多孔未极化Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3铁电陶瓷单轴压缩力学响应与相变

通过添加造孔剂的方法制备了四种不同孔隙率未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷. 采用非接触式的数字散斑相关性分析(digital image correltation, DIC)全场应变光学测量技术, 对多孔未极化PZT95/5 铁电陶瓷开展了单轴压缩实验研究, 讨论了孔隙率对未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的力学响应与畴变、相变行为的影响. 多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的单轴压缩应力-应变关系呈现出类似于泡沫或蜂窝材料的三阶段变形特征, 其变形机理主要归因于畴变和相变的共同作用, 与微孔洞塌缩过程无关. 多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的弹性模量、压缩强度都随着孔隙率的增加而明显降低, 而孔隙率对断裂应变的影响较小. 预制的微孔洞没有改善未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷材料的韧性, 这是因为单轴压缩下未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的断裂机理是轴向劈裂破坏, 微孔洞对劈裂裂纹传播没有起到阻碍和分叉作用. 准静态单轴压缩下多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷畴变和相变开始的临界应力都随着孔隙率的增大而呈线性衰减, 但相变开始的临界体积应变却不依赖孔隙率.     

Forming mechanisms and wettability of double-scale structures fabricated by femtosecond laser

Constructing double-scale structures on material surface is helpful for achieving its superhydrophobicity. Therefore, it is quite necessary to investigate the forming mechanisms of double-scale structures on material surface. In the study, the forming mechanisms of various structures induced by femtosecond laser on the K9 glass surface are discussed, such as crater, ripples, and cones. The surface with double-scale structures is fabricated by femtosecond laser. On the surface, the apparent contact angle and sliding angle of a droplet are 152.3±1.5° and 4.6±0.8°, respectively. Lastly, through theoretical and experimental analyses, we demonstrate that the double-scale structures are effective for realizing superhydrophobicity of material surface and restricting the wetting transition from Cassie mode to Wenzel mode.     

Mechanical examination of PZT microfibre defects structure

The major problem in the production process of efficient ultrasonic transducer is the preparation of defect-free PZT fibres. A considerable amount of empirical work is presently in progress to achieve this goal of special importance for high-sensitive transducers. However, there is a lack of basic research on the detection of residual stress and defects areas in these fibres due to difficulties in mechanical examination of such flexible elements. This work presents use of the nanoindenter for material characterisation of PZT fibres of 140 µm radius obtained by extrusion method. The sudden depth-excursions during indentation on the edge of fibres have been clarified using Piezoresponse Mode Atomic Force Microscopy method and XRD measurements. The nanoindentation method proves to be the efficient tool capable to detect contribution of defects along the radius, properly estimate hardness as well as corresponding Young's modulus and concluding on structural properties of the micrometre-range ceramics fibres.     

多层铁电陶瓷击穿分析及优化

建立了多层串联PZT95/5爆电换能组件3维数值模型,对固化封装条件下陶瓷介质击穿问题进行了计算分析,计算结果表明:在不改动器件外部结构尺寸条件下,采用等厚度PZT95/5叠片结构布局对进一步提高输出电压方面存在瓶颈。为克服上述影响以及降低爆电换能组件击穿概率,提出了PZT95/5铁电陶瓷非等厚度布局解决方案。为实现上述设想,通过引入不等式约束条件计算得到一组非等厚度优化布局,将爆电换能组件所用PZT95/5铁电陶瓷数量减至19片,同时有效实现该布局下,各片PZT95/5陶瓷电压均低于对应厚度击穿电压的优化目标。     

Uniaxial stress dependence of ferroelectric properties of xPMN-(1–x)PZT ceramic systems

Effects of uniaxial compressive pre-stress on the ferroelectric properties of ceramics in the PMN-PZT system are investigated. The ceramics with a formula xPb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-(1-x)Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ or xPMN-(1-x)PZT when x=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0 are prepared by a conventional mixed-oxide method. The ferroelectric properties under the uniaxial compressive pre-stress of the PMN-PZT ceramics are observed at the stress levels up to 13 MPa using a compressometer in conjunction with a modified Sawyer–Tower circuit. It is found that with increasing compressive pre-stress levels the area of the ferroelectric hysteresis (P–E) loops, the saturation polarization (P_sat), the remanent polarization (P_r), and the coercive field (E_c) decrease. These results are interpreted through the non-180° ferroelastic domain-switching processes. Finally, the calculated differential permittivity for all the xPMN-(1-x)PZT ceramics, except for 0.5 PMN-0.5 PZT, decreases with increasing applied stress. PACS 77.22.Ch; 77.84.Dy     

Mechanical properties of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films by nanoindentation

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films are deposited on platinized silicon substrate by sol-gel process. The crystal structure and surface morphology of PZT thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Depth-sensing nanoindentation system is used to measure mechanical characteristics of PZT thin films. X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the single-phase perovskite structures of all PZT thin films. Nanoindentation measurements reveal that the indentation modulus and hardness of PZT thin films are related with the grain size and crystalline orientation. The increases of the indentation modulus and hardness with grain size are observed, indicating the reverse Hall-Petch effect. Furthermore, the indentation modulus of (1 1 1)-oriented PZT thin film is higher than those of (1 0 0)- and random-oriented films. The consistency between experimental data and numerical results of the effective indentation moduli for fiber-textured PZT thin films using Voigt-Reuss-Hill model is obtained.     

多层铁电陶瓷击穿分析及优化

建立了多层串联PZT95/5爆电换能组件3维数值模型,对固化封装条件下陶瓷介质击穿问题进行了计算分析,计算结果表明：在不改动器件外部结构尺寸条件下,采用等厚度PZT95/5叠片结构布局对进一步提高输出电压方面存在瓶颈。为克服上述影响以及降低爆电换能组件击穿概率,提出了PZT95/5铁电陶瓷非等厚度布局解决方案。为实现上述设想,通过引入不等式约束条件计算得到一组非等厚度优化布局,将爆电换能组件所用PZT95/5铁电陶瓷数量减至19片,同时有效实现该布局下,各片PZT95/5陶瓷电压均低于对应厚度击穿电压的优化目标。     

Comparison of several methods to characterise the high frequency behaviour of piezoelectric ceramics for transducer applications

Thickness mode resonances in commercial piezoelectric ceramics have been characterised as a function of frequency by two methods. The first is based on a fit on the electrical impedance for the fundamental and the overtones. This method has been applied to a large number of PZT ceramic samples and frequency dependence for all the parameters is investigated, in particular for the piezoelectric coefficient e33. The second is based on the measurement of the mechanical displacement at the centre of the surface of a PZT ceramic disk. With a modified KLM scheme, this displacement is modelled. The dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric parameters are extracted and compared for the fundamental and the third overtone. The results are found to be in good agreement.     

Irradiation behavior and recovery effect of ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films

Lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics have important applications in space and aerospace technology, but the effect and physical mechanism of charged particle radiation on their performance yet to be clarified. In this study,we characterized PbZr_(0.52)Ti_(0.48)O_3(PZT) thin films, and changes in the ferroelectric properties of the films before and after electron and proton irradiation were investigated. The natural and heat treatment recoverability of the ferroelectric properties were studied, and the damages and mechanisms of different types of radiation in PZT films were also investigated.The results show that, in addition to ionization damages, electron irradiation causes certain structural damage on the PZT film, and the large structural damage caused by proton irradiation reduces drastically the ferroelectricity of the PZT film.     

PZT-8型铁电压电陶瓷的低频介电特性

本文研究PZT-8型多晶锆钛酸铅铁电压电陶瓷,通过介电温度、频率响应谱的研究,对它的损耗机制、弛豫过程、杂质影响等作了讨论,认为,高温时主要是电导损耗起作用,并对如何改进PZT-8型铁电陶瓷的电学性能,提出了相应的设想。 关键词：     

Finite-temperature properties of Pb(Zr1-xTi(x))O3 alloys from first principles

A first-principles-derived approach is developed to study finite-temperature properties of Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) solid solutions near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Structural and piezoelectric predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental data and direct first-principles results. A low-temperature monoclinic phase is confirmed to exist, and is demonstrated to act as a bridge between the well-known tetragonal and rhombohedral phases delimiting the MPB. A successful explanation for the large piezoelectricity found in PZT ceramics is also provided.     

Electric and ferroelectric properties of PZT/BLT multilayer films prepared by photochemical metal-organic deposition

The electric and ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lanthanum-substituted bismuth titanate (BLT) multilayer films prepared using photosensitive precursors were characterized. The electric and ferroelectric properties were investigated by studying the effect of the stacking order of four ferroelectric layers of PZT or BLT in 4-PZT, PZT/2-BLT/PZT, BLT/2-PZT/BLT, and 4-BLT multilayer films. The remnant polarization values of the 4-BLT and BLT/2-PZT/BLT multilayer films were 12 and 17 μC/cm², respectively. Improved ferroelectric properties of the PZT/BLT multilayer films were obtained by using a PZT intermediate layer. The films which contained a BLT layer on the Pt substrate had improved leakage currents of approximately two orders of magnitude and enhanced fatigue resistances compared to the films with a PZT layer on the Pt substrate. These improvements are due to the reduced number of defects and space charges near the Pt electrodes. The PZT/BLT multilayer films prepared by photochemical metal-organic deposition (PMOD) possessed enhanced electric and ferroelectric properties, and allow direct patterning to fabricate micro-patterned systems without dry etching.     

Mechanical characterization of sintered piezo-electric ceramic material using scanning acoustic microscope

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is a piezo-electric ceramic material that needs to be characterized for its potential use in microelectronics. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) is conducted to determine the chemical composition of the PZT ceramics. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is performed to study the surface morphology, grain structure and grain boundaries. The SEM image helps us to understand the surface wave propagation and scattering phenomena by the PZT and the reason for its anisotropy and inhomogeneity due to the grain structure. In this paper scanning acoustic microscopy at 100 MHz excitation frequency is conducted for determining mechanical properties of PZT. Earlier works reported only the longitudinal wave speed in PZT while in this paper longitudinal, shear and surface acoustic wave speeds of sintered PZT are measured from its acoustic material signature (AMS) curves, also known as V(z) curves. AMS or V(z) curve is the variation of the output voltage as a function of the distance between the acoustic lens focal point and the reflecting surface. The average velocities of longitudinal, shear and surface acoustic waves in a PZT specimen are determined from its V(z) curve generated at 100 MHz excitation frequency and found to be over 5000 m/s, over 3000 m/s and between 2500 and 3000 m/s, respectively. From these velocities all elastic constants of the specimen are obtained.     

孔隙率及晶粒尺寸对多孔PZT陶瓷介电和压电性能的影响及机理研究

采用添加造孔剂的方法制备多孔锆钛酸铅(PZT)陶瓷，并研究了孔隙率和晶粒尺寸对多孔PZT陶瓷介电和压电性能的影响及机理.研究表明：孔隙率的增加降低了多孔PZT陶瓷的介电常数，提高了静水压优值，并证明在一定条件下孔隙率与介电常数关系可由Okazaki经验公式及Banno模型预测；晶粒尺寸增加，多孔PZT陶瓷的介电常数、压电系数和优值增加，并可用Okazaki空间电荷理论解释晶粒尺寸对试样介电和压电性能的影响.对于添加重量百分数为10%造孔剂的多孔PZT陶瓷，当烧结温度为1300℃时，孔隙率为34%，d关键词： 多孔PZT陶瓷 静水压优值 压电性能 介电性能     

铁电体电源中介质电阻特性及对输出电荷的影响

爆炸驱动铁电体脉冲电源利用铁电陶瓷在冲击压力作用下去极化释放电荷而产生电流,可以作为脉冲功率源的初始电源,也可直接驱动高阻抗负载产生脉冲高电压。通常情况下,铁电陶瓷可以看作理想的绝缘体,但在数GPa冲击波压力作用下,铁电陶瓷电阻率可能会明显下降并形成漏电导,使部分去极化释放电荷在铁电陶瓷内部流失,导致铁电陶瓷剩余极化电荷输出效率下降。以PZT95/5铁电陶瓷作为初始储能介质,以爆炸冲击波加载PZT95/5铁电陶瓷释放电荷对脉冲电容器充电,充电结束后电容器电压维持期间检测到明显的反向电流,根据铁电陶瓷输出电流和工作电压,得到冲击波作用过程中铁电陶瓷的瞬态电阻率曲线,并分析了电阻率下降对输出电荷的影响。进一步研究表明,冲击压力在铁电陶瓷边侧产生的稀疏波是引起电荷输出效率降低的主要因素,而铁电陶瓷电阻率下降对电荷输出效率的影响很小。     

Na0.5K0.5NbO3-BiFeO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Lead-free (Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃-based piezoelectric ceramics were successfully fabricated by substituting with a small amount of BiFeO₃ (BF). Difficulty in sintering of pure NKN ceramics can be eased by adding a few molar percent of BF, and the crystalline structure is also changed, leading to a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between ferroelectric orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases. The MPB exists near the 1-2 mol% BF-substituted NKN compositions, exhibiting enhanced ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties of P_r=23.3 μC/cm², d₃₃=185 pC/N, and k_p=46%, compared to an ordinarily sintered pure NKN ceramics. The MPB composition has a Curie temperature of ∼370 °C, comparable to that of some commercial PZT materials.     

A Study of Crack-Face Boundary Conditions for Piezoelectric Strip Cut Along Two Equal Collinear Cracks

A problem of two equal, semi-permeable, collinear cracks, situated normal to the edges of an infinitely long piezoelectric strip is considered. Piezoelectric strip being prescribed out-of-plane shear stress and in-plane electric-displacement. The Fourier series and integral equation methods are adopted to obtain analytical solution of the problem. Closed-form analytic expressions are derived for various fracture parameters viz. crack-sliding displacement, crack opening potential drop, field intensity factors and energy release rate. An numerical case study is considered for poled PZT−5H, $BaTiO_3$ and PZT−6B piezoelectric ceramics to study the effect of applied electro-mechanical loadings, crack-face boundary conditions as well as inter-crack distance on fracture parameters. The obtained results are presented graphically, discussed and concluded.     

Enhanced mechanical behaviour of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric composites incorporating zinc oxide nanowhiskers

This paper reports that the lead zirconate titanate （PZT） piezoelectric composites incorporating zinc oxide nanowhiskers （ZnOw） were prepared by the conventional solid state processing. The whisker-dispersed PZT composites （PZT/ZnOw） presented a significant enhancement in the mechanical properties such as Young＇s modulus, tensile strength and compressive strength. Especially, the compressive strength increased from 153 MPa for the PZT to 228 MPa for the PZT/ZnOw composites. The reinforcement mechanism in strength of the composites was discussed. The me- chanical quality factors of the PZT/ZnOw composites increased considerably, while the piezoelectric constants and electromechanical coupling coefficient decreased slightly. The composites with good electrical and excellent mechanical properties are promising for further applications.     

Piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics prepared by sol gel derived nano powders

Lanthanum modified PZT (PLZT) ceramics were prepared with nano powders obtained by the sol gel method and its piezoelectric and pyroelectric behaviour was studied. The piezoelectric properties of the sol gel derived ceramics were compared with the ones prepared by the conventional oxide route. It was found that although the figures of merit of the sol gel derived ones were slightly better (10–15% increase), because of its higher density with respect to conventional ones. The pyroelectric properties of PLZT needs special mention because of its high detectivity and low noise levels. The results are tabulated in the paper and it indicates great figures of merit.     

冲击波加载下PZT95/5铁电陶瓷电响应的数值模拟

 在爆炸冲击波垂直加载下,考虑了介质的松弛现象及其有限电导率,建立了PZT95/5铁电陶瓷电响应的数学模型。利用这一模型,分析了PZT95/5在短路、电阻、电容和电感等各种负载下的电响应。理论模型与实验结果较好地符合。