A dynamical model for gravitation

A gravitational model is proposed that relates the terrestrially measured value of the gravitational constantG directly to the density and angular velocity of the galaxy. The model indicates a constant scalar value forG within most regions of our galaxy, but predicts thatG will be different in other galaxies and zero in intergalactic space. The model offers explanations for galactic cluster stability, discrepancies in terrestrial measurements ofG, and atomic particle stability. The model also provides a causal relationship between strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational interactions. The two postulates required for the proposed model reduce to two assumptions made in GRT in regions whereG is constant; these postulates are consistent with the existence of a 2.7 K blackbody background radiation.     

A dynamical theory for the rishon model

We propose a composite model for quarks and leptons based on an exact SU(3)_C × SU(3)_H gauge theory and two fundamental $\text{J=}\text{1}\text{2}$ fermions: a charged T-rishon and a neutral V-rishon. Quarks, leptons and W-bosons are SU(3)_H-singlet composites of rishons. A dynamically broken effective SU(3)_C × SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R × U(1)_B?L gauge theory emerges at the composite level. The theory is “natural”, anomaly free, has no fundamental scalar particles, and describes at least three generations of quarks and leptons.     

利用双折叠模型对弹核为α的熔合垒高度和位置的系统学分析

本文系统分析了α粒子与不同的靶核熔合时, 势垒高度和位置与相互作用核的电荷数和均方根半径的关系. 通过基于密度依赖的核子-核子相互作用(CDM3Y6)的双折叠模型来计算核势. 得到了当弹核为α时垒高度和位置的参数化公式. 通过分析质量数从16到238的原子核表明, 参数化公式可以精确地再现弹核为α的熔合反应的垒高度和位置, 其精确度在±1%以内. 此外, 其结果还能很好地和实验值, 经验值, Royer, KNS, AW和亲近势的结果相符合.     

A dynamical model for forecasting operational losses

A novel dynamical model for the study of operational risk in banks and suitable for the calculation of the Value at Risk (VaR) is proposed. The equation of motion takes into account the interactions among different bank’s processes, the spontaneous generation of losses via a noise term and the efforts made by the bank to avoid their occurrence. Since the model is very general, it can be tailored on the internal organizational structure of a specific bank by estimating some of its parameters from historical operational losses. The model is exactly solved in the case in which there are no causal loops in the matrix of couplings and it is shown how the solution can be exploited to estimate also the parameters of the noise. The forecasting power of the model is investigated by using a fraction f$f$ of simulated data to estimate the parameters, showing that for f=0.75$f=0.75$ the VaR can be forecast with an error ?10⁻³.     

A dynamical model for the immune repertoire

In this paper we use exact numeration techniques and multispin coding to study the dynamics of a bit-string model proposed to describe the time evolution of B-cell repertoire. Each clone of B-cells and antibodies is characterized by its molecular receptor, associated to a bit-string, and the model dynamics simulates the evolution of interacting populations. We take into account the effects of cell death, caused by different mechanisms, and cell production, both due to bone marrow action and to clone proliferation caused by interaction between complementary forms. We also simulate antigen presentations and our results indicate that after primary response specific populations may be sustained at high levels, keeping the memory about the exposition; and subsequent presentations of the same antigen arouse faster responses. Furthermore, the aroused populations form isolated clusters in shape (bit-string) space, and, provided that the number of memorized antigens is not too high, presentations of other uncorrelated antigens do not disturb the memory of previous antigen presentations. We have estimated the memory capacity of the system by periodically presenting randomly chosen antigens. We found that, in certain regions of the parameter space, the system is able to respond to all antigens, keeping information only about a constant number of recently presented antigens. The number of simultaneously memorized antigens is used to define the capacity of the network.     

Influence of projectile breakup on complete fusion

Complete fusion excitation functions for ^11,10B+¹⁵⁹Tb and ^6,7Li+¹⁵⁹Tb have been reported at energies around the respective Coulomb barriers. The measurements show significant suppression of complete fusion cross-sections at energies above the barrier for ¹⁰B+¹⁵⁹Tb and ^6,7Li+¹⁵⁹Tb reactions, when compared to those for ¹¹B+¹⁵⁹Tb. The comparison shows that the extent of suppression of complete fusion cross-sections is correlated with the α-separation energies of the projectiles. Also, the measured incomplete fusion cross-sections show that the α-particle emanating channel is the favoured incomplete fusion process. Inclusive measurement of the α-particles produced in ⁶Li+¹⁵⁹Tb reaction has been carried out. Preliminary CDCC calculations carried out to estimate the α-yield following ⁶Li breaking up into α+d fail to explain the measured α-yield. Transfer processes seem to be important contributors.     

Entrance channel effects on preequilibrium emission and incomplete fusion in Promptly Emitted Particle model

In intermediate energy heavy ion collision prompt particles emitted in the early stages of the reaction affect the properties of the incompletely fused composite. We have studied the entrance channel effects on preequilibrium proton emission and various observables, like temperature, residual velocity, and linear momentum transfer of the incompletely fused residue, in the framework of Promptly Emitted Particle (PEP) model. The calculated preequilibrium proton energy spectra for Oxygen and Sulphur induced reactions on various targets have been confronted with the respective experimental data and the agreement between the two has been found to be quite satisfactory. Proton multiplicity has been found to decrease/increase with the increase in target/projectile mass. Residual velocity and linear momentum transfer have been found to have weak dependance on target mass. With the increase in incident energy, the calculation predicts a tendency towards limiting the temperature of the residue for all the target masses. The limiting temperature has been found to decrease with increase in the mass of the residue which is in accordance with the experimental observations.One of the authors (S.D) is thankful to R. Auble and his collaborators at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for providing the experimental data. The authors would also like to thank Dr. S.K. Basu for his help in running the code PACE2.     

Multifragmentation and incomplete fusion in central heavy ion collisions within a schematic phenomenological model

The projectile-energy thresholds for nuclear multifragmentation in the collisions of ¹²C, ²⁰Ne and ⁴⁰Ar with ¹⁹⁷Au have been calculated using a schematic model applicable to central collisions of intermediate energy heavy ions. The properties of the composite nucleus which remains following the incomplete fusion of the projectile and target nuclei are calculated using the master equation approach of Harp and Miller to determine the number of preequilibrium nucleons emitted and the energy and linear momentum removal by these nucleons. This nucleus is followed through an isentropic expansion phase and the probability distribution of clusters is determined using a percolation approach based on a 3-dimensional cubic lattice. The input parameters for the percolation calculation are derived from the results of the preequilibrium calculation. While the calculated thresholds in projectile energy per nucleon decrease rapidly as the projectile mass increases, the excitation energy at which multifragmentation is first predicted to occur is approximately the same for each system, i.e., 4.5 to 5 MeV/u. This result is consistent with the apparent disappearance of residual heavy products at such bombarding energies.     

A dynamical model for the increasing absorption optical bistability

By phenomenological analysis with reference to Miller et al. [2a], a specific Hamiltonian for increasing absorption optically bistable systems is proposed and the corresponding coupled dynamical equations are derived.     

A nonlinear dynamical model for atmospheric boundary layer turbulence

Using the qualitative theory of nonlinear dynamical systems and the ergodic theory of chaos and strange attractors, we study a truncated-spectrum model of dynamical equations of the atmosphere. In the parameter plane (Re, Ri), the atmospheric motion states can be divided into four regions: O (basic), P (periodic), T (turbulent or chaotic), and T-P (transition of T and P). We analyze the routes to turbulence during the day and at night. Finally, we discuss the physical aspects of the occurrence of turbulence.     

Angular momentum transfer in incomplete fusion

Isomeric cross-section ratios of evaporation residues formed in¹²C+⁹³Nb and¹⁶O+⁸⁹Y reactions were measured by recoil catcher technique followed by off-line γ-ray spectrometry in the beam energy range of 55.7–77.5 MeV for¹²C and 68–81 MeV for¹⁶O. The isomeric cross-section ratios were resolved into that for complete and incomplete fusion reactions. The angular momentum of the intermediate nucleus formed in incomplete fusion was deduced from the isomeric cross-section ratio by considering the statistical deexcitation of the incompletely fused composite nucleus. The data show that incomplete fusion is associated with angular momenta slightly smaller than critical angular momentum for complete fusion, indicating the deeper interpenetration of projectile and target nuclei than that in peripheral collisions.     

Classical simulations of heavy-ion fusion reactions and weakly-bound projectile breakup reactions

Heavy-ion collision simulations in various classical models are discussed. Heavy-ion reactions with spherical and deformed nuclei are simulated in a classical rigid-body dynamics (CRBD) model which takes into account the reorientation of the deformed projectile. It is found that the barrier parameters not only on the initial orientations of the deformed nucleus, but also on the collision energy and the moment of inertia of the deformed nucleus. Maximum reorientation effect occurs at near- and below-barrier energies for light deformed nuclei. Calculated fusion cross-sections for ²⁴Mg + ²⁰⁸Pb reaction are compared with a static-barrier-penetration model (SBPM) calculation to see the effect of reorientation. Heavy-ion reactions are also simulated in a 3-stage classical molecular dynamics (3S-CMD) model in which the rigid-body constraints are relaxed when the two nuclei are close to the barrier thus, taking into account all the rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom in the same calculation. This model is extended to simulate heavy-ion reactions such as⁶Li + ²⁰⁹Bi involving the weakly-bound projectile considered as a weakly-bound cluster of deuteron and ⁴He nuclei, thus, simulating a 3-body system in 3S-CMD model. All the essential features of breakup reactions, such as complete fusion, incomplete fusion, no-capture breakup and scattering are demonstrated.     

Residual velocity distributions in complete and incomplete fusion reactions

Theoretical simulation of residual velocity distributions at various mass windows for complete and incomplete fusion reactions have been done for the system⁴⁰Ar+²⁴Mg at the incident energies of 1100, 800 and 600 MeV. The comparison of the residual velocity distributions enables us to have a qualitative understanding about the relative contributions of the complete and incomplete fusion processes in intermediate energy heavy ion reaction.     

A dynamical model for the six-quark admixture in the deuteron state

On the basis of the quark cluster theory, the mixing probability of the (0s)⁶ six-quark configuration in the deuteron state is estimated to be about 2.4%. The physical consequences of this large admixture and also the relation with the conventional deuteron picture are examined in detail.     

A unified conformal model for fundamental interactions without dynamical Higgs field

A Higgsless model for strong, electroweak and gravitational interactions is proposed. This model is based on the local symmetry group SU(3)×SU(2)_L×U(1)×C,where C is the local conformal symmetry group. The natural minimal conformally invariant form of total Lagrangian is postulated. It contains all standard model fields and gravitational interaction. Using the unitary gauge and the conformal scale fixing conditions, we can eliminate all four real components of the Higgs doublet in this model. However, the masses of vector mesons, leptons, and quarks are automatically generated and are given by the same formulas as in the conventional standard model. In this manner one gets the mass generation without the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking and without the remaining real dynamical Higgs field. The gravitational sector is analyzed, and it is shown that the model admits in the classical limit the Einsteinian form of gravitational interactions.     

The nonelastic projectile break-up cross section from particle-gamma coincidence measurements for the 6li + 40ca reaction at 156 mev

The cross sections for nonelastic break-up modes have been studied for the ⁶Li + ⁴⁰Ca reaction at E_Li = 156 MeV. Gamma-ray spectra from target-like residual nuclei were measured in coinci- dence with beam-velocity projectile fragments and a value for the nonelastic break-up cross section σ^b.u_non = 582 ± 110 mb has been found. Together with results of inclusive charged-particle measure- ments we infer for the total break-up cross section σ^b.u_tot = 930 ± 115 mb comprising about 50% of the total reaction cross section. The nonelastic contribution of the break-up reaction appears to be less than predicted by the DWBA break-up theory. This result is directly evident from the differential cross sections by comparing inclusive and exclusive results.     

Evidence for large angular momentum window associated with incomplete fusion reactions

Mean values and variances of the angular momentum window of incomplete fusion reactions induced by¹⁶O on^116–124Sn targets at 90, 100 and 125 MeV have been measured. Theγ multiplicity technique has been used to extract these quantities for each reaction channel identified by discreteγ lines. Incomplete fusion seems to appear in about the same angular momentum window than complete fusion. This is confirmed by the observation of α 2p4n and 2α4n channels appearing at low angular momentum in the 125 MeV reaction.