Theoretical prediction of maxima in association constants for complex formation between flavin mononucleotide and indoleacetate in the presence of polyelectrolytes

The effects of ionene polymers (6,3-ionene, 6,6-ionene, 6,8-ionene, and 6,12-ionene) with various charge densities upon association constants K for the complexation between flavin mononucleotide and indoleacetate have been studied. Except for 6,12-ionene, K increases with increasing polymer concentration then passes through a maximum, and declines at high polymer concentrations. The value of the maximum K increases in the order 6,8-ionene > 6,3-ionene > 6,6-ionene. In contrast, 6,12-ionene gives only a monotone increasing curve with increasing polymer concentration. These curves are analyzed using the theory of the partition coefficient proposed in the previous paper. The types of the curves that the theory predicts are classified in greater detail than in the previous paper, and examples are given. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Polyelectrolyte effects on the charge transfer complex formation between FMN and indole derivatives

The complex formation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) with tryptamine, indoleacetate, and trytophan was investigated in the presence of polyelectrolytes; that is, sodium polyethylene sulfonate (NaPES), sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS), and a copolymer of diethyldiallylammonium chloride and sulfur dioxide (DECS). The complexation of FMN and tryptamine was strongly retarded by the macrocations and macroanions, whereas that of FMN and indoleacetate was enhanced by the macrocations. Furthermore, the equilibrium constants of FMN-tryptophan complex were insensitive to the addition of polyelectrolytes. These results suggest that the complexation of FMN was strongly influenced by the electrostatic interactions between the reactant ions and macroions, in addition to those between the reactant ions, in conformity with the secondary salt effect.     

Fluorescence observations on complex formation between linear and hyperbranched polyelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions

The complexation between poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) or AMPS copolymers was investigated with the relative excimer emission intensity I_E/I_M of a cationic probe 1-pyrenemethylamine hydrochloride (PyMeA · HCl), fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) I_Py/I_Np of naphthalene to pyrene labels, the fluorescence anisotropy r and I_E/I_M of pyrene labels. PEI was a hyperbranched weak polycation in acid solution, which formed complex with anionic polyelectrolytes due to the electrostatic attraction. The I_E/I_M of PyMeA · HCl probe decreased to zero, the intra-, intermolecular NRET I_Py/I_Np and I_E/I_M of pyrene labels on the AMPS copolymers reached their maxima when χ was increased from 0 to 2.4, which was defined as the mole ratio of the amino group in PEI to the AMPS group in the polyanion. These facts indicated the formation of nonstoichiometric complex of the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes when χ = 2.4 at the concentration much lower than their overlap concentrations. The intermolecular aggregate appeared as indicated by an increase in the intermolecular I_Py/I_Np and r with χ up to 2.4 due to neutralizing and hydrophobizing the polyelectrolytes and the bridging effect of the PEI chain bound on different polyanion chains. At high pH, PEI became a neutral polymer and did not bind with the AMPS anion to form the complex as illustrated by the constant value of r for the pyrene labels attached to the AMPS polyanion as that without addition of PEI. The amino group in PEI quenched pyrene and naphthalene emission, resulting a decrease in both I_Np and I_Py.     

Theoretical prediction of the spin-spin coupling constants between an axis and macrocycle of a rotaxane

The indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling constants between nuclei belonging to the axis and to the macrocycle of three structurally related rotaxanes have been calculated by means of density functional theory. It has been shown that the through-space axis-macrocycle proton-proton coupling constants can be as large as 0.4-0.5 Hz and therefore of measurable values. The largest through-space axis-macrocycle carbon-proton and nitrogen-proton coupling constants are 0.2-0.3 Hz. Visualization of coupling pathways by means of the coupling energy density method indicates that the larger proton-proton couplings are indeed transmitted through the space between the coupled nuclei. Thus, it seems that measurement of such couplings should be possible and that indirect spin-spin couplings can be actually transmitted through-space, with no covalent or hydrogen bonds between the coupled nuclei.     

Theoretical prediction on heats of formation for polyisocyanocubanes

The heats of formation (HOF) for all the 21 polyisocyanocubanes are calculated systematically with density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP and semiempirical MO(MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3) methods. First, the accurate HOFs for the 8 title compounds are obtained by means of designed isodesmic reactions at DFT-B3LYP/6-31G* level, and the cubane cage skeleton has not been broken (i.e. choosing cubane as a reference compound) to produce more accurate and reliable results. It is found that there are good linear relationships between the HOFs calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G* and four semiempirical MO methods, respectively, and all of the linear correlation coefficients are more than 0.9971. The HOFs obtained from PM3 calculation are the best among the four semiempirical MO methods. Then, the accurate HOFs at B3LYP/6-31G* level of other 13 polyisocyanocubanes are obtained by systematically correcting their PM3-calculated HOFs. Polyisocyanocubanes have very high HOFs, and the HOFs increase linearly with the increasing of the number of isocyano groups in a molecule. The results show that polyisocyanocubanes are the new generation explosives with highly potential and exploitable value.     

Photocontrol of polyion complex formation between polylysine and chondroitin sulfate in the presence of pararosaniline leucohydroxide

The photocontrol of polyion complex formation between polylysine bromide (PlysBr, M_w=21,800) and sodium chondroitin sulfate (NaChs, M_w=24,700) in aqueous solution was examined in the presence of a photochromic dye, pararosaniline leucohydroxide (leuco(OH)), with special reference to its pH-dependence. Under pH conditions examined (6< pH <12), NaChs was almost fully dissociated, while dissociation of PlysBr reduced with increasing pH, resulting in a random coil-to-!-helix transition at around pH 9.4. Thus, the complex formation clearly showed pH-dependence. On the other hand, leuco(OH) undergoes photodissociation to increase the solution pH. By coupling these processes, we aimed to control the complex formation by photoirradiation. Turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering measurements showed that the optimum condition for the complex formation was at approximately pH 10.5, where the net charge of complex was nearly zero, for solutions of [NaChs]=1.0 mM, [PlysBr]=1.5 mM (in molalities of dissociable groups), at a salt concentration of 1.5 mM. In the presence of 0.5 mM leuco(OH), the variation of complex size was clearly observed by photoirradiation. The hydrodynamic radius of the complex stayed almost constant at pH <9 and pH> 11, increased at 9< pH <10, and decreased at 10< pH <11. The observed trend could be reasonably explained in terms of the pH change due to photodissociation of leuco(OH). A photoinduced coil-to-!-helix transition of PlysBr in the presence of leuco(OH) was also reported.     

The role of complex formation in the flocculation of negatively charged sols with anionic polyelectrolytes

Summary Flocculation of negatively charged colloids by anionic polyelectrolytes, resulting from the adsorption of polymers on the colloid surface and from bridging of polymer chains between solid particles, is only possible if an appropriate concentration of electrolyte is present in the solution. Complex formation in the immediate vicinity of the sol surface between the counter cation and the functional groups of the polyelectrolyte plays a major role in the attachment of anionic polyelectrolytes to negative hydrophobic sols.Stability constants for Cu(II) polyacrylate and for the Ca complexes of a polyacrylic acid, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and polystyrene sulfonate have been determined, and the effect of solution variables upon flocculation of AgBr/Br^– sols by anionic polyelectrolytes have been investigated. Ca⁺² ions affect the adsorption of polystyrenesulfonate on a negatively polarized mercury surface, as reflected in measurements of the differential capacitance; the presence of complex bound functional groups apparently changes the structure and orientation ability of the adsorbed polymer.With 5 figures in 10 details and 2 tables     

Calorimetric investigations of the solvent effect on complex formation between pyridine derivatives and molecular iodine

The heats of solution of isoquinoline and 2,4-lutidine and heats of 11 complex formation with molecular iodine inn-hexane, cyclohexane, CCl₄, benzene, and chlorobenzene have been determined by the calorimetric method. The heats of transfer of the donor and donor-acceptor complex from nonsolvating medium (n-hexane) to the particular solvent were calculated and discussed in terms of donor and solvent properties and solute-solute-solvent interactions.Presented at the IV International Symposium on Solute-Solute-Solvent Interactions, Vienna, September 11–16, 1978, pp. 152–154.     

理论预测Al3+与一种萘酚衍生物荧光探针分子形成配合物的结构

用量子化学方法研究了实验上合成的一种基于萘酚的Al~(3+)荧光探针分子L的性质.筛选出了L与Al~(3+)可能形成的配合物的几何结构,并通过电子吸收光谱和荧光光谱进行了验证.在该配合物中,L与Al~(3+)的络合比为2∶2;Al~(3+)采用六配位的结构;与萘环相连的氧原子形成氧桥,将两个Al~(3+)连接起来.最后研究了L与Al~(3+)生成不同配比化合物的反应焓变和吉布斯自由能变.结果表明,L与Al~(3+)的络合比为2∶2时反应焓变和吉布斯自由能变最负,反应最可能发生.这一工作加深了人们对这一识别过程的理解.     

The use of a digital computer for the calculation of successive complex formation constants

A simple digital computer technique is described for the calculation of the successive complex formation constants in systems in which only 2 types of complexes are formed. This method should prove useful for the calculation of equilibrium constants in more complicated systems.     

Diffusion coefficients and complex equilibria in solution-II Approximate evaluation of formation constants

It is shown, for four systems containing complexes of widely differing stabilities, that a very fair assessment of the values of formation constants is obtainable from the data pairs Deltai(d) log [X] (the pseudo-formation curve). This is seen as a preliminary exercise to the more precise analysis which is possible in terms of mean diffusion coefficients which feature in equations reported earlier.     

Spectroscopic studies and determination of the formation constants and thermodynamic parameters for a new water-soluble Co(II) Schiff-base complex and some imidazole derivatives

A new water-soluble Co(II) Schiff-base complex, sodium[{N,N′-bis(5-sulfosalicylidene)-1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctan}cobalt] dihydrate, abbreviated as Na₂[Co(II)L], was synthesized and characterized. The formation constants and thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of this complex with imidazole (Im) and 1-methylimidazole (MeIm) were determined spectroscopically in aqueous solution, ethanol/water (10/90), and methanol/water (10/90) under physiological conditions (pH?=?7), constant ionic strength (I?=?0.1?mol?dm^?3 KNO₃), and various temperatures ranging from 294 to 310?K. Our spectroscopic and thermodynamic results show that this adduct formation is endothermic and the positive values of ΔS _f° make ΔG _f° negative. The trend in variation of ΔH _f° and ΔS _f° for Im is in the order water?>?methanol?>?ethanol, but for MeIm it is in the opposite order which is related to the hydrogen bonding between solvents and these donors. Formation constants between MeIm and Na₂[Co(II)L] in these three solvents are larger than for Im which depends on the electron donation of methyl on MeIm.     

Theoretical study on the transition-metal oxoboryl complex: M-BO bonding nature, mechanism of the formation reaction, and prediction of a new oxoboryl complex

The Pt-BO bonding nature and the formation reaction of the experimentally reported platinum(II) oxoboryl complex, simplified to PtBr(BO)(PMe(3))(2), were theoretically investigated with the density functional theory method. The BO(-) ligand was quantitatively demonstrated to have extremely strong σ-donation but very weak d(π)-electron-accepting abilities. Therefore, it exhibits a strong trans influence. The formation reaction occurs through a four-center transition state, in which the B(δ+)-Br(δ-) polarization and the Br → Si and O p(π) → B p(π) charge-transfer interactions play key roles. The Gibbs activation energy (ΔG°(++)) and Gibbs reaction energy (ΔG°) of the formation reaction are 32.2 and -6.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The electron-donating bulky phosphine ligand is found to be favorable for lowering both ΔG°(++) and ΔG°. In addition, the metal effect is examined with the nickel and palladium analogues and MBrCl[BBr(OSiMe(3))](CO)(PR(3))(2) (M = Ir and Rh). By a comparison of the ΔG°(++) and ΔG° values, the M-BO (M = Ni, Pd, Ir, and Rh) bonding nature, and the interaction energy between [MBrCl(CO)(PR(3))(2)](+) and BO(-) with those of the platinum system, MBrCl(BO)(CO)(PR(3))(2) (M = Ir and Rh) is predicted to be a good candidate for a stable oxoboryl complex.     

Theoretical and experimental studies on formation of diethylzinc-triphenylphosphine complex

This work is mainly focused on understanding the complex-forming behavior of diethylzinc with neutral phosphine ligands such as triphenylphosphine (PPh₃) to yield [Zn(PPh₃)₂Et₂]. The complex formation in solution is observed in the presence of a large excess of diethylzinc, but leaving an insoluble solid on aging. The product formed in solution was analyzed by spectroscopic data. ³¹P-NMR was also used as a tool to observe this behavior, i.e., the disappearance of the chemical shift of PPh₃ (δ -5.45) requires 14-fold excess of ZnEt₂ in solution. The alkyl chains reduce the Lewis acidity on Zn and thereby the formation of phosphine adducts is restricted. Results obtained from orbital analyses calculations reveal that the LUMO appears to be asymmetrically distributed, and localized on one of the PPh₃ ligands. The length of alkyl chains also influence the stability of [Zn(PPh₃)₂R₂] and the longer chains on Zn impart less stability.     

Study of interaction between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and formation of polyelectrolyte complexes

Polyelectrolyte complex formation has been studied between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, e.g., polyethylene-imine, polymethacrylic acid, and methacrylic acid–methacrylamide copolymer. Formation of complexes could be shown through several experimental techniques, e.g., viscometry, conductometry, potentiometry, and IR spectra. It is suggested that these complexes are perhaps formed as a result of electrostatic cooperative interaction and a “ladder-like” interaction is likely to be more favorable.     

Temperature dependence of complex formation constants in aqueous solutions of metal acetates

The equilibrium constants of formation of inner- and outer-sphere cation-anion complexes (ion pairs) in aqueous solutions of different metal acetates in a wide temperature range have been calculated by integrating the density function of distribution of ligands around the cation. The standard Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies of formation of 1: 1 complexes have been calculated. It has been shown that, in all solutions under consideration, contact and solvent-separated ion pairs coexist. A conclusion has been drawn that the temperature dependence of ion association constants is mainly determined by the temperature dependence of the water dielectric constant.     

Theoretical interpretation of the linear relationship between the hyperfine-structure constants in molecules and their radicals

The hyperfine-interaction constants of a number of radicals (A _H and ) and molecules (J _HH and {ie590-02}) were calculated within the framework of the semiempirical MO LCAO method. It is shown that there is a linear correlation between the atom-atom polarizabilities _rs which determine the values of the J constants and the spin densities in the corresponding radicals.     

Arachidonic acid allows SNARE complex formation in the presence of Munc18

SNARE complex formation underlies intracellular membrane fusion in eukaryotic organisms; however, the factors regulating the SNARE assembly are not well understood. The neuronal SNARE complex is composed of synaptobrevin2, SNAP-25, and syntaxin1, the latter being under tight control by the cytosolic protein Munc18. We found that the inhibition of syntaxin1 by Munc18 both in nerve terminals and in defined in vitro reactions can be overcome by specific detergents. This serendipitous finding led us to screen biologically relevant fatty acids, revealing that unsaturated arachidonic and linolenic acids can stimulate Munc18-regulated SNARE complex formation in a direct manner. The direct effect of arachidonic acid on the syntaxin1/Munc18 complex suggests a mechanism for the activation of the SNARE assembly pathway and provides a lead for the further investigation of fatty acids that may regulate SNARE-mediated membrane fusion in eukaryotes.