青素的更有效方法。     

Raman spectroscopy and microscopy of individual cells and cellular components

Raman spectroscopy provides the unique opportunity to nondestructively analyze chemical concentrations in individual cells on the submicrometer length scale without the need for optical labels. This enables the rapid assessment of cellular biochemistry inside living cells, and it allows for their continued analysis. Here, we review recent developments in the analysis of single cells, subcellular compartments, and chemical imaging based on Raman spectroscopy. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy provides for the full spectral assessment of cellular biochemistry, while coherent Raman techniques, such as coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering is primarily used as an imaging tool comparable to confocal fluorescence microscopy. These techniques are complemented by surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which provides higher sensitivity and local specificity, and also extends the techniques to chemical indicators, i.e. pH sensing. We review the strengths and weaknesses of each technique, demonstrate some of their applications and discuss their potential for future research in cell biology and biomedicine.