基于直接关系图方法的丁酸甲酯燃烧反应机理的框架简化

由于直接关系图(DRG)方法的概念简单和计算量较小,使得DRG方法目前已经成为详细燃烧反应机理框架简化的主流方法。DRG方法中评价物种之间依赖关系的相互作用系数和关系图连接权重的计算方法控制着DRG方法的简化效果。采用四种不同形式的相互作用系数的定义方法,分别与标准的DRG搜索算法和基于误差传播的搜索算法结合,构建了丁酸甲酯的框架燃烧反应机理。通过系统的误差分析比较了不同简化方法构建的框架机理的模拟可靠性。重点采用基于元素流量分析的反应路径分析方法研究了框架机理的化学动力学。最后,通过交集的思想构建了一个只包含96个物种的丁酸甲酯框架燃烧反应机理,并且反应路径分析结果表明丙烯的燃烧化学动力学在丁酸甲酯燃烧过程中占有重要地位。本文通过对不同DRG方法的系统比较研究表明了反应路径分析在框架机理可靠性验证中的重要性,对进一步发展更为有效的框架简化方法提供重要依据。     

Extracting the mechanisms and kinetic models of complex reactions from atomistic simulation data

Determining reaction mechanisms and kinetic models, which can be used for chemical reaction engineering and design, from atomistic simulation is highly challenging. In this study, we develop a novel methodology to solve this problem. Our approach has three components: (1) a procedure for precisely identifying chemical species and elementary reactions and statistically calculating the reaction rate constants; (2) a reduction method to simplify the complex reaction network into a skeletal network which can be used directly for kinetic modeling; and (3) a deterministic method for validating the derived full and skeletal kinetic models. The methodology is demonstrated by analyzing simulation data of hydrogen combustion. The full reaction network comprises 69 species and 256 reactions, which is reduced into a skeletal network of 9 species and 30 reactions. The kinetic models of both the full and skeletal networks represent the simulation data well. In addition, the essential elementary reactions and their rate constants agree favorably with those obtained experimentally. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Skeletal reorganization of enynes to 1-vinylcycloalkenes catalyzed by GaCl(3)

The skeletal reorganization of enynes is achieved by the presence of GaCl3 as the catalyst. This reaction demonstrates the first example of the skeletal reorganization of enynes catalyzed by typical metal complexes. The process is simple and provides a diverse range of enynes in good to high yields. The reaction of enynes bearing a monosubstituent at the terminal olefinic carbon proceeds in a stereospecific manner with respect to the geometry of the olefin moiety. Enynes, bearing two substituents at the olefinic terminal carbon, undergo an efficient skeletal reorganization, these substrates having been known to be unsuitable substrates for the skeletal reorganization of enynes.     

C1-C2燃料燃烧机理的框架简化

采用六种直接关系图类（DRG）方法对包含253个物种和1542个反应的AramcoMech 1.3机理进行简化,并通过对所得到的六种简化机理取交集,最终得到包含81个物种和497个反应的框架机理。所得81个物种框架机理的点火延迟时间最大误差与其简化方法得到的框架机理最大误差相比并没有显著增加;这表明从不同简化方法的框架机理结果取交集可以有效去除冗余物种。基于81个物种框架机理模拟的双组分混合燃料的点火延迟时间与详细机理机理结果吻合很好。同时该框架机理在不同反应器中的模拟结果验证了温度、物种浓度分布和火焰等燃烧特性。元素流动分析结果表明,81个物种框架机理精确地再现了详细机理的燃烧反应路径。保留了详细机理的所有重要反应路径和层级结构,能够很好地再现C₁-C₂燃料的各种燃烧特性。因此,基于该81个物种框架机理可作为核心机理用于发展大分子烃类或含氧燃料的燃烧机理。     

Stereochemical control of skeletal diversity

[reaction: see text]. Substrates having appendages that pre-encode skeletal information (sigma-elements) can be converted into products having distinct skeletons using a common set of reaction conditions. The sequential use of the Ugi 4CC-IMDA reaction, followed by allylation, hydrolysis, and acylation of a chiral amino alcohol appendage (sigma-element), leads to substrates for a ROM/RCM or RCM reaction. The stereochemistry of the sigma-element and not its constitution controls the outcome of the pathway selected. This work illustrates the potential of linking stereochemical control to the challenging problem of skeletal diversity.     

基于特征值分析的正癸烷骨架和总包简化机理

使用基于特征值分析的骨架简化方法对由118 个组分和527 个反应构成的正癸烷详细机理进行了简化,获得了一个由70 个组分、327 个基元反应组成的骨架机理; 采用基于特征值分析的计算奇异摄动(CSP)简化方法对骨架机理进行进一步简化,得到一个38 组分、34 步的总包简化机理. 通过对简化机理、骨架机理和详细机理的对比发现,简化机理和骨架机理能够很好地再现详细机理的特性,并能够描述正癸烷的主要燃烧特性,为进一步实现耦合化学反应动力学与流体力学的工程计算,提高计算效率提供了可用的燃烧模型.     

Pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride and its structurally related compounds. 1—electronic and steric effects on the orientation of the pyrolysis reaction

The pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride and its structurally related compounds, which were trimethyl-aminoalkyl acid alkyl esters involving two, three or four skeletal methylene groups, have been investigated by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the reaction modes of these ammonium compounds were essentially dependent on the number of skeletal methylene groups, and secondarily on the length of the carbon chain of the ester group. These phenomena have been interpreted in terms of electronic and steric contributions for the ionic elimination reaction. The electronic and steric effects on the orientation of the reaction are discussed on the basis of the atomic population calculated by the CNDO/2 method.     

Skeletal reorganization of enynes catalyzed by InCl3

[reaction: see text] The skeletal reorganization of enynes is achieved by the presence of InCl(3) as the catalyst. The reaction of enynes having a terminal acetylenic moiety proceeds in a stereospecific manner to give 1-vinylcycloalkenes. The reaction of enynes containing an alkyl group on the acetylenic terminal carbon resulted in a new type of skeletal reorganization to give 1-allylcycloalkenes, formation of which involves a double cleavage of the C-C double bond and the triple bond.     

Skeletal reorganization of enynes into 1-vinylcycloalkenes in ionic liquids

The skeletal reorganization of enynes catalyzed by transition metal chlorides, such as PtCl(2), [RuCl(2)(CO)(3)](2), [RhCl(CO)(2)](2), and AuCl(3), in ionic liquids proceeds under milder conditions (at lower reaction temperatures and for shorter reaction times) than those needed for ordinary solvents. The products produced by the skeletal reorganization of enynes were easily removed from the catalyst by a simple extraction with Et(2)O or distillation. The PtCl(2) can be reused up to five times.     

Skeletal Isomerization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-butenes over Solid Acid Catalysts

Conversion reactions of n-butenes over zeolites and amorphous catalysts have been investigated to deduce the factor that determines the selectivity for the skeletal isomerization producing isobutene. The effects of pore structure and acid site concentration on the selectivity for the skeletal isomerization are discussed on various catalysts. The pore structures of FER and CLI zeolites induce the distant locations of butene molecules, accelerating monomolecular skeletal isomerization. On the other hand, acid site concentration determines the preferred reaction path of n-butenes on amorphous catalysts. Oligomerization followed by cracking that produces various hydrocarbons is suppressed on the catalyst with low acid site concentration, resulting in high selectivity for isobutene. The feasibility of monomolecular skeletal isomerization on zeolites and amorphous catalysts is confirmed by its reversibility with high selectivity.     

基于直接关系图法的碳氢燃料复杂化学机理简化

采用直接关系图(DRG)法, 针对碳氢类氧化反应详细机理, 进行了不同指定精度水平的甲烷框架化学机理简化研究. 通过DRG可以发现, 机理中存在强烈耦合的组分组, 在框架机理中, 这些组分组或同时保持或集体去除. 研究表明, 给定阈值着为0.01的框架机理仅包含182个反应、涉及27种组分, 虽然给定阈值的精度并不高, 但所得框架机理和原详细机理关于火焰结构的计算结果吻合很好. 本研究发现, 开始组分仅给定燃料物质是不够的, 当开始组分仅给定燃料物质, 则阈值着需很小, 形成的框架机理较大, 否则计算误差不可接受, 而开始组分给定燃料和氧化剂(或N2)物质, 阈值着可以取得较大, 形成的框架机理尺度可以较小, 而火焰模拟的精度仍很高.     

Access to fused pyrroles via the reaction of spiro-dienyl ethers with amines involving a chemoselective skeletal rearrangement

Under metal-free conditions, the reaction of spiro-dienyl ethers, derived from furan derivatives, with aromatic amines provided fused pyrroles. The reaction proceeded through an interesting and chemoselective skeletal rearrangement and provided an alternative protocol for the construction of pyrrole rings from furan derivatives.     

Characterization of rapidly and naturally quenched skeletal iron catalysts for FT synthesis

The slurry phase is a promising system for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Since the liquid medium efficiently removes the heat of reaction so that the steady-state reaction is easily achieved. High catalytic activity is maintained due to removal of waxy products from the catalyst surface by the action of solvent. In addition, CO-rich syngas from coal gasification can be directly used in FT synthesis which may increase the thermal efficiency of the indirect coal liquefaction. One of the important problems to be solved for slurry phase FT is the catalyst attrition and separation from wax residue. Fused iron and Raney iron were found to have high attrition resistance and easy to separate from wax in slurry phase FT synthesis, but their activity is relatively low. Amorphous alloys made by rapid quenching techniques have drawn increasing interest due to their superior mechanical,chemical and magnetic properties compared to the thermodynamically stable crystalline alloys of the same compositions. It is reported that rapidly quenched skeletal Ni catalyst showed higher catalytic activity than Raney Ni in selective hydrogenation of unsaturated organic functional groups.In this paper, Fe50Al50 (by weight) alloys with different quenching rates, rapid quenching (RQ) and natural quenching (NQ) were prepared for FT synthesis. The phase composition of alloys was characterized by XRD. The physical properties, thermal-stability and adsorption properties of skeletal Fe that was prepared by leaching aluminum of the corresponding alloy with aqueous solution of NaOH were also studied by BET, in situ XRD and H2- and CO-TPD. It is found from XRD patterns of the alloys that RQ Fe50Al50 is composed of orthorhombic phase, and NQ Fe50Al50 alloy is mainly composed of monoclinic phase. Meanwhile, diffraction peaks of the RQ alloy are seriously broadened. After leaching aluminum by aqueous solution of NaOH at the same conditions,skeletal Fe from the RQ alloy give the higher specific surface area and larger pore volume. The in -situ XRD shows that skeletal Fe from RQ alloy is composed of elemental iron and magnetite (FeFe2O4) with poor crystalline. The skeletal Fe from NQ alloy is mainly composed of elemental Fe and minor magnetite. The higher content of the magnetite phase in RQ skeletal Fe may arise from the higher activity of the RQ alloy. When the skeletal Fe was heated under Ar flow, the content of magnetite phase increased with temperature and became the main composition at 400℃ for the skeletal Fe from the RQ alloy. For the skeletal iron from the NQ alloy, phase change under heating is less obvious compared with that for the RQ skeletal iron. The H2-TPD profiles of the catalysts showed that two H2 desorption peaks appeared in both NQ and RQ skeletal iron, but the temperatures at maximum desorption rate of RQ skeletal iron were higher than those of the NQ skeletal iron. The CO-TPD experiment showed that NQ skeletal iron had the stronger affinity to CO than RQ skeletal iron. The different properties were explained on the basis of structure.     

正庚烷复杂化学框架与全局简化机理构筑

基于误差传播的直接关系图法(DRGEP), 针对正庚烷复杂化学, 成功地进行了指定精度的不同水平框架机理简化研究. 精确地查明了指定组分的依赖关系, 构造出仅包含重要化学路径的动力学机理. 分别给定阈值ε为0.01和0.001, 获得的框架机理分别包含690和398个反应、涉及69和52种组分, 虽然给定阈值的精度并不高, 但所得框架机理和原复杂化学关于火焰结构的计算吻合很好. 为了进一步增加简化度, 采用了全局简化机理构筑的延伸算法, 增加了算法的通用性, 同时基于CSP分析, 确定了QSS组分, 在已建立的框架机理的基础上, 进一步构筑了30和20组分全局简化机理, 计算结果表明, 2个全局简化机理仍具有很高的模拟精度.     

用于费托合成的骨架Co@HZSM-5核壳催化剂

以骨架Co 为内核, 通过水热合成在其表面包覆HZSM-5 分子筛膜, 制备了具有核壳结构的骨架Co@HZSM-5 催化剂. 采用元素分析、氮物理吸附、粉末X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、氨脱附等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征. 在气相费托合成反应中, 骨架Co@HZSM-5 核壳催化剂显示了比物理混合的骨架Co-HZSM-5催化剂更好的催化裂解作用, 故C₅-C₁₁汽油段产物选择性高. 通过改变水热时间, 对分子筛膜厚进行了调节, 发现适当的分子筛膜厚在保证催化剂具有较高活性的前提下, 使长链费托合成产物完全裂解, 高选择性地得到汽油段产物. 提高反应温度有利于费托合成反应的进行以及分子筛上裂解效率的提高, 但产物分布向短链烃方向移动. 在水热4天制备的骨架Co@HZSM-5核壳催化剂上及反应温度为250 ℃时, 得到了最佳反应结果, 汽油段产物选择性达79%, 说明费托合成活性中心与催化裂解酸中心之间形成了良好的协同作用.     

Diversity-oriented synthesis of novel polycyclic scaffolds using polymer-bound reagents

A concise sequence utilizing a Petasis three component reaction followed by a tandem aza-Cope-Mannich cyclization afforded novel polycyclic heterocycles in good yield; alternative iminium cyclization based on a Pictet-Spengler reaction or aminal formation led to divergent pathways affording skeletal diversity.     

REVERSIBLE SKELETAL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS INVOLVING GROUP 13 HETEROPHOSPHAZENES

An unusual, reversible skeletal substitution reaction involving boron- and aluminum-based heterophosphazenes is described.     

Selective skeletal isomerization of n-butene over modified MCM-22 zeolite catalysts

Summary Modification of HMCM-22 zeolite with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) can considerably improve the catalytic performances, especially the selectivity to isobutene, for the reaction of n-butene skeletal isomerization.     

Features of the phenylhydroxylamine catalytic hydrogenation in water solutions of 2-propanole on skeletal nickel

The kinetics of phenylhydroxylamine hydrogenation reaction on skeletal nickel catalyst in 2-propanole aqueous solutions was studied. It was shown that the value of phenylhydroxylamine and aniline adsorption increases with an increase in the molar fraction of water in the binary solvent 2-propanole-water. It was found experimentally that the hydrogenation reaction is of the first order with phenylhydroxilamine and of the zero order with hydrogen. It is noted that the amount of hydrogen absorbed in the reduction of phenylxydroxylamine in the initial phase of the reaction is considerably lower than the stehiometry of the reaction would indicate. The reasons for the effect of solvent on the features of phenylhydroxilamine hydrogenation are discussed.     

采用系统的方法自动构建链烷烃高温燃烧反应机理

为了得到合理可靠和简化的反应机理,利用反应机理自动生成程序ReaxGen,构建了正庚烷、异辛烷、正癸烷和正十二烷的高温燃烧反应详细机理;同时分别采用物质产率分析和反应路径流量分析的方法对详细机理进行简化,得到了半详细机理和骨架机理. 在较宽的温度和压力条件下,对半详细机理和骨架机理进行了点火延时、层流火焰传播速度和重要物种浓度曲线的模拟并与实验结果比较;最后,图示说明了这些烷烃的主要高温燃烧路径,给出了点火延迟时间的敏感度分析. 结果表明：这些机理能够合理描述链烷烃的自点火特性,文中提出的结合ReaxGen程序的机理构建方法和反应路径流量分析的简化方法也可以用于其它烃类的高温燃烧机理构建.