原子吸收光度计兼FIA光度法测定沉积物中铝

摘 要 自行研制了一套流动注射比色装置,应用到原子吸收分光光度计上,采用锐线光源的原子吸收分光光度计兼作流动注射分析法中可见光度计使用,研究了沉积物样品中微量铝测定的适宜条件,建立了一种全新的分析测试技术。一次进样同时可连续得到三峰两谷5个吸光度值（A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A₅）,均可用于定量分析,并对其理论和实验技术进行了讨论。采用加和技术（A=A₁+A₂+A₃+A₄+A₅）是提高FIA法分析灵敏度的一种有效途径,该方法的灵敏度较普通方法有显著提高,其精密度和线性关系也良好。实验表明,原子吸收分光光度计兼作可见光度计使用,扩大了原子吸收分光光度计的应用范围,操作简单,方法可靠,直接用于沉积物样品中微量铝含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

鸡粪堆肥有机质转化的荧光定量化表征

采用荧光分析技术和数学分析方法,对不同阶段鸡粪堆肥样品提取出的水溶性有机物进行了特征荧光参数定量化表征。结果显示：随着堆肥的进行,类腐殖质荧光峰与类蛋白荧光峰荧光强度的比值I₃₃₀/I₂₈₀、465 nm激发波长下发射光谱中470～640 nm范围内荧光积分面积A_470～640及240 nm激发波长下发射光谱中后四分之一波段与前四分之一波段的荧光强度积分面积比A_{435～480 nm}/A_{300～345 nm}均不断增大,表明堆肥腐殖化程度加大。三维荧光光谱显示,随着堆肥的进行类蛋白峰强度不断降低,而类富里酸峰强度不断增大,至堆肥结束类蛋白荧光基本消失;紫外区与可见区类富里酸峰荧光强度的比值r_{(A, C)}随着堆肥的进行总体呈明显下降趋势,但出现了较大波动。相关性分析显示,I₃₃₀/I₂₈₀,A_470～640及A_{435～480 nm}/A_{300～345 nm}两两间显著相关,而r_{(A, C)}受其他因素影响较大,与上述３个参数未达到显著相关水平。结果表明,I₃₃₀/I₂₈₀,A_470～640及A_{435～480 nm}/A_{300～345 nm}均能有效表征堆肥腐殖化进程。     

不同物料堆肥腐熟程度的紫外-可见光谱特性表征

水溶性有机物(DOM)紫外-可见吸收光谱特性是评价堆肥腐熟度重要方法之一,但由于紫外-可见吸收光谱指标众多,单指标评价具有较大局限性。因此,本研究开展了影响堆肥腐熟度的关键紫外-可见光谱特性指标识别,并采用化学剂量学方法评价了不同来源堆肥腐熟程度。与传统单一物料评价相比,优选的评价指标及评价方法更具普适性。不同物料堆肥过程中DOM紫外-可见光谱特性分析结果表明,SUVA₂₅₄和SUVA₂₈₀值呈明显的增加趋势,E₂₅₀/E₃₆₅和E₄/E₆值呈相反的趋势,而A_226～400,S_275～295,S_350～400值则在堆肥末期变化显著。相关分析表明不同紫外-可见光谱参数(E₂/E₄和E₂₃₅/E₂₀₃除外)彼此之间相关性显著;主成分分析显示,DOM紫外-可见光谱指标A_226～400, SUVA₂₅₄, S_350～400, SUVA₂₈₀, S_275～295可作为堆肥腐熟程度关键影响评价指标。在此基础上,采用筛选的特性指标对堆肥末期进行聚类分析,可将九种不同来源堆肥分为两大类,第一类为猪粪、鸡粪、污泥、秸秆、园林垃圾、果蔬及生活垃圾等腐熟程度较低的堆肥;第二类为杂草和厨余腐熟程度较高的堆肥。     

重金属锌胁迫的白菜叶片光谱响应研究

在实验室土培条件下,应用白菜(Brassica Campestris L.)叶片红边位(680～740nm)、可见区光谱(460～680nm)、近红外区光谱(750～1000nm)三种特征光谱因子研究了重金属锌对白菜生长的胁迫响应。随土壤中Zn含量增加,白菜叶片金属Zn富集程度逐渐增大,白菜叶片叶绿素含量降低;随白菜叶片Zn含量增加,白菜叶片光谱的可见区反射率变化程度(A₁)增加,白菜叶片光谱近红外区反射率变化程度(A₂)降低,红边“蓝移”(向短波方向飘移)程度(S)逐渐增强。应用A₁,A₂,S作参数对白菜叶片Zn含量对数值(lnC_L,C_L单位为mg·kg-1)进行定量线性相关分析,三模型复相关系数r2分别为0.942,0.981和0.969,三种特征光谱因子能够用来预测白菜叶片金属Zn含量。     

InGaN合金中LO声子-等离子激元耦合模的研究

分别采用532,488 nm可见光和325 nm紫外光激发,对金属有机化学气相沉积法在蓝宝石衬底上生长的六方相InGaN/GaN薄膜样品在室温和78 K低温下的拉曼散射谱进行了研究。在可见光激发时,E₂模和A₁(LO)模的散射信号主要来自GaN层;采用紫外光激发时,A₁(LO)模向低频方向移动且共振增强,此散射信号来自InGaN层。在可见光激发的情况下,在A₁(LO)模的高频方向观察到一个宽峰,此宽峰为InGaN的LO声子-等离子激元耦合模,根据耦合模频率得到InGaN层中的电子浓度为n_ｅ＝1.61×1018 cm-3。紫外光激发时,没有观察到耦合模,A₁(LO)模散射信号主要来自样品表面耗尽层,由此估算样品中的耗尽层宽度大约在40 nm。此外,还对比分析了在室温和78 K低温下LO声子-等离子激元耦合模的散射强度的变化规律,计算了不同温度下等离子激元的屏蔽波矢。这些结论对于了解InGaN材料的基本性质以及氮化物光电器件的开发利用都有重要参考价值。     

几种糖衍生物分子的THz光谱研究

分子间氢键等振动可以出现在THz波段。糖类是重要的生物分子,是研究氢键的典型体系。糖的衍生物分子具有重要的功能,同时由于它们的特殊的分子结构,通常有大量氢键存在,使得它们在THz波段表现出一定的光谱特征。文章测定了几种糖衍生物分子的THz光谱,结果表明不同分子具有不同的光谱,异丙基-β-D-硫代葡萄糖具有1.17,1.35,1.93,2.23 THz等多个吸收峰;异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖的吸收峰位于1.93 THz处;甲基-(四-氧-乙酰基-β-D-半乳糖)的吸收峰位于1.87 THz处;氧-(2, 3, 4, 6-四-氧-乙酰基-β-D-葡萄糖)-氮-羟基琥珀酰亚胺具有1.23,1.70,1.84,2.23 THz等多个吸收峰。对结构相似的分子,尤其对于异构体来说,它们具有不同的峰位,这些低频振动为包含氢键在内的整个分子的振动,说明THz方法能够鉴别异构体,是对结构变化、空间构型等很敏感的技术,是红外光谱的有益补充。这也为大分子的光谱研究提供了基础。     

天然文石质陶瓷-三角帆蚌贝壳的FTIR光谱研究

三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层及韧带经粉末XRD分析证实均由文石组成。对珍珠层及韧带的FTIR光谱进行了测量和对比分析。结果表明：(1)文石的ν₂,ν₃带显示了较大的变化,相对韧带而言,珍珠层文石的ν₂带频率蓝移6.5 cm-1,而ν₃带却红移22.7 cm-1;(2)珍珠层文石的ν₂,ν₃带半高宽分别比韧带文石宽1倍左右。相比之下,珍珠层及韧带文石的ν₁,ν₄带的特征基本没有发生变化。文石红外光谱的这种各向异性的变化可能是由文石的粒径效应引起的。     

温度对二氧化硫紫外吸收特性的影响

以氘灯为激发源,获得了不同温度、大气压条件下SO₂分子在285.0～320.0 nm波长区间的吸收谱。光谱图由弥散谱叠加分离谱组成,弥散谱产生于SO₂分子由基态向密集的高振转能级的吸收跃迁,分离谱主要产生于B1B₁←X1A₁跃迁,由分离谱带的间隔,获得了B1B₁激发电子态的对称拉伸和弯曲振动频率分别为：ω₁=(665±29) cm-1,ω₂=(448±17) cm-1。通过观测不同温度下的吸收谱,发现不同温度下吸收谱的结构基本相同,但吸收截面随温度升高而下降,不同吸收峰对应的吸收截面随温度呈现三次方规律变化,但比例系数不同。所以,在以吸收截面为基础的SO₂差分吸收光谱探测中,必须考虑温度变化对测量结果的影响。     

豚鼠原发性骨关节炎的关节软骨显微傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

应用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱技术原位分析雌性Hartley豚鼠胫骨关节软骨的化学组成。红外光谱测定包含三种月龄(1月、2月和3月)和3个软骨层次(表层、中层和深层)。结果表明,随着月龄的增加,表层和中层FTIR光谱的主要吸收峰峰位红移,深层吸收峰先红移后蓝移。软骨中胶原蛋白、核酸和蛋白多糖的红外光谱具有如下特征：峰强比I_{1 657}/I_{1 548},I_{1 074}/I_{1 548}和I_{1 074}/I_{1 237}在软骨表层和中层随月龄递降,而在软骨深层2月龄的比值最低。结果符合关节软骨在不同退变阶段化学成分的变化规律,且显微光谱成像技术转化的各月龄胫骨平台二维图像高度符合相应的病理描述。初步研究显示,显微FTIR技术可原位分析不同层次软骨组织的分子组成,能为研究软骨疾病的发病机理提供可靠信息。     

正常人体甲状腺体表傅里叶红外光谱图的特征分析

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)并联合衰减全反射(ATR)探头经体表方式测定120名健康受试者的双侧甲状腺,由此获得240张正常人体甲状腺体表傅里叶红外光谱图;通过分析比较正常人体左右两侧甲状腺体表红外光谱12个谱带的峰位、相对峰强及半高宽等35个FTIR光谱参数以探讨双侧甲状腺体表红外光谱有无差异;同时明确甲状腺体表红外光谱中蛋白质、脂质、核酸和糖类等生物化学成分相应特征吸收峰的变异特征。结果表明：正常人体左右两侧甲状腺体表红外光谱图大体趋于一致,仅F_{1 640} P_{2 920} P_{1 040}和I_{2 920}/I_{1 460},4个光谱参数差别存在统计学意义;并计算得到一系列正常人体甲状腺体表傅里叶红外光谱特征谱带光谱参数的90%正常参考值范围及绘制出能充分代表正常人体甲状腺基本特征的标准平均红外光谱图,进一步为傅里叶变换红外光谱应用于临床甲状腺疾病诊断提供参考。     

Effective electrodeposition of Co-Ni-Cu alloys nanoparticles in the presence of alkyl polyglucoside surfactant

The effect of alkyl polyglucoside (APG) surfactant on the electrodeposition Co-Ni-Cu alloys nanoparticles has been investigated. In a typical electrodeposition experiment, it was found that as prepared Co-Ni-Cu alloys nanoparticles characteristics, such as size homogeneity, density, dispersion on the electrode substrate and the chemicals composition, depended strongly on the concentration of APG used in the reaction as well as the applied deposition potential. For the case of chemicals composition, low APG concentration (below CMC) was found to be effective for the preparation of excellent composition of the nanoalloys. Meanwhile, for the case of size homogeneity, density, and dispersion on the surface, high APG concentration (above CMC) and high deposition potential were preferred. It was also found that, at concentration above the CMC, the APG surfactant showed a metals ions deposition inhibition characteristic that caused increasing in the electrodeposition overpotential of the entire metals ions, namely cobalt, nickel and copper. As the result the copper was found to place a high percentage in the nanoalloys deposits. Owing to its simple procedure in controlling the composition and the nanoalloys growth characteristic, present approach should find a potential application in preparing Co-Ni-Cu magnetic nanoparticles for used in currently existing applications.     

Premicellar and micelle formation behavior of aqueous anionic surfactants in the presence of triphenylmethane dyes: protonation of dye in ion pair micelles

The premicellar and micelle formation behaviors of four cationic triphenylmethane dyes, viz, Pararosaniline (RN), Crystal violet (CV), Ethyl violet (EV), and Malachite green (MG), in aqueous anionic surfactant solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDSN) have been studied by spectral and surface tension measurements. The study was carried out within a pH range where the dyes are stable in their quinoid forms. The dyes have been found to form dye–surfactant ion pairs (DSIPs) with the surfactants, at the surfactant concentrations well below their critical micelle concentration, CMC*. The DSIPs behave like nonionic surfactants and form an air–water interfacial monolayer. The DSIPs have a lower critical micelle concentration (CMC_IP), greater efficiency, and lower effectiveness than the corresponding pure surfactants. As the surfactant concentration is increased below the CMC*, the DSIPs start forming micelles of their own where the dye gets protonated and exists as a protonated dye–surfactant ion pair (PDSIP) in the ion pair micelles. As the concentration of the surfactant exceeds the CMC* of the pure surfactant, the protonation reverses gradually with the dye remaining in the micelles in solubilized form and the DSIPs in the air–water interfacial monolayer are replaced by pure surfactants. The distorted helical isomeric form (isomer B) of the dyes is favored in the PDSIPs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

稳态荧光探针法测定Tween系列非离子表面活性剂临界胶束浓度

以芘为荧光探针,测定了不同条件下的Tween系列表面活性剂增溶芘后的稳态荧光光谱,建立了Tween非离子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)的测试方法,研究了影响非离子表面活性剂临界胶束浓度的因素。根据I338/I333与Tween浓度的变化关系,可得到Tween20、40、60、80的临界胶束浓度分别为5.1×10-5、3.7×10-5、3.1×10-5、8×10-6mol/L。结果表明,同系列的非离子表面活性剂的分子结构对其临界胶束浓度有一定影响。同时,制备温度和外部添加的试剂如无机盐、乙醇、丙三醇均影响其临界胶束浓度。     

Multipeak fitting analysis of Raman spectra on DLCH film

The hydrogenated diamond‐like carbon (DLCH) film with 1‐µm thickness is deposited by direct hydrocarbon gas ion beam method on silicon wafer and annealed at 400 °C. Detailed Raman spectra feature are fitted from nine sets of different peak fitting functions, including Gaussian, Lorentzian and Breit‐Wigner‐Fano (BWF) functions. These fitting results obtained from a two‐peak combination show some specific variances on the G peak position, FWHM_G and I_D/I_G ratio for as‐deposited and as‐annealed DLCH films. The most popular two‐peak fitting method with full Gaussian function tends to exhibit a higher ratio of the G peak position shift and higher I_D/I_G ratio than others fitting methods, the drastic difference among the most popular G (G) & G (D) and B (G) & L (D) schemes also have brought out in I_D/I_G ratio. However, for a more complex four‐peak Gaussian function fitting Raman spectra, the I_D/I_G ratio is close to that of a two‐peak fitting function with a mixture functions of BWF (G) and L (D). Furthermore, a series of systematic peak fitting procedures and comparisons of Raman spectra have been discussed in this study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高斯拟合算法在光谱建模中的应用研究

采用高斯拟合算法对光谱进行特征提取,利用拟合得到的特征参量表征光谱信息,并结合多元校正方法对光谱模型进行优化和解释,建立了样品快速准确的测定方法。实验以玉米活体叶片为研究对象,建立叶片光谱与叶绿素含量之间的关系模型,采用三个高斯峰对原始光谱的1 551个数据拟合后,光谱数据转换为9个高斯特征量(约为整个波段的0.58%),进而利用该高斯特征量来预测叶绿素含量。实验结果显示,采用高斯拟合分别与偏最小二乘法和主成分回归结合建模,其预测集相关系数分别为0.960和0.962;不采用高斯拟合算法而直接采用偏最小二乘法和主成分回归对全光谱建模,其预测集相关系数分别为0.957和0.919。可见,将高斯拟合算法运用到定量分析模型中是可行的,该方法不仅简化了模型参数,而且提高了模型的可解释性。     

Surfactant fluorescence in the study of aggregation and clouding

The intrinsic fluorescence of Triton X-114 and Igepal CO-630 was used to monitor the aggregation behavior of micellar solutions of these surfactants. The response to changes in surfactant concentration, increases in temperature up to and beyond the cloud point, and addition of an ionic surfactant (SDS) was monitored. The intrinsic fluorescence was used to measure aggregate anisotropy as a function of SDS concentration and temperature. Relative aggregate abundance showed a minimum at the CMC, confirming the existence of premicellar assemblies. Structural differences in the hydrophobic portions of the two nonionic surfactants led to vastly different packing in their aggregates. The addition of SDS produced smaller, more closely packed micelles.     

Small angle neutron scattering study of temperature-independent formulation of mixed micellar structures

SANS measurements have been performed on mixed systems of ionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (C12E10). The total concentration of the mixed system was kept fixed (10 wt%) and the ionic to nonionic surfactant ratio varied in the range 0 to 1. The temperature effect on the structures of mixed micelles has been studied for temperatures between 30 and 75°C. Micelles of pure ionic and nonionic surfactants show opposite trends when the temperature is increased. Sizes of pure ionic micelles decrease and those of nonionic micelles increase with increase in temperature. We show a formulation balancing these two effects which is temperature-independent and consists of about 25% of ionic surfactants in the mixed system. Contrast variation SANS measurements by contrast matching one of the surfactant components to the solvent suggest homogeneous single mixed micelles of the two components in the mixed systems.      

系数倍率双波长标准加入法同时测定铜和铁的研究

本文报道了一种同时测定铁和铜的新方法。在含有乳化剂ＯＰ的弱酸性介质中,显色剂１－（２－吡啶偶氮）－２－萘酚与铜,铁形成红色配合物,其最大吸收波长为５６０ｎｍ。本法选择５６０ｎｍ为测定波长,６００ｎｍ为参比波长,按系数倍率双波长标准加入法原理处理数据,实现了铜和铁的同时测定,并应用该法直接测定了铝合金中铜和铁的含量,结果满意。     

Validation and accuracy of software for peak synthesis in XPS

The development of a range of VAMAS format data files containing synthetic test spectra and their use in evaluating the peak fitting routines of three commercial XPS data analysis systems A, B and C, is reported. The synthetic spectra allow tests for: (1) acceptance of VAMAS formats with kinetic energy or binding energy scales that may have positive or negative abscissa increments; (2) Gaussian–Lorentzian sum or product function peaks; (3) effectiveness of Shirley background subtraction; (4) effectiveness of Tougaard background subtraction; (5) peak synthesis with partly resolved peaks with no background; and (6) peak synthesis with a Shirley background. The results show that all the data systems studied accept VAMAS format files but not all would accept both of the options of direction of scan. In addition, each data system had programming faults, some of which were later rectified.Synthetic spectra approximating the carbon 1s peaks for poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(isobutylene) allow an analysis of accuracy of the fits in these tests. One full set of spectra is constructed with Gauss–Lorentz product function peaks and a second full set with Gauss–Lorentz sum function peaks since each software was designed for fitting only one of these options. The fitting of the individual peaks is only good for software using the same peak shapes as those of the data. The fit quality can deteriorate markedly for fitting to a peak shape different to that used in the peak fitting algorithm (ie fitting sum function peaks with product function software or vice versa). For unresolved peaks additional information is required to provide meaningful intensities. The three software systems studied all have different facilities but it is clear that the quality of convergence to the correct result gives a general order of preference in the fitting algorithm of B, A and C. Other aspects can favour software A which has more facilities.     

系数倍率双波长标准加入法同时测定钨、钼、钛的研究

本文提出了一种分光光度同时测定钨、钼、钛的新方法。在酸性介质中有非离子表面活性剂吐温－８０存在下,以苯基荧光酮为显色剂,选择５０３,５３０和５６５ｎｍ为测定波长,按系数倍率双波长标准加入法测量及处理数据。直接应用于合金钢中钨、钼、钛的同时测定,结果满意