Buried ion-exchanged glass waveguides: burial-depth dependence on waveguide width

A detailed theoretical and experimental study of the depth dependence of buried ion-exchanged waveguides on waveguide width is reported. Modeling, which includes the effect of nonhomogeneous time-dependent electric field distribution, agrees well with our experiments showing that burial depth increases linearly with waveguide width. These results may be used in the proper design of integrated optical circuits that need waveguides of different widths at different sections, such as arrayed waveguide gratings.     

掩埋型离子交换玻璃光波导的变分分析

用变分法对离子交换法制备的掺铒光波导的传播特性进行了分析,推导出了适用于掩埋型离子交换玻璃沟道光波导中场分布传播常量的变分表达式,构建了场分布的厄米-高斯型试探解,在两种不同实验条件下,采用变分法确定了试探解中的待定参量,获得光波导中的场分布,利用传播常量的变分公式和已确定的场分布计算得到了传播常量和有效折射率。计算数据表明:导波区域的有效折射率稍稍地大于限制层的折射率,说明离子交换法制备的波导器件是弱波导;高的辅助退火电场强度和适当的退火时间下,所制备的光波导可以支持更多光模式的传输。该方法计算过程简洁、快速,计算结果与实验结果吻合。     

Modelling of surface plasmon resonance waveguide sensor by complex mode expansion and propagation method

Light propagation in a surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a planar glass ion-exchanged waveguide covered with a thin gold layer is modelled using the eigenmode propagation and matching technique. Optical field distribution along the sensor and the dependence of the transmitted power on the refractive index of the sensed medium is calculated. Experimental results obtained with K+↔Na+ ion-exchanged waveguides are also reported. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Losses in diffused optical waveguides

It has been shown that the attenuation characteristics of TE modes in diffused waveguides are different from those of a conventional slab. A simple semiempirical analysis is performed on the base of a ray-optics picture assuming a parabolic index distribution. Analytical expressions for surface scattering and volume loss are derived. The analysis precisely describes the modal loss behaviour of Ag⁺ ion-exchanged waveguides in glass (new results) and Nb diffused waveguides in LiTaO₃ (data reported by other authors).     

Improved method for loss measurements in planar waveguides

A method employing an isosceles prism and a right-angle one is developed for loss measurement in planar waveguides. During the measuring process, the isosceles prism is fixed and the right-angle prism fixed on the waveguide slides by following the waveguide. Only by adjusting the gap thickness we can realize the loss measurement in planar waveguides. The method is demonstrated with an Ag/Na ion-exchanged waveguide fabricated on BK7 glass from AgNO₃ melt diluted with NaNO₃ (mass ratio 1:9), with the condition of 4 h and . The experimental results show that the method has the advantages on convenient operation, accurate results and no required end polishing.     

一种非矩形截面对浅刻蚀SOI脊形波导侧向泄漏损耗的影响

为了进一步探索用绝缘体上晶体硅制作的浅刻蚀脊形波导侧向泄漏损耗的规律,提出并研究了一种非矩形截面浅刻蚀绝缘体上晶体硅脊形波导.用光的干涉理论建立该波导的周期性损耗模型并推导出损耗周期公式,然后通过完美匹配层边界条件下的频域有限元法仿真观察该特殊波导类TM0模的侧向泄漏损耗周期的变化与最大损耗点的偏移现象.周期大小的仿真结果与理论计算符合度较高,其平均相对误差仅0.56%.此外,发现该类波导在某些沟槽宽度下可以通过改变截面来实现对类TM0模损耗从最大到最小的调节,而在另外一些沟槽宽度下,类TM0模损耗对截面变化不敏感.研究结果可以简化波导加工并提高制作容差,为该类型波导的设计与制作提供参考.     

离子交换法中熔盐成分与波导参数的关系

本文用AgNO_3+NaNO_3混合熔盐的离子交换法制作了多模掩埋玻璃波导,采用White法和扫描电镜的背向散射谱研究了AgNO_3浓度对波导参数的影响。提出了一种制作与多模光纤有较佳匹配的波导结构的方案。     

Characterization and application of a channel- planar composite waveguide

A new structural waveguide, which is referred to as a channel-planar composite optical waveguide (COWG), has been fabricated by sputtering of a titanium dioxide (TiO>(2)) film onto a glass substrate with potassium ion-exchanged channel waveguides. By use of a mask during deposition, the TiO(2) film was formed into a 27-nm-thick, 5-mm-wide strip with two 1-mm-long tapered ends perpendicular to the channel waveguides. Adiabatic transition of the TE(00) mode and the TE(00)- TM(00) mode separation inside such a channel-planar COWG were demonstrated by combination of theoretical analysis and measurement of the experimental attenuation that arises from scattering loss and evanescent-field dye absorption. Changing the superstrate index in the region of the TiO(2) film in the channel-planar COWG yielded polarimetric interference patterns. This new technique can be applied to integrated optical chemical and biological sensors to produce enhanced sensitivity.     

An interferometric method for refractive index profiling of planar gradient index waveguides

In this paper, we present an interferometric method to determine the refractive index profile in graded-index planar waveguides. To begin, part of the soda-lime glass substrate surface was coated with aluminum and then was immersed in molten AgNO₃ to fabricate a planar waveguide on the uncoated part of the surface. After the ion exchange, the coating was removed. Then, the sample was polished obliquely along the boundary between the ion-exchanged and non-ion-exchanged regions, to form a wedge. Thereafter, it was placed inside a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The fringe pattern was analyzed using the well-known Fourier method and the refractive index profile was determined. The sample preparation, data analysis and experimental results are presented.     

费米折射率波导的包层吸收模谱特性和溶液浓度传感研究

采用0.004AgNO3-0.996NaNO3混合熔融盐,用离子交换技术在德国B270光学玻璃上制备了费米折射率分布渐变波导,理论分析了费米折射率分布渐变波导的包层吸收模谱特性.导波损耗测试实验验证了解析结果.在此基础上,提出了一种用于液体包层吸收损耗测试的双样品盒串连的波导回路.测试结果证实表征溶液包层吸收特征的折射率虚部与溶液浓度之间具有十分显著的线性关系,测试灵敏度与波导的模式和波导参量有关,尤其与波导层厚度有非常敏感的关联性.利用这个关系传感测试了13种不同浓度的耐晒果绿染料水溶液样品的浓度,结果显示测试值与实际配制浓度值的均方差小于0.07%.     

Dual-frequency division de-multiplexer based on cascaded photonic crystal waveguides

A dual-frequency division de-multiplexing mechanism is demonstrated using cascaded photonic crystal waveguides with unequal waveguide widths. The de-multiplexing mechanism is based on the frequency shift of the waveguide bands for the unequal widths of the photonic crystal waveguides. The modulation in the waveguide bands is used for providing frequency selectivity to the system. The slow light regime of the waveguide bands is utilized for extracting the desired frequency bands from a wider photonic crystal waveguide that has a relatively larger group velocity than the main waveguide for the de-multiplexed frequencies. In other words, the wider spatial distribution of the electric fields in the transverse direction of the waveguide for slow light modes is utilized in order to achieve the dropping of the modes to the output channels. The spectral and spatial de-multiplexing features are numerically verified. It can be stated that the presented mechanism can be used to de-multiplex more than two frequency intervals by cascading new photonic crystal waveguides with properly selected widths.     

掺铒碲-钨-钠玻璃基质的光谱性质研究

制备了用于离子交换法制备光波导器件的掺铒碲-钨-钠玻璃基质。应用扎得-奥菲而特(Judd—Ofelt)理论计算了玻璃样品的三个强度参量,由强度参量计算了Er^3 离子的自发跃迁几率、荧光分支比等光谱参量;应用麦克库玻(McCumber)理论,计算了Er^3 离子在1．5μm的受激发射截面,荧光测试发现Er^3 离子的荧光半峰全宽可达65nm。比较了Er^3 离子在不同玻璃基质中的光谱特性。结果表明,Er^3 离子在碲-钨-钠玻璃中具有较高的受激发射截面和较宽的荧光半峰全宽,可以用于宽带光波导器件的制备。     

基于光子晶体耦合波导的宽带慢光研究

提出了在完整三角晶格光子晶体中引入两线缺陷构成的耦合型波导结构。通过分析谱带形对不同结构参数的依赖关系,在最优化的光子晶体耦合波导中,找到了一种独特的、群速近似为零的谱带。通过对波导宽度的啁啾实现了不同频率光的色散补偿,最终得到了带宽为13.24nm、平均群折射率为28的宽带理想慢光,并进一步采用二维时域有限差分(FDTD)算法进行了验证。数值分析结果表明,高斯脉冲在耦合波导中传输后的相对时域展宽低于10%。     

Potential for size reduction of AlGaAs optical channel waveguide structures fabricated by focused ion beam implantation and oxidation

Optical channel waveguides formed by focused ion beam (FIB) implantation-induced mixing of AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures and subsequent oxidation of the mixed regions have the potential of significantly reducing the size of integrated photonic waveguide structures. Since FIB implantation is a direct write process characterized by nanoscale precision, we suggest its use for forming channel waveguides having nanoscale (submicrometer) widths. Calculations presented for such channel waveguides show reductions in size by at least an order of magnitude are possible for directional couplers and other structures involving curved channel waveguide sections. Such size reductions would allow the realization of significantly higher levels of device integration than are now currently possible.     

A ceramics-free waveguide for ITER ion cyclotron wave system

A ceramics-free waveguide for the high-power International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ion cyclotron (ITER IC) system (15-80 MHz), which is a TEM waveguide supported mechanically by T-shaped ridged waveguides, is proposed. The transmission-line theory shows that this waveguide has power handling capability of more than 3 MW, where an optimized antenna impedance is used for the ITER plasma parameters. The transmission line model used for the analysis is verified by the experiments on a one-tenth scale model     

Influence of multimode-pump propagation on the gain characteristics of erbium–ytterbium doped waveguide amplifier

Channel waveguides with channel opening widths (COWs) from 4.5 to 7.5 μm with increment of 0.5 μm have been fabricated by two-step ion exchange on the same erbium-ytterbium uniformly doped phosphate glass substrate of 4.3-cm length. Experimental results indicate that the gain for 1534-nm small signal light pumped at saturation is maximized and shows a 3.6-dB enhancement for these erbium-ytterbium doped waveguide amplifiers (EYDWAs). The intensity profile overlap between signal and multimode-pump light in waveguide leads to the improvement in the gain of EYDWA. This can be used to explain the experimental results and shows the general dependence of the gain characteristics on the modal behavior of EYDWA. The presence of higher order modes of pump light and the optimization of this intensity profile overlap are significant to improve the gain properties of EYDWA.     

Er3+-Yb3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃光波导的FD-BPM分析

阐述了三维波导结构的FD-BPM原理,并用FD-BPM法模拟了波长为1.54μm和0.98μm的高斯光束在Er³⁺-Yb³⁺共掺磷酸盐玻璃光波导内光场分布.与沟道光波导相比,掩埋型光波导内的泵浦光和信号光的散射都非常小,光场分布非常均匀.研究结果表明,掩埋型光波导是制作Er³⁺-Yb³⁺共掺磷酸盐玻璃光波导激光器和放大器的理想波导.     

掺半导体玻璃波导特性研究

利用离子交换技术制成了单模和多模掺CdSxSe_1-x半导体玻璃波导。通过对波导参数的测量得出这种波导的折射率剖面满足费米函数分布。同时,对这种K⁺—Na⁺离子交换技术得到的单模波导在0.5145μm波长下输入—输出功率的测量,观测到它的功率限制作用。并得到在Ar⁺激光0.5145μm波长下吸收系敲是4cm^-1。在这篇文章中,我们对波导的光功率限制起源于热效应进行了分析和讨论。     

A comparative study of the dopant profiles in diffused planar optical waveguides by SIMS and guided wave probe

A technique has been developed for dopant concentration depth profiling using static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), and an ex-situ ion milling facility to produce “tapers” through the region of interest of an optical waveguide sample. Results have been obtained for titanium-diffused optical waveguides in lithium niobate and for potassium and caesium ion-exchanged glass waveguides. The SIMS profiles have been compared with refractive index profiles in multimode structures. The refractive index profiles have been obtained from the waveguide mode spectra by a piecewise linear Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method. The two profiles are in close agreement. Use of the SIMS technique for single mode Ti∶LiNbO₃ waveguides has revealed significant changes in the forms of the profiles, compared with deeper structures, and we suggest a mechanism to account for these changes.     

Dispersion modified slot optical waveguides

Advent of slot waveguide structures had opened a new era where light can be confined in low index slot guarded by high index slabs. Already in use SOI slot waveguides (contrast ratio is 2.42) have two distinct properties over the conventional waveguides, i.e. high E-field amplitude, optical power, optical intensity in low index materials, and strong E-field confinement localized to nanometer-size low index regions. We hereby propose a low refractive index contrast ratio slot waveguide structure (ratio is 1.18) comprising of commercially available glass material. Novelty lies in showing high E-field amplitude, optical power, optical intensity, and strong E-field confinement in low index slot regions despite of lowest ever reported contrast ratio. A systematic numerical study on the higher order dispersion characteristics of the widely studied SOI-based slot structure and of our proposed low refractive index contrast slot structure is carried out. It has been demonstrated that low refractive index contrast ratio slot optical waveguide GVD properties are quite different than SOI slot optical waveguide. The less normal dispersion existing in this kind of waveguide could have an impact on their applications in various nonlinear or linear applications.